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Changes in the fatty acid content of Egyptian human milk across the lactation stages and in comparison with Chinese human milk. Eur Food Res Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-021-03685-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Bahreynian M, Feizi A, Kelishadi R. Is fatty acid composition of breast milk different in various populations? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2020; 71:909-920. [PMID: 32253956 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2020.1746958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to systematically review the fatty acid (FA) composition of breast milk in different populations. We systematically searched the Medline via PubMed, Scopus and Clarivate till July 2019. We initially retrieved 433 articles. Having removed duplicates, with initial searching of title and abstracts, 317 papers were excluded and 80 remained. A meta-analysis of 80 cross-sectional, cohort studies, including 8793 subjects, was conducted. Meta-regression analysis indicated that factors including maternal age (p-values of SFA: 0.03, omega-3: 0.01, trans fats:<0.001, total fatty acids: 0.02), year of conducting study (p-values of SFA: <0.001, MUFA: 0.02, omega-6: 0.04,trans fats: 0.04) and sample size (p-values of SFA: 0.03, PUFA: 0.01, omega-6: 0.01, omega-3:<0.001) contributed to the heterogeneity of meta-analysis. This study indicates the large variation of FA content in maternal milk across different populations. Special concern is necessary for both the quality and total amount of fat intake of pregnant and lactating mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Bahreynian
- Department of Nutrition, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Awat Feizi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Roya Kelishadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Arachidonic Acid in Human Milk. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030626. [PMID: 32121018 PMCID: PMC7146261 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding is universally recommended as the optimal choice of infant feeding and consequently human milk has been extensively investigated to unravel its unique nutrient profile. The human milk lipid composition is unique and supplies specifically long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), in particular, arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3). Arachidonic acid (ARA) is the most predominant long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid in human milk, albeit at low concentrations as compared to other fatty acids. It occurs predominantly in the triglyceride form and to a lesser extent as milk fat globule membrane phospholipids. Human milk ARA levels are modulated by dietary intake as demonstrated by animal and human studies and consequently vary dependent on dietary habits among mothers and regions across the globe. ARA serves as a precursor to eicosanoids and endocannabinoids that also occur in human milk. A review of scientific and clinical studies reveals that ARA plays an important role in physiological development and its related functions during early life nutrition. Therefore, ARA is an important nutrient during infancy and childhood and, as such, appropriate attention is required regarding its nutritional status and presence in the infant diet. Data are emerging indicating considerable genetic variation in encoding for desaturases and other essential fatty acid metabolic enzymes that may influence the ARA level as well as other LC-PUFAs. Human milk from well-nourished mothers has adequate levels of both ARA and DHA to support nutritional and developmental needs of infants. In case breastfeeding is not possible and infant formula is being fed, experts recommend that both ARA and DHA are added at levels present in human milk.
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Nayak U, Kanungo S, Zhang D, Ross Colgate E, Carmolli MP, Dey A, Alam M, Manna B, Nandy RK, Kim DR, Paul DK, Choudhury S, Sahoo S, Harris WS, Wierzba TF, Ahmed T, Kirkpatrick BD, Haque R, Petri WA, Mychaleckyj JC. Influence of maternal and socioeconomic factors on breast milk fatty acid composition in urban, low-income families. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2017; 13. [PMID: 28198164 PMCID: PMC5638057 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The lipid composition of breast milk may have a significant impact on early infant growth and cognitive development. Comprehensive breast milk data is lacking from low‐income populations in the Indian subcontinent impeding assessment of deficiencies and limiting development of maternal nutritional interventions. A single breast milk specimen was collected within 6 weeks postpartum from two low‐income maternal cohorts of exclusively breastfed infants, from Dhaka, Bangladesh (n = 683) and Kolkata, India (n = 372) and assayed for percentage composition of 26 fatty acids. Mature milk (>15 days) in Dhaka (n = 99) compared to Kolkata (n = 372) was higher in total saturated fatty acid (SFA; mean 48% vs. 44%) and disproportionately lower in ω3‐polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), hence the ω6‐ and ω3‐PUFA ratio in Dhaka were almost double the value in Kolkata. In both sites, after adjusting for days of lactation, increased maternal education was associated with decreased SFA and PUFA, and increasing birth order or total pregnancies was associated with decreasing ω6‐PUFA or ω3‐PUFA by a factor of 0.95 for each birth and pregnancy. In Dhaka, household prosperity was associated with decreased SFA and PUFA and increased ω6‐ and ω3‐PUFA. Maternal height was associated with increased SFA and PUFA in Kolkata (1% increase per 1 cm), but body mass index showed no independent association with either ratio in either cohort. In summary, the socioeconomic factors of maternal education and household prosperity were associated with breast milk composition, although prosperity may only be important in higher cost of living communities. Associated maternal biological factors were height and infant birth order, but not adiposity. Further study is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Nayak
