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Influences of Blood Lactate Levels on Cognitive Domains and Physical Health during a Sports Stress. Brief Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17239043. [PMID: 33291577 PMCID: PMC7729439 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17239043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The present review aims to examine the effects of high blood lactate levels in healthy adult humans, for instance, after a period of exhaustive exercise, on the functioning of the cerebral cortex. In some of the examined studies, high blood lactate levels were obtained not only through exhaustive exercise but also with an intravenous infusion of lactate while the subject was immobile. This allowed us to exclude the possibility that the observed post-exercise effects were nonspecific (e.g., cortical changes in temperature, acidity, etc.). We observed that, in both experimental conditions, high levels of blood lactate are associated with a worsening of important cognitive domains such as attention or working memory or stress, without gender differences. Moreover, in both experimental conditions, high levels of blood lactate are associated with an improvement of the primary motor area (M1) excitability. Outside the frontal lobe, the use of visual evoked potentials and somatosensory evoked potentials allowed us to observe, in the occipital and parietal lobe respectively, that high levels of blood lactate are associated with an amplitude’s increase and a latency’s reduction of the early components of the evoked responses. In conclusion, significant increases of blood lactate levels could exercise a double-action in the central nervous system (CNS), with a protecting role on primary cortical areas (such as M1, primary visual area, or primary somatosensory cortex), while reducing the efficiency of adjacent regions, such as the supplementary motor area (SMA) or prefrontal cortex. These observations are compatible with the possibility that lactate works in the brain not only as an energy substrate or an angiogenetic factor but also as a true neuromodulator, which can protect from stress. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms and effects of lactic acid products produced during an anaerobic exercise lactate, focusing on their action at the level of the central nervous system with particular attention to the primary motor, the somatosensory evoked potentials, and the occipital and parietal lobe.
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Coco M, Buscemi A, Cavallari P, Massimino S, Rinella S, Tortorici MM, Maci T, Perciavalle V, Tusak M, Di Corrado D, Perciavalle V, Zappalà A. Executive Functions During Submaximal Exercises in Male Athletes: Role of Blood Lactate. Front Psychol 2020; 11:537922. [PMID: 33192780 PMCID: PMC7661740 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.537922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was carried out among 20 healthy young male athletes to determine whether aerobic exercise performed at two different intensities is able to affect executive functions. For this purpose, we used the Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT) to evaluate the ability to inhibit cognitive interference and the Trail Making Test (TMT) to assess organized visual search, set shifting, and cognitive flexibility. Simple Reaction Time (RT), as a measure of perception and response execution, was also evaluated. The experimental protocol included the measure of blood lactate levels with the aim of assessing possible relations between lactate blood values and selected executive functions after a 30-min steady-state test performed at 60% and at 80% of VO2max. The results showed that a 30-min aerobic exercise is not associated with a worsening of executive functions as long as the blood lactate levels stay within the 4 mmol/l threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinella Coco
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Buscemi
- Study Center of Italian Osteopathy, Catania and Horus Social Cooperative, Catania, Italy
| | - Paolo Cavallari
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Massimino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sergio Rinella
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Marta Maria Tortorici
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Tiziana Maci
- Alzheimer’s and Psychogeriatrics Center, Mental Health Department, ASP, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Matej Tusak
- Department of Social and Humanistic Sciences in Sport at Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Agata Zappalà
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Effects of a Bout of Intense Exercise on Some Executive Functions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17030898. [PMID: 32024008 PMCID: PMC7036842 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of an exhaustive exercise on executive functions by using the Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT), Trail Making Test (TMT), A and B, and simple Reaction Time (RT). Thirty adults agreed to participate; 15 participants had a mean age of 24.7 years ± 3.2 Standard Deviation (SD, Standard Deviation) (group YOUNG), while the remaining 15 had a mean age of 58.9 years ± 2.6 SD (group OLD). Each subject performed the cognitive tasks at rest and blood lactate was measured (pre); each subject executed the acute exhaustive exercise and, immediately after the conclusion, executed the cognitive tasks and blood lactate was again measured (end). Cognitive tests were repeated and blood lactate measured 15 min after its conclusion of the exhaustive exercise (post). We observed: (1) a significant positive correlation between blood lactate levels and RT levels; (2) a significant negative relationship between levels of blood lactate and the SCWT mean score; (3) no significant correlation between blood lactate levels and TMT scores (time and errors), both A and B; (4) variations in blood lactate levels, due to exhaustive exercise, and parallel deterioration in the execution of RT and SCWT are significantly more pronounced in the group YOUNG than in the group OLD. The present study supports the possibility that high levels of blood lactate induced by an exhaustive exercise could adversely affect the executive functions pertaining to the prefrontal cortex.
