Effect of liposome-treated red blood cells in an anemic rat model

Effects and treatment applications of polymeric nanoparticles on improving platelets' storage time: a review of the literature from 2010 to 2020

Maintaining the quality of platelet products and increasing their storage time are priorities for treatment applications. The formation of platelet storage lesions that limit the storage period and preservation temperature, which can prepare a decent environment for bacterial growth, are the most important challenges that researchers are dealing with in platelet preservation. Nanotechnology is an emerging field of science that has introduced novel solutions to resolve these problems. Here, we reviewed the reported effects of polymeric nanoparticles-including chitosan, dendrimers, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and liposome-on platelets in articles from 2010 to 2020. As a result, we concluded that the presence of dendrimer nanoparticles with a smaller size, negative charge, low molecular weight, and low concentration along with PEGylation can increase the stability and survival of platelets during storage. In addition, PEGylation of platelets can also be a promising approach to improve the quality of platelet bags during storage.

Effect of Liposome Treatment on Hemorheology and Metabolic Profile of Human Red Blood Cells During Hypothermic Storage

BACKGROUND

Ex vivo cold storage of red blood cells (RBCs) for transfusion has long been associated with hypothermic storage lesions. It has been proposed that liposomes can be used to mitigate hemorheological elements of RBC membrane storage lesions. This study aimed to determine the appropriate liposome treatment time and assess the effects of liposome treatment on RBC's hemorheological and metabolic profiles.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Unilamellar liposomes were synthesized to contain a bilayer of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC):cholesterol (7:3 mol%). Packed human RBCs (n = 4) were divided into untreated control (HEPES-NaCl solution) and liposome-treated samples (2 mM DOPC liposomes) and treated at days 2, 21, and 42 of hypothermic storage. RBC quality assessment included percent hemolysis, deformability, aggregation, hematological indices, microvesiculation, supernatant potassium, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG).

RESULTS

Among the parameters affected by liposome treatment time were deformability, aggregation amplitude (Amp), mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and microparticle mean fluorescence intensity. After 6 weeks of storage, aggregation index (AI) and Amp were significantly increased in liposome-treated RBCs (AI: 45.38 ± 1.92% vs. 41.54 ± 4.10%, p = 0.020; Amp: 16.38 ± 2.17 arbitrary units [au] vs. 12.22 ± 3.29 au, p = 0.019). Despite comparable hemolysis levels at 3 and 6 weeks, DOPC-treated RBCs showed significantly increased potassium levels for the same time points (3 weeks: 31.2 ± 2.7 mmol/L vs. 30.8 ± 2.7 mmol/L, p = 0.007; 6 weeks: 45.0 ± 3.0 mmol/L vs. 43.8 ± 3.4 mmol/L, p = 0.013). ATP and 2,3-DPG levels were comparable throughout storage.

CONCLUSIONS

Liposome treatment seemed to be more beneficial when performed at the beginning of storage up to day 21. DOPC liposome treatment resulted in an improvement in human RBC hemorheology upon storage, with no significant impact on metabolic profile.

Diminishing the side effect of mitomycin C by using pH-sensitive liposomes: in vitro characterization and in vivo pharmacokinetics

Introduction

Mitomycin C is an anticancer antibiotic agent that has the potential for broad-spectrum use against several cancers, including mammary cancers. Because its half-life is 17 min after a 30 mg intravenous bolus administration, the suitability of mitomycin C for wide use in the clinical setting is limited. Based on tumor pathophysiology, pH-sensitive liposomes could provide better tumor-targeted effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of diminishing the side effect of mitomycin C by using pH-sensitive liposomes.

Materials and methods

pH-sensitive liposomes was employed to deliver mitomycin C and evaluate the characterization, release behaviors, cytotoxicity, in vivo pharmacokinetics and biochemical assay.

Results

The results demonstrated that mitomycin C-loaded pH-sensitive liposomes had a particle diameter of 144.5±2.8 nm and an entrapment efficiency of 66.5%. The in vitro release study showed that the pH-sensitive liposome release percentages at pH 7.4 and pH 5.5 were approximately 47% and 93%, respectively. The cell viability of MCF-7 cells showed that both the solution and liposome group exhibited a concentration-dependent effect on cell viability. The MCF-7 cell uptake of pH-sensitive liposomes with a folate modification was higher which was indicated by an increased fluorescence intensity compared to that without a folate modification. The area under the concentration-time curve of mitomycin C-loaded pH-sensitive liposomes (18.82±0.51 µg·h/L) was significantly higher than that of the mitomycin C solution group (10.07±0.31 µg·h/L). The mean residence times of the mitomycin C-loaded and mitomycin C solution groups were 1.53±0.16 and 0.05 h, respectively. In addition, there was no significant difference in terms of V_ss (p>0.05). Moreover, the half-life of pH-sensitive liposomes and the mitomycin C solution was 1.35±0.15 and 1.60±0.04 h, respectively. In terms of safety, mitomycin C-loaded pH-sensitive liposomes did not affect the platelet count and the levels of blood urea nitrogen and aspartate aminotransferase.

Conclusion

The positive results of pH-sensitive liposomes demonstrated maintained the cytotoxicity and decrease the side effect.