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 22908, Virginia, USA
| | - Suman Kanungo
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Dadong Zhang
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 22908, Virginia, USA
| | - E Ross Colgate
- Department of Medicine and Vaccine Testing Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Marya P Carmolli
- Department of Medicine and Vaccine Testing Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Ayan Dey
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Masud Alam
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Byomkesh Manna
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | - Dilip Kumar Paul
- Dr. B.C. Roy Post Graduate Institute of Paediatric Sciences, Kolkata, India
| | - Saugato Choudhury
- Dr. B.C. Roy Post Graduate Institute of Paediatric Sciences, Kolkata, India
| | - Sushama Sahoo
- Dr. B.C. Roy Post Graduate Institute of Paediatric Sciences, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Beth D Kirkpatrick
- Department of Medicine and Vaccine Testing Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - William A Petri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 22908, Virginia, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA, 22908
| | - Josyf C Mychaleckyj
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 22908, Virginia, USA.,Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 22908, Virginia, USA
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Abstract
Breast milk is the perfect nutrition for infants, a result of millions of years of evolution, finely attuning it to the requirements of the infant. Breast milk contains many complex proteins, lipids and carbohydrates, the concentrations of which alter dramatically over a single feed, as well as over lactation, to reflect the infant's needs. In addition to providing a source of nutrition for infants, breast milk contains a myriad of biologically active components. These molecules possess diverse roles, both guiding the development of the infants immune system and intestinal microbiota. Orchestrating the development of the microbiota are the human milk oligosaccharides, the synthesis of which are determined by the maternal genotype. In this review, we discuss the composition of breast milk and the factors that affect it during the course of breast feeding. Understanding the components of breast milk and their functions will allow for the improvement of clinical practices, infant feeding and our understanding of immune responses to infection and vaccination in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Andreas
- Centre for International Child Health, Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY UK.
| | - Beate Kampmann
- Centre for International Child Health, Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY UK; MRC Unit-The Gambia, Vaccines & Immunity Theme, Atlantic Road, Fajara, The Gambia.
| | - Kirsty Mehring Le-Doare
- Centre for International Child Health, Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Global Health Research, Norfolk Place, London, UK; MRC Unit-The Gambia, Vaccines & Immunity Theme, Atlantic Road, Fajara, The Gambia.
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Nyuar KB, Min Y, Ghebremeskel K, Khalil AKH, Elbashir MI, Cawford MA. Milk of northern Sudanese mothers whose traditional diet is high in carbohydrate contains low docosahexaenoic acid. Acta Paediatr 2010; 99:1824-7. [PMID: 20618167 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01940.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM The suckling neonates and infants are reliant primarily on the mother for optimal supply of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The richest source of preformed DHA is cold-water oily fish. Although there is paucity of data, existing evidence suggest women with restricted access to these foods have low or marginal DHA status. The aim of the study was to investigate milk fatty acids of Sudanese mothers whose traditional diet is high in carbohydrate and low in fat and gain some insight into the provision of DHA to the suckling offspring. METHODS Colostrum (n =26), transitional (n=20) and mature (n=14) milk samples were obtained from Northern Sudanese women (NSW) recruited prior to delivery from Ibrahim Malik and Khartoum Teaching Hospitals. RESULTS The arachidonic acid content of the colostrum (0.87±0.28%) and transitional (0.89± 0.29%) and mature (0.48±0.12%) milk of the NSW were broadly comparable with published international values. In contrast, the DHA level (colostrum 0.13±0.07%, transitional 0.13±0.06% and mature milk 0.06±0.05%) was very low. CONCLUSION The study reveals breast milk of NSW, whose traditional diet is almost devoid of fish and fish products, is unlikely to provide sufficient DHA to support optimal postnatal neuro-visual development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Nyuar
- Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition, London, UK.