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Coco M, Di Corrado D, Ramaci T, Di Nuovo S, Perciavalle V, Puglisi A, Cavallari P, Bellomo M, Buscemi A. Role of lactic acid on cognitive functions. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2019; 47:329-335. [PMID: 30615538 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2018.1557025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this research was to establish cognitive changes in relation to blood lactate levels obtained during slow performance of a regimen of exercise sessions. Methods: A total of 15 male professional bodybuilders participated in the study; CrossFit® professionals performed the Workout 15.5, Week 5 Open 2015 consisting of 27-21-15-9 repetitions for time of Row (calories) and Thrusters, with 1-min recovery. Blood lactate, blood glucose, reaction time (RT), execution time of a dual cognitive task, number of errors, and number of omissions were measured at rest, at conclusion of the session, and after recovery for 15 min. Results: The bodybuilders had slightly elevated basal lactate levels than in untrained individuals. The bodybuilders showed significantly increased lactacidemia and decreased RT after completing the training session. Need to define what onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) means. Conclusion: We conclude that bodybuilding fitness regimens lead to an increase in basal lactate levels to 3.16 mmol/L and that acute training sessions can improve attentional performance in relation to lactacidemia, suggesting pro-cognitive effects of a workout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinella Coco
- Department of Biomedical a Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania , Catania , Italy
| | | | - Tiziana Ramaci
- Department of Sport Sciences, Kore University , Enna , Italy
| | - Santo Di Nuovo
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania , Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Perciavalle
- Department of Biomedical a Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania , Catania , Italy
| | - Angela Puglisi
- Department of Biomedical a Biotechnological Sciences and Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania , Catania, Italy
| | - Paolo Cavallari
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Human Physiology Section, University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Maria Bellomo
- Department of Sport Sciences, Kore University , Enna , Italy
| | - Andrea Buscemi
- Horus Social Cooperative, Ragusa and Department of Research, Center Studies of Osteopathy , Catania , Italy
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Zimmer P, Binnebößel S, Bloch W, Hübner ST, Schenk A, Predel HG, Wright P, Stritt C, Oberste M. Exhaustive Exercise Alters Thinking Times in a Tower of London Task in a Time-Dependent Manner. Front Physiol 2017; 7:694. [PMID: 28127289 PMCID: PMC5226945 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: In contrast to other aspects of executive functions, acute exercise-induced alterations in planning are poorly investigated. While only few studies report improved planning performances after exercise, even less is known about their time course after exhaustive exercise. Methods: One hundred and nineteen healthy adults performed the Tower of London (ToL) task at baseline, followed by a graded exercise test (GXT). Participants were subsequently randomized into one of four groups (immediately, 30, 60, and 90 min after the GXT) to repeat the ToL. Main outcomes of the ToL were planning (number of tasks completed in the minimum number of moves), solutions (correct responses independent of the given number of moves) as well as thinking times (time between presentation of each problem and first action) for tasks with varying difficulty (four-, five,- and six-move problems). Blood lactate levels were analyzed as a potential mediator. Results: No effect of exercise on planning could be detected. In contrast to complex problem conditions, median thinking times deteriorated significantly in the immediately after GXT tested group in less challenging problem conditions (four-move problems: p = 0.001, F = 5.933, df = 3; five-move problems: p = 0.005, F = 4.548, df = 3). Decreased lactate elimination rates were associated with impaired median thinking times across all groups ΔMTT4-6 (p = 0.001, r = −0.309), ΔMTT4 (p < 0.001, r = −0.367), and ΔMTT5 (p = 0.001, r = −0.290). Conclusion: These results suggest that planning does not improve within 90 min after exhaustive exercise. In line with previous research, revealing a negative impact of exhaustive exercise on memory and attention, our study extends this knowledge of exercise-induced alterations in cognitive functioning as thinking times as subcomponents of planning are negatively affected immediately after exercise. This is further associated with peripheral lactate levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Zimmer
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University CologneCologne, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research CenterHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Binnebößel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Sven T Hübner
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department for Preventive and Rehabilitative Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Schenk
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Predel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department for Preventive and Rehabilitative Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Wright
- Chair of Sports Medicine, Chemnitz University of Technology Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Christian Stritt
