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Ziab H, Saleh S, Talebian S, Olyaei G, Mazbouh R, Sarraj AR, Hadian MR. Effectiveness of virtual reality training compared to balance-specific training and conventional training on balance and gross motor functions of children with cerebral palsy: A double blinded randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr Rehabil Med 2024:PRM220120. [PMID: 39150837 DOI: 10.3233/prm-220120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical efficacy of a virtual reality rehabilitation-based training (VRT) with balance-specific training (BST) and conventional training (CT) on the balance and gross motor functions (GMF) of children with cerebral palsy (CwCP). METHODS This study was a double blinded, randomized controlled trial. Participants were recruited from different CP rehabilitation centers and clinics and were then randomly allocated using the block randomization method into three groups: (1) group 1 (VRT using a set of Xbox 360 games that triggered balance), (2) group 2 (BST applying a protocol of 13 exercises to enhance balance in different conditions), and (3) control group 3 (CT using traditional physiotherapy techniques). All groups received 18 sessions over six weeks, three sessions per week, each lasting 60 minutes. Participants were assessed at three timepoints (baseline, post-treatment, and follow-up) using the Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS), the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM D & E), the Five Times Sit-To-Stand Test, and upper and lower segments' center of mass (COM) displacement (UCOM and LCOM). RESULTS A total of 46 CwCP participated in this study. The repeated measures ANOVA revealed a statistically significant difference between groups in the dependent variables, except for the GMFM (D & E) and the PBS (p < 0.05 and partial η2 = 0.473). The post-hoc test showed a statistically significant difference in favor of the VRT group compared to other groups in terms of right UCOM (p < 0.05) with a large effect size of the time*group interaction (partial η2 = 0.87). Moreover, there was a statistically significant effect of time (i.e., baseline to post-treatment and baseline to follow-up) with F (18, 23) = 59.954, p < 0.05, Wilks' lambda = 0.021, partial η2 = 0.979. CONCLUSION The findings revealed that VRT was not superior to BST in the rehabilitation of balance and GMF in CwCP aged four to 12 years. However, when compared to CT, better results were reported. Furthermore, it appears that customized programs lead to greater improvements in balance than commercial programs. Future studies are needed to assess the physiological effects of the three types of rehabilitation interventions using more advanced measurement tools, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging, following VRT protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Ziab
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soha Saleh
- Center for Mobility and Rehabilitation Engineering Research at the Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ, United States
| | - Saeed Talebian
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Golamreza Olyaei
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rami Mazbouh
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Health Rehabilitation, Integration and Research Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ahmad Rifai Sarraj
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Reza Hadian
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Brain and Spinal Injuries Research Center (BASIR), Institute of Neuroscience, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Daneshjoo A, Hosseini E, Heshmati S, Sahebozamani M, Behm DG. Effects of slow dynamic, fast dynamic, and static stretching on recovery of performance, range of motion, balance, and joint position sense in healthy adults. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:167. [PMID: 39123262 PMCID: PMC11312939 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00841-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Considering the effects of fatigue on athletic performance and the subsequent increase in the probability of injury, the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of slow dynamic, fast dynamic, and static stretching on the recovery of performance, range of motion (ROM), balance, and joint position sense. METHODS Fifteen collegiate healthy females were involved in four separate sessions of slow dynamic stretching (SDS), fast dynamic stretching (FDS), static stretching (SS), and control condition (CC; without stretching), in a random order with at least 48 h of rest between sessions. After warming up, the individuals performed ROM, balance, joint position sense (JPS) maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) force as well as countermovement (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) as pre-tests. After performing the knee fatigue protocol of 4 sets of knee extension and flexion at 60% of 1 repetition maximum (RM) to exhaustion (CC; without stretching) or stretching programs (SDS or FDS or SS), the subjects repeated all the tests at post-test 1 (after 5 min) and post-test 2 (after 60 min). RESULTS A significantly lower JPS error was detected with SDS while JPS error increased in the SS and control conditions (p < 0.0001). MVIC force significantly increased with SDS and FDS but decreased in control and SS conditions (p < 0.0001). Moreover, a significant decrease in CMJ and SJ height in SS and control conditions was revealed (p < 0.0001). Also, a significant decrease in balance with the control condition was revealed. But only SDS minimized fatigue-induced balance decrements (p < 0.0001). Additionally, the control condition experienced a significant decrease in knee extensor ROM, which contrasted with the significant increase in the quadriceps flexibility with the stretching conditions. CONCLUSIONS The present results support the idea that SDS may increase quadriceps MVIC force, knee extensor ROM and knee JPS. So according to the present results, it is suggested that the SDS could be implemented and incorporated into a regular recovery program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolhamid Daneshjoo
- Department of Sports Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, 7616913439, (ad), Iran
| | - Elham Hosseini
- Department of Sports Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, 7616913439, (ad), Iran.