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Al-Tamer YY, Mahmood AA. The influence of Iraqi mothers' socioeconomic status on their milk-lipid content. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60:1400-5. [PMID: 16775580 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the lipid content and fatty acid (FA) composition, especially n(3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n(3) LCPUFAs) of mature breast-milk of Iraqi mothers and their relation to the socioeconomic status of the mothers. DESIGN A collection of mature breast-milk of mothers with three different socioeconomic status (lactation period 5+/-1 month). SETTING Mosul province (in the north of Iraq). SUBJECTS Mature breast-milk samples were obtained from a group of 20- to 35-year-old mothers with different socioeconomic status: high urban (HU, n=25), low urban (LU, n=15) and typical suburban (SU, n=25). PROCEDURE Mature-milk samples were collected from each lactating mother. The lipid components of each sample, namely triglycerides (TGs), cholesterol (C) and phospholipids (PLs) were determined enzymatically. After their separation and esterification, FAs were determined as FA methyl esters by capillary gas chromatography. RESULTS The percentages of n(3) LCPUFAs were 0.48+/-0.025, 0.37+/-0.029 and 0.38+/-0.018% for HU, LU and SU mothers, respectively. The amount of TGs, the major component of milk lipid, was 5.64+/-0.24, 5.21+/-1.61 and 3.21+/-0.92 g/100 ml for HU, SU and LU mothers, respectively. The milk-lipid content varied with the socioeconomic status. CONCLUSION The socioeconomic status of lactating mothers affected the lipid content and FA composition, especially the level of n(3) LCPUFAs (the very important structural constituents of the retina, brain and other nervous tissues). Mature breast-milk for the studied groups was low in n(3) LCPUFAs compared with that of mothers from developed countries and that recommended by WHO for optimum infant nutrition. SPONSORSHIP Supported by grants from Department of Chemistry, University of Mosul. The analysis of FA methyl ester samples was performed at the National Centre for Scientific Research, France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Al-Tamer
- Ninevah Medical College, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq.
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Glew RH, Herbein JH, Moya MH, Valdez JM, Obadofin M, Wark WA, Vanderjagt DJ. Trans fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids in the milk of urban women and nomadic Fulani of northern Nigeria. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 367:48-54. [PMID: 16480970 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2005] [Revised: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trans fatty acids (TFAs) and conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) are present in dairy products and human milk and can have detrimental and beneficial effects in humans. The content of TFAs and CLAs in milk is determined largely by the diet of the mother. METHODS We compared the proportions of TFAs and CLAs in the milk of rural Fulani in northern Nigeria who consume dairy products to that of women living in an urban center who consume little in the way of dairy products. Lactating Fulani women (n=41) and women residing in the city of Jos, Nigeria (n=41) were recruited into the study. We predicted that the milk of the Fulani pastoralists would contain higher amounts of TFAs and CLAs compared to their urban counterparts. RESULTS The mean total TFA proportions for the Fulani and urban women were 0.22% and 0.34%, respectively, and were not significantly different. The percentages of CLAs in milk fat were not different between rural and urban women (0.16% vs 0.14%). These TFA and CLA values were 4- to 10-fold lower than for milk of women elsewhere in the world. CONCLUSIONS The percentages of TFAs and CLAs in milk were not different between rural and urban dwellers in northern Nigeria whose diets differ greatly in the amounts of dairy products they contain. However, the fact that the percentages of TFAs and CLAs in the milk of Nigerian women were much lower than the percentages reported from other parts of the world may have implications for the long-term growth and development of infants in the northern Nigeria and elsewhere in the Western Sahel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Glew
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC08 4670, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA, and Department of Family Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
