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Lu Y, Luo Q, Jia X, Tam JP, Yang H, Shen Y, Li X. Multidisciplinary strategies to enhance therapeutic effects of flavonoids from Epimedii Folium: Integration of herbal medicine, enzyme engineering, and nanotechnology. J Pharm Anal 2022; 13:239-254. [PMID: 37102112 PMCID: PMC10123947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids such as baohuoside I and icaritin are the major active compounds in Epimedii Folium (EF) and possess excellent therapeutic effects on various diseases. Encouragingly, in 2022, icaritin soft capsules were approved to reach the market for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) of China. Moreover, recent studies demonstrate that icaritin can serve as immune-modulating agent to exert anti-tumor effects. Nonetheless, both production efficiency and clinical applications of epimedium flavonoids have been restrained because of their low content, poor bioavailability, and unfavorable in vivo delivery efficiency. Recently, various strategies, including enzyme engineering and nanotechnology, have been developed to increase productivity and activity, improve delivery efficiency, and enhance therapeutic effects of epimedium flavonoids. In this review, the structure-activity relationship of epimedium flavonoids is described. Then, enzymatic engineering strategies for increasing the productivity of highly active baohuoside I and icaritin are discussed. The nanomedicines for overcoming in vivo delivery barriers and improving therapeutic effects of various diseases are summarized. Finally, the challenges and an outlook on clinical translation of epimedium flavonoids are proposed.
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Lu S, Zou K, Guo B, Pei J, Wang Z, Xiao W, Zhao L. One-step purification and immobilization of thermostable β-glucosidase on Na-Y zeolite based on the linker and its application in the efficient production of baohuoside I from icariin. Bioorg Chem 2022; 121:105690. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Guo Y, Wang C, Jiang M, Zhu H, Weng M, Sun L, Zhang Y. Baohuoside I via mTOR Apoptotic Signaling to Inhibit Glioma Cell Growth. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:11435-11444. [PMID: 33204156 PMCID: PMC7667174 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s265803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Baohuoside I, a novel oncotherapeutic agent, has been reported to have anti-cancer effects on a variety of cancers, but its role in glioma and its molecular mechanism are still unclear. Methods The proliferation of U251 cells was detected by real-time cellular analysis (RTCA), CCK-8, Ki67 immunofluorescence and colony formation assay. The effect of Baohuoside I on the invasion and migration of U251 cells was measured by transwell and scratch tests. The apoptosis of U251 cells was detected by flow cytometry. The expression level of related protein was detected by western blotting. Results Baohuoside I could inhibit the proliferation of human glioma cells and induce apoptosis. Further study showed that the migration and invasion ability of glioma was significantly decreased by Baohuoside I. Western blot revealed the expression of p-AMPKα1 protein was up-regulated, and the expression of p-mTOR and p-S6K was down-regulated after Baohuoside I treatment. Tumorigenesis in nude mice showed that Baohuoside I had an anti-glioma effect in vivo. Conclusion We propose a natural product, which can inhibit the proliferation, invasion and migration of glioma and may be a valuable anti-tumor candidate. The inhibitory effect of Baohuoside I on the glioma is achieved by inducing the apoptosis of the tumor cells, rather than autophagy. In addition, the pathway to induce cell apoptosis of Baohuoside I is to target the mTOR signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, Wenzhou Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, Wenzhou Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, Wenzhou Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengyue Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, Wenzhou Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Weng
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, Wenzhou Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Linxiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, Wenzhou Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanlei Zhang
- Neurology Department, Wenzhou Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Fluksman A, Steinberg E, Orehov N, Shai E, Lahiani A, Katzhendler J, Marcinkiewicz C, Lazarovici P, Benny O. Integrin α 2β 1-Targeted Self-Assembled Nanocarriers for Tumor Bioimaging. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:6059-6070. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnon Fluksman
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91121, Israel
| | - Eliana Steinberg
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91121, Israel
| | - Natalie Orehov
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91121, Israel
| | - Ela Shai
- Department of Hematology, Coagulation Unit, Hadassah−Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91121, Israel
| | - Adi Lahiani
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91121, Israel
| | - Jehoshua Katzhendler
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91121, Israel
| | - Cezary Marcinkiewicz
- Department of Biology, Temple University College of Science and Technology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Philip Lazarovici
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91121, Israel
| | - Ofra Benny
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91121, Israel
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Zheng C, Li Y, Peng Z, He X, Tao J, Ge L, Sun Y, Wu Y. A composite nanocarrier to inhibit precipitation of the weakly basic drug in the gastrointestinal tract. Drug Deliv 2020; 27:712-722. [PMID: 32397763 PMCID: PMC7269033 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1760402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For weakly basic drugs, the sharp decrease of drug solubility and the following drug precipitation after drugs transferring from the gastric fluid to the intestinal fluid in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a main reason for the poor oral bioavailability of drugs. Here, an anticoagulant dabigatran etexilate (DE) was used as a model drug, and a composite nanocarrier system of DE was developed to improve the drug dissolution by decreasing the drug leakage in the stomach and inhibiting the drug precipitation in the intestinal tract. With the encapsulation of drugs in nanocarriers, the precipitation percentage of DE in composite nanocarriers was 22.25 ± 3.88% in simulated intestinal fluid, which was far below that of the commercial formulation. Moreover, the relative bioavailability of DE-loaded composite nanocarriers (456.58%) was greatly enhanced and the peak of its activated partial thromboplastin time was also significantly prolonged (p < .01) compared with the commercial formulation, indicating that the anticoagulant effect of DE was effectively improved. Therefore, the designed composite nanocarrier system of DE presents great potentials in improving the therapeutic efficiency and expanding the clinical applications of poorly water-soluble weakly basic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Peng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyi He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Tao
- School of Pharmacy and Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Jiangsu College of Nursing, Huaian, China