| | - Safoura Heshmati
- Department of Sports Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, 7616913439, (ad), Iran.
| | - Mansour Sahebozamani
- Department of Sports Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, 7616913439, (ad), Iran
| | - David George Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
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Eimiller K, Stoddard E, Janes B, Smith M, Vincek A. Reliability of Goniometric Techniques for Measuring Hip Flexor Length Using the Modified Thomas Test. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2024; 19:997-1002. [PMID: 39100940 PMCID: PMC11297360 DOI: 10.26603/001c.120899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The modified Thomas test (MTT) is commonly used to assess the flexibility of hip musculature, including the iliopsoas, rectus femoris, and tensor fascia latae. This measurement is important to include in a comprehensive musculoskeletal examination. However, existing research shows conflicting results regarding its reliability, particularly due to variations in controlling pelvic tilt during testing, which may lead to inaccurate measurements of hip extension when quantifying the test outcomes. Purpose/Hypothesis This study aimed to evaluate the intra- and inter-rater reliability of the Modified Thomas Test (MTT) in assessing hip flexor length using a goniometer. It was hypothesized that controlling for pelvic tilt would enhance the reliability of these measurements. Study Design Intra- and inter-rater reliability study. Methods Sixty-four healthy individuals were recruited to participate in this study. The MTT was performed twice on each leg by both an experienced and a student physical therapist. Blinded goniometric measurements for hip extension range of motion (ROM) in the MTT position were taken with neutral pelvic tilt being enforced via palpation. A double-blind protocol was used where both examiners were unaware of each other's measurements and the goniometer was covered to blind the measuring therapist to the values as well. ROM values were entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and quantified using SPSS software. Statistical analysis included calculating Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICCs) and Standard Errors of Measurement (SEMs) using SPSS software. Results The study included 64 participants (mean age = 23.7 ± 4.34 years). The MTT demonstrated high intra-rater reliability (ICC = 0.911) and inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.851). The SEMs indicated minimal variability around the mean scores. The average hip extension ROM measured was 5.43± 9.73 degrees. Conclusion These results suggest that the MTT is a reliable tool for assessing hip flexor length in clinical practice, particularly when pelvic tilt is controlled. These results have important implications for accurately testing orthopedic limitations that can contribute to low back, hip, and knee pain. Level of Evidence 3.
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Neves RP, Oliveira D, Fanasca MA, Vechin FC. Shortening of hip flexor muscles and chronic low-back pain among resistance training practitioners: applications of the modified Thomas test. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-00969-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Cady K, Powis M, Hopgood K. Intrarater and interrater reliability of the modified Thomas Test. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2022; 29:86-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Development of an Imaging Evaluation System for Low Back Pain. J Med Biol Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40846-021-00597-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
To design a low back pain (LBP) imaging evaluation system for non-professional operators, quantifying risk of LBP in patients and asymptomatic individuals.
Methods
Twenty-one previously asymptomatic subjects and five LBP patients diagnosed by a physician performed a series of test movements under a fixed camera, including hip abduction test, forward bending test, side bending test, double legs lowering test (DLLT), and modified Thomas test. The video clips were analyzed by a system program interface and were classified into a score from 1 to 4. The average total scores of the two groups were compared. Five intact subjects were retested to verify reliability. Twelve intact subjects and three patients’ clips were viewed by an experienced therapist to verify system validity.
Results
The average total scores of two groups were significantly different (p = 0.0004). The results of hip abduction test, forward bending test, side bending test and DLLT showed significant differences between the two groups. The total score of two trials in the retest experiment exhibited a similar result (p = 0.058), with good linear correlation (r = 0.98). The total scores of the evaluations by the experienced therapist and the system program interface agreed with each other (p = 0.141; linear correlation r = 0.90).
Conclusion
The evaluation system showed potential utility in screening LBP risk, with acceptable test–retest reliability and expert validity.
