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Hanson I, Pitman KE, Edin NFJ. The Role of TGF-β3 in Radiation Response. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087614. [PMID: 37108775 PMCID: PMC10141893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta 3 (TGF-β3) is a ubiquitously expressed multifunctional cytokine involved in a range of physiological and pathological conditions, including embryogenesis, cell cycle regulation, immunoregulation, and fibrogenesis. The cytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation are employed in cancer radiotherapy, but its actions also influence cellular signaling pathways, including that of TGF-β3. Furthermore, the cell cycle regulating and anti-fibrotic effects of TGF-β3 have identified it as a potential mitigator of radiation- and chemotherapy-induced toxicity in healthy tissue. This review discusses the radiobiology of TGF-β3, its induction in tissue by ionizing radiation, and its potential radioprotective and anti-fibrotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn Hanson
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Nina F J Edin
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway
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Hanson I, Pitman KE, Altanerova U, Altaner Č, Malinen E, Edin NFJ. Low-Dose-Rate Radiation-Induced Secretion of TGF-β3 Together with an Activator in Small Extracellular Vesicles Modifies Low-Dose Hyper-Radiosensitivity through ALK1 Binding. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158147. [PMID: 35897723 PMCID: PMC9332371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS) is the increased sensitivity to low doses of ionizing radiation observed in most cell lines. We previously demonstrated that HRS is permanently abolished in cells irradiated at a low dose rate (LDR), in a mechanism dependent on transforming growth factor β3 (TGF-β3). In this study, we aimed to elucidate the activation and receptor binding of TGF-β3 in this mechanism. T-47D cells were pretreated with inhibitors of potential receptors and activators of TGF-β3, along with addition of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) from LDR primed cells, before their radiosensitivity was assessed by the clonogenic assay. The protein content of sEVs from LDR primed cells was analyzed with mass spectrometry. Our results show that sEVs contain TGF-β3 regardless of priming status, but only sEVs from LDR primed cells remove HRS in reporter cells. Inhibition of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family prevents removal of HRS, suggesting an MMP-dependent activation of TGF-β3 in the LDR primed cells. We demonstrate a functional interaction between TGF-β3 and activin receptor like kinase 1 (ALK1) by showing that TGF-β3 removes HRS through ALK1 binding, independent of ALK5 and TGF-βRII. These results are an important contribution to a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanism behind TGF-β3 mediated removal of HRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn Hanson
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway; (K.E.P.); (E.M.); (N.F.J.E.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kathinka E. Pitman
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway; (K.E.P.); (E.M.); (N.F.J.E.)
| | - Ursula Altanerova
- Department of Stem Cell Preparation, St. Elisabeth Cancer Institute, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (U.A.); (Č.A.)
| | - Čestmír Altaner
- Department of Stem Cell Preparation, St. Elisabeth Cancer Institute, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (U.A.); (Č.A.)
- Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, 94505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eirik Malinen
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway; (K.E.P.); (E.M.); (N.F.J.E.)
- Department of Medical Physics, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Nina F. J. Edin
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway; (K.E.P.); (E.M.); (N.F.J.E.)
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Mikalsen SG, Jeppesen Edin N, Sandvik JA, Pettersen EO. Separation of two sub-groups with different DNA content after treatment of T-47D breast cancer cells with low dose-rate irradiation and intermittent hypoxia. Acta Radiol 2018; 59:26-33. [PMID: 28350256 DOI: 10.1177/0284185117699999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Previous studies have shown that combined treatment with internal ultra-low dose-rate irradiation selectively inactivated hypoxic T-47D breast cancer cells after three to five weeks of treatment. However, 2-3% of the hypoxic cells were found to survive and restart proliferation upon re-oxygenation. Purpose To investigate the metastatic potential and characteristics of radiosensitivity of these surviving cells, named T - 47 DS. Material and Methods The T - 47 DS cells were grown in ambient air without irradiation. A cloning experiment identified two sub-groups with different DNA content ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]). Furthermore, radiosensitivity and presence of hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS) was measured by Co-60 challenge irradiation and relative migration was determined by scratch assays. Results The two subpopulations of T - 47 DS had different DNA content; one had abnormally high DNA content ([Formula: see text]) and one had DNA content similar to wild-type T-47D cells ([Formula: see text]). HRS was surprisingly present in cells of the cloned population [Formula: see text], but was absent in cells of both [Formula: see text] and T - 47 DS. The radio response of T - 47 DS, [Formula: see text] at higher radiation doses were similar to that of T-47D cells, and neither subpopulation showed increased migration compared with wild-type T-47D. Conclusion No increase in the risk of metastasis was found and only slight changes in radiosensitivity in response to conventional clinical doses was observed. Thus, the data suggest that if ultra-low dose-rate irradiation is used for targeting the hypoxic tumor fraction, conventional high dose-rate irradiation can be used to eradicate eventual surviving cells as well as cells in the well oxygenated areas of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Gyland Mikalsen