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Max Oberste
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne Cologne, Germany
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Perciavalle V, Marchetta NS, Giustiniani S, Borbone C, Perciavalle V, Petralia MC, Buscemi A, Coco M. Attentive processes, blood lactate and CrossFit ®. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2016; 44:403-406. [PMID: 27556548 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2016.1222852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze the influences of blood lactate produced during a specific session of CrossFit® on intensity and selectivity of attention. The first was evaluated by measuring the reaction time and the second by analyzing divided attention with a dual task. METHODS Fifteen male professionals of CrossFit® volunteered in the study. The training session was the Workout Of the Day (WOD) called 15.5, marked as: 27-21-15-9 repetitions (without recovery) in term of calories measured by using a rowing ergometer (e.g. 27 rowed calories) and in term of barbell full squats (raising a weight of 43 kg for men and of 29.5 kg for women). Blood lactate, blood glucose, reaction time, execution time of a dual task, number of errors and number of omissions were measured at rest, at the conclusion of the session and 15 minutes after its end. RESULTS The levels of the blood lactate before the start of the session were considerably higher than those which normally occur at rest (<2 mmol /L), with a mean value of 4.5 mmol /l (± 1.99 SD). At the end of the workout session the blood lactate exhibited a significant increase, reaching a mean value of 13.8 mmol /l (± 1.18 SD) and then returning to values similar to the initial ones after 15 minutes. Blood glucose did not exhibit any statistically significant differences during the session. Reaction time, execution time, number of errors and number of omissions exhibited a significant worsening concomitantly with the increase in blood lactate. CONCLUSION Athletes practicing CrossFit®, with high levels of blood lactate even at rest, should consequently have attentional performances somewhat limited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Salvatore Giustiniani
- b Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences , University of Catania , Catania , Italy
| | - Carlo Borbone
- b Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences , University of Catania , Catania , Italy
| | - Vincenzo Perciavalle
- b Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences , University of Catania , Catania , Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Petralia
- b Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences , University of Catania , Catania , Italy
| | - Andrea Buscemi
- b Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences , University of Catania , Catania , Italy
| | - Marinella Coco
- b Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences , University of Catania , Catania , Italy
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Coco M, Perciavalle V, Cavallari P, Perciavalle V. Effects of an Exhaustive Exercise on Motor Skill Learning and on the Excitability of Primary Motor Cortex and Supplementary Motor Area. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e2978. [PMID: 26986109 PMCID: PMC4839890 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined, on 28 healthy adult subjects, the possible correlations of an exhaustive exercise, and the consequent high blood lactate levels, on immediate (explicit) and delayed (implicit) motor execution of sequential finger movements (cognitive task). Moreover, we determined with transcranial magnetic stimulation whether changes in motor performance are associated with variations in excitability of primary motor area (M1) and supplementary motor area (SMA). We observed that, after an acute exhaustive exercise, the large increase of blood lactate is associated with a significant worsening of both explicit and implicit sequential visuomotor task paradigms, without gender differences. We also found that, at the end of the exhaustive exercise, there is a change of excitability in both M1 and SMA. In particular, the excitability of M1 was increased whereas that of SMA decreased and, also in this case, without gender differences. These results support the idea that an increase of blood lactate after an exhaustive exercise appears to have a protective effect at level of primary cortical areas (as M1), although at the expense of efficiency of adjacent cortical regions (as SMA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinella Coco
- From the Section of Physiology of the Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Universita' degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy (MC, ViP); Section of Human Physiology of the Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (PC); and Department of Sciences of Formation, Universita' degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy (VaP)
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Perciavalle V, Maci T, Perciavalle V, Massimino S, Coco M. Working memory and blood lactate levels. Neurol Sci 2015; 36:2129-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2329-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Coco M, Alagona G, De Maria G, Rapisarda G, Costanzo E, Perciavalle V, Perciavalle V. Relationship of high blood lactate levels with latency of visual-evoked potentials. Neurol Sci 2014; 36:541-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-014-2015-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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