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Jairakdee Y, Chansirinukor W, Sitti T. Effect of releasing quadratus lumborum muscle on hip and knee muscle length in asymptomatic individuals. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2020; 26:542-547. [PMID: 33992295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quadratus lumborum muscle (QL) is one of several muscles subject to tightness and relevant to symptoms in the back and hip. Although releasing the tight QL seems to resolve these symptoms in clinic, no study has investigated the effects of such releasing on the length of the hip and knee muscles. OBJECTIVE To compare muscle length of the hip and knee joints between pre- and post-releasing the QL. METHODS A quasi-experimental design (one-group pretest-posttest design) was conducted. Thirty asymptomatic participants with mean age of 20.40 years took part in the study. An examiner assessed the participants' pelvic transverse gliding movement in standing and rotation of the upper trunk in supine to perceive the end feel of tissue resistance. The side with perceived more muscle tension was selected for receiving muscle release. Before manually releasing the QL, the participant was in the modified Thomas test position and pre-test range of motion (ROM) of hip flexion, hip abduction, and knee flexion angles was measured using a standard goniometer. After releasing the QL, the aforementioned angles were measured for post-test ROM. RESULTS The hip flexion angle was significantly reduced after releasing the QL (p < 0.05), whereas no statistically significant differences were found for the other 2 angles (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The length of iliopsoas muscle was increased after releasing the QL. The findings may be due to continuous fascial connection and similar attachment of the origins of these 2 muscles. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03016559.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowapa Jairakdee
- Physical Therapy Center, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Mahidol University, Thailand.
| | - Wunpen Chansirinukor
- Faculty of Physical Therapy, Mahidol University, 999 Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.
| | - Tippawan Sitti
- Physical Therapy Center, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Mahidol University, Thailand.
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Jacobsen JS, Hölmich P, Thorborg K, Bolvig L, Jakobsen SS, Søballe K, Mechlenburg I. Muscle-tendon-related pain in 100 patients with hip dysplasia: prevalence and associations with self-reported hip disability and muscle strength. J Hip Preserv Surg 2017; 5:39-46. [PMID: 29423249 PMCID: PMC5798082 DOI: 10.1093/jhps/hnx041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary aim was to identify muscle-tendon-related pain in 100 patients with hip dysplasia. The secondary aim was to test whether muscle-tendon-related pain is associated with self-reported hip disability and muscle strength in patient with hip dysplasia. One hundred patients (17 men) with a mean age of 29 years (SD 9) were included. Clinical entity approach was carried out to identify muscle-tendon-related pain. Associations between muscle-tendon-related pain and self-reported hip disability and muscle strength were tested with multiple regression analysis, including adjustments for age and gender. Self-reported hip disability was recorded with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS), and muscle strength was assessed with a handheld dynamometer. Iliopsoas- and abductor-related pain were most prevalent with prevalences of 56% (CI 46; 66) and 42% (CI 32; 52), respectively. Adductor-, hamstrings- and rectus abdominis-related pain were less common. There was a significant inverse linear association between muscle-tendon-related pain and self-reported hip disability ranging from −3.35 to − 7.51 HAGOS points in the adjusted analysis (P < 0.05). Besides the association between muscle-tendon-related pain and hip extension a significant inverse linear association between muscle-tendon-related pain and muscle strength was found ranging from −0.11 to − 0.12 Nm/kg in the adjusted analysis (P < 0.05). Muscle-tendon-related pain exists in about half of patients with hip dysplasia with a high prevalence of muscle-tendon-related pain in the iliopsoas and the hip abductors and affects patients' self-reported hip disability and muscle strength negatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Sandell Jacobsen
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, VIA University College, Hedeager 2, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage-Hansens Gade 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Per Hölmich
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Orthopedic Research Center-Copenhagen (SORC-C), Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre, Italiensvej 1, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Kristian Thorborg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Orthopedic Research Center-Copenhagen (SORC-C), Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre, Italiensvej 1, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Lars Bolvig
- Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage-Hansens Gade 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Stig Storgaard Jakobsen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage-Hansens Gade 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kjeld Søballe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage-Hansens Gade 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Inger Mechlenburg
- Centre of Research in Rehabilitation (CORIR), Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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Vigotsky AD, Lehman GJ, Beardsley C, Contreras B, Chung B, Feser EH. The modified Thomas test is not a valid measure of hip extension unless pelvic tilt is controlled. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2325. [PMID: 27602291 PMCID: PMC4991856 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The modified Thomas test was developed to assess the presence of hip flexion contracture and to measure hip extensibility. Despite its widespread use, to the authors’ knowledge, its criterion reference validity has not yet been investigated. The purpose of this study was to assess the criterion reference validity of the modified Thomas test for measuring peak hip extension angle and hip extension deficits, as defined by the hip not being able to extend to 0º, or neutral. Twenty-nine healthy college students (age = 22.00 ± 3.80 years; height = 1.71 ± 0.09 m; body mass = 70.00 ± 15.60 kg) were recruited for this study. Bland–Altman plots revealed poor validity for the modified Thomas test’s ability to measure hip extension, which could not be explained by differences in hip flexion ability alone. The modified Thomas test displayed a sensitivity of 31.82% (95% CI [13.86–54.87]) and a specificity of 57.14% (95% CI [18.41–90.10]) for testing hip extension deficits. It appears, however, that by controlling pelvic tilt, much of this variance can be accounted for (r = 0.98). When pelvic tilt is not controlled, the modified Thomas test displays poor criterion reference validity and, as per previous studies, poor reliability. However, when pelvic tilt is controlled, the modified Thomas test appears to be a valid test for evaluating peak hip extension angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Vigotsky
- Kinesiology Program, Arizona State University , Phoenix , AZ , United States
| | | | - Chris Beardsley
- Strength and Conditioning Research Limited , London , United Kingdom
| | - Bret Contreras
- School of Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Bryan Chung
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Island Health Authority , Victoria , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Erin H Feser
- Kinesiology Program, Arizona State University , Phoenix , AZ , United States
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Vigotsky AD, Lehman GJ, Contreras B, Beardsley C, Chung B, Feser EH. Acute effects of anterior thigh foam rolling on hip angle, knee angle, and rectus femoris length in the modified Thomas test. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1281. [PMID: 26421244 PMCID: PMC4586805 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Foam rolling has been shown to acutely increase range of motion (ROM) during knee flexion and hip flexion with the experimenter applying an external force, yet no study to date has measured hip extensibility as a result of foam rolling with controlled knee flexion and hip extension moments. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effects of foam rolling on hip extension, knee flexion, and rectus femoris length during the modified Thomas test. Methods. Twenty-three healthy participants (male = 7; female = 16; age = 22 ± 3.3 years; height = 170 ± 9.18 cm; mass = 67.7 ± 14.9 kg) performed two, one-minute bouts of foam rolling applied to the anterior thigh. Hip extension and knee flexion were measured via motion capture before and after the foam rolling intervention, from which rectus femoris length was calculated. Results. Although the increase in hip extension (change = +1.86° (+0.11, +3.61); z(22) = 2.08; p = 0.0372; Pearson’s r = 0.43 (0.02, 0.72)) was not due to chance alone, it cannot be said that the observed changes in knee flexion (change = −1.39° (−5.53, +2.75); t(22) = −0.70; p = 0.4933; Cohen’s d = − 0.15 (−0.58, 0.29)) or rectus femoris length (change = −0.005 (−0.013, +0.003); t(22) = −1.30; p = 0.2070; Cohen’s d = − 0.27 (−0.70, 0.16)) were not due to chance alone. Conclusions. Although a small change in hip extension was observed, no changes in knee flexion or rectus femoris length were observed. From these data, it appears unlikely that foam rolling applied to the anterior thigh will improve passive hip extension and knee flexion ROM, especially if performed in combination with a dynamic stretching protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Vigotsky
- Kinesiology Program, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University , Phoenix, AZ , USA
| | | | - Bret Contreras
- School of Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
| | | | - Bryan Chung
- Hand Program, University Health Network , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
| | - Erin H Feser
- Kinesiology Program, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University , Phoenix, AZ , USA
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Kim GM, Ha SM. Reliability of the modified Thomas test using a lumbo-plevic stabilization. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:447-9. [PMID: 25729187 PMCID: PMC4339157 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the test-retest reliability of the
modified Thomas test using lumbo-pelvic stabilization. [Subjects] Thirteen subjects
(male=10, female=3) with hip flexor tightness voluntarily participated in the study.
[Methods] The participants underwent the modified Thomas test under three conditions: 1)
the general modified Thomas test (GM), 2) active lumbo-pelvic stabilization (ALS), and 3)
passive lumbo-pelvic stabilization (PLS). Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) were
used to determine the test-retest reliability of the knee joint angle measurement under
three conditions. The standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimal detectable
difference (95% confidence interval) (MDD95) were calculated for each
measurement to assess absolute consistency. [Results] The ALS (ICC = 0.99) and PLS (ICC =
0.98) methods for the modified Thomas test were more reliable than GM method (ICC = 0.97).
The MDD95 score for the ALS method, 2.35 degrees, indicated that a real
difference existed between two testing sessions compared with the scores for the PLS (3.70
degrees) and GM methods (4.17 degrees) [Conclusion] Lumbo-pelvic stabilization is one of
the considerations for precise measurement and may help to minimize measurement error when
evaluating hip flexor tightness using the modified Thomas test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyoung-Mo Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Division of Health Science, Baekseok University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Min Ha
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Sangji University, Republic of Korea
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