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Physics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Edin NFJ, Altaner Č, Altanerova V, Ebbesen P, Pettersen EO. Low-Dose-Rate Irradiation for 1 Hour Induces Protection Against Lethal Radiation Doses but Does Not Affect Life Span of DBA/2 Mice. Dose Response 2016; 14:1559325816673901. [PMID: 27867323 PMCID: PMC5102071 DOI: 10.1177/1559325816673901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior findings showed that serum from DBA/2 mice that had been given whole-body irradiation for 1 hour at a low dose rate (LDR) of 30 cGy/h induced protection against radiation in reporter cells by a mechanism depending on transforming growth factor β3 and inducible nitric oxide synthase activity. In the present study, the effect of the 1 hour of LDR irradiation on the response of the preirradiated mice to a subsequent lethal dose and on the life span is examined. These DBA/2 mice were prime irradiated for 1 hour at 30 cGy/h. Two experiments with 9 and 9.5 Gy challenge doses given 6 weeks after priming showed increased survival in primed mice compared to unprimed mice followed up to 225 and 81 days after challenge irradiation, respectively. There was no overall significant difference in life span between primed and unprimed mice when no challenge irradiation was given. The males seemed to have a slight increase in lifespan after priming while the opposite was seen for the females.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Čestmír Altaner
- Cancer Research Institute, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Altanerova
- Cancer Research Institute, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Ebbesen
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Edin NJ, Altaner Č, Altanerova V, Ebbesen P. TGF-B3 Dependent Modification of Radiosensitivity in Reporter Cells Exposed to Serum From Whole-Body Low Dose-Rate Irradiated Mice. Dose Response 2015; 13:10.2203_dose-response.14-015.Edin. [PMID: 26673923 PMCID: PMC4674161 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.14-015.edin] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior findings in vitro of a TGF-β3 dependent mechanism induced by low dose-rate irradiation and resulting in increased radioresistance and removal of low dose hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS) was tested in an in vivo model. DBA/2 mice were given whole-body irradiation for 1 h at low dose-rates (LDR) of 0.3 or 0.03 Gy/h. Serum was harvested and added to RPMI (4% mouse serum and 6% bovine serum).This medium was transferred to reporter cells (T-47D breast cancer cells or T98G glioblastoma cells). The response to subsequent challenge irradiation of the reporter cells was measured by the colony assay. While serum from unirradiated control mice had no effect on the radiosensitivity in the reporter cells, serum from mice given 0.3 Gy/h or 0.03 Gy/h for 1 h removed HRS and also increased survival in response to doses up to 5 Gy. The effect lasted for at least 15 months after irradiation. TGF-β3 neutralizer added to the medium containing mouse serum inhibited the effect. Serum from mice given irradiation of 0.3 Gy/h for 1 h and subsequently treated with iNOS inhibitor 1400W did not affect radiosensitivity in reporter cells; neither did serum from the unirradiated progeny of mice given 1h LDR whole-body irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Jeppesen Edin
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway ; Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Čestmír Altaner
- Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Peter Ebbesen
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway ; Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3B, 9220 Aalborg Ø. Denmark
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Edin NFJ. The role of interleukin-13 in the removal of hyper-radiosensitivity by priming irradiation. J Radiat Res 2014; 55:1066-1074. [PMID: 24966400 PMCID: PMC4229918 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rru053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
It has previously been demonstrated that the presence of fetal bovine serum is necessary for TGF-β3 (transforming growth factor beta 3)-dependent elimination of low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS) in cells by 1 h of low-dose-rate γ-irradiation (0.2-0.3 Gy/h). The purpose of the present study was to identify the serum constituent involved. Two human HRS-positive (T-47D, T98G) cell lines were used. The effects of different pretreatments on HRS were investigated using the colony assay. Total inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels were measured using a cell-based ELISA assay. The serum factor was identified as interleukin-13 (IL-13). In order for low dose-rate irradiation to eliminate HRS through the TGF-β3-dependent mechanism, the cells must be exposed to IL-13 first. Inhibiting receptor IL-13Rα2 showed that this receptor is involved in the response. Adding IL-13 to serum-free medium restored the properties of full medium but not when an inhibitor of proprotein convertase activity was added together with IL-13. The presence of IL-13 resulted in upregulation of total iNOS protein levels. Thus, this study indicates that IL-13 interacts with the cells though receptor IL-13Rα2 and induces upregulation of iNOS and activation of one or more furin-like proprotein convertases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina F Jeppesen Edin
- Department of Physics, Biophysics Group, University of Oslo, PB 1048, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
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