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da Cunha J, Macedo da Costa TH, Ito MK. Influences of maternal dietary intake and suckling on breast milk lipid and fatty acid composition in low-income women from Brasilia, Brazil. Early Hum Dev 2005; 81:303-11. [PMID: 15814213 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2004.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2004] [Revised: 06/10/2004] [Accepted: 08/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Diet has a strong effect, while suckling stimulus is believed not to influence breast milk fatty acids. The effect of dietary pattern and suckling on the fatty acid composition of Brazilian women's breast milk was studied. A cross-sectional study was conducted with low-income women living in the central region of Brazil, where dietary DHA is not readily available. Fore and hind milk fatty acids were collected from 77 women on day 15+/-1 postpartum, and information on maternal characteristics and dietary habit was taken. The effect of suckling stimulus was measured by the changes between fore and hind milk. The mean body mass index (BMI) of volunteers was 23.7+/-3.2 kg/m(2), and the milk lipid concentration was 4.8+/-1.2 g/dl. A mixture of traditional and western type of dietary habit, high in fat and sugar was observed. The fatty acids of the subject's milk were 41.93+/-1.42% saturated, 33.31+/-1.67% monounsaturated and 25.03+/-5.23% polyunsaturated (wt/wt). The DHA level in the milk was 0.34+/-0.19%, similar to the values found in milk of many western societies. DHA and 18:3n-3 levels increased from fore to hind milk (p<0.05). Correlation existed mostly between dietary components and milk 16:0 and oleic acid (18:0). An analysis of classes of fatty acids in milk showed oleic acid (18:0) to present a negative correlation with all milk fatty acid classes. The results suggest that breast milk fatty acids of Brazilian women reflect a western maternal dietary pattern and are influenced by the suckling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana da Cunha
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
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Craig-Schmidt MC. Isomeric fatty acids: evaluating status and implications for maternal and child health. Lipids 2001; 36:997-1006. [PMID: 11724473 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-001-0811-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
"Isomeric fatty acids" is a term that refers to the trans- and positional isomers formed during hydrogenation of naturally occurring oils. The purposes of this paper are as follows: (i) to summarize potential exposure of infants to isomeric fatty acids by reviewing estimates of isomeric fatty acids in the maternal diet, in human milk, and in infant formula/infant foods, and (ii) to evaluate the evidence for adverse effects of isomeric fatty acids on infant development with respect to growth and essential fatty acid status. Estimates of the intake of trans-fatty acids vary widely both within and across populations. Current estimates of trans-fatty acids in the North American population are 4-11% of total fatty acids or 3-13 g/(person x d), whereas in Mediterranean countries in which olive oil is the primary fat and in Far Eastern countries in which little commercially hydrogenated fat is consumed, per capita consumption of trans-fatty acids is <1-2 g/d. The trans-fatty acid content of human milk reflects the cross-cultural variation in the maternal diet, with trans-fatty acids in human milk samples ranging from 6 to 7% in North America to <0.5% in Hong Kong. Trans-fatty acids are transferred from the maternal diet through the placenta to the developing fetus or through milk to the breast-fed infant. In some studies, plasma trans-fatty acids are inversely related to birth weight and head circumference. The hypothesis that dietary trans-fatty acids could inhibit biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids with 20 and 22 carbon atoms and thus affect infant development is supported by studies demonstrating an inverse correlation of plasma trans-fatty acids with n-3 and n-6 longchain polyunsaturated fatty acids in infants. However, no such relationship has been observed in human milk. A definitive answer concerning a potentially adverse effect of dietary trans-fatty acids on infant development awaits future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Craig-Schmidt
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA.
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Abstract
I have reviewed recent (March 1995-December 1997) papers on human milk lipids including many on fatty acid (FA) composition. The effects of maternal diets on the profiles are apparent. However, more data on the composition of milk lipids are needed. It is noteworthy that so few papers on milk FA composition have reported analyses using high-resolution gas-liquid chromatography columns. Two of these were on milk from women in North America. The diets in North America are varied and the number of analyses few. We do not have a reliable data base showing the ranges of biologically important acids. Except for the gangliosides, few new data on the other lipids appeared during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Jensen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269-4017, USA.
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Schmeits BL, Cook JA, VanderJagt DJ, Magnussen MA, Bhatt SK, Bobik EG, Huang YS, Glew RH. Fatty acid composition of the milk lipids of women in Nepal. Nutr Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(99)00091-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Trans-18:1 acid content and profile in human milk lipids. Critical survey of data in connection with analytical methods. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-998-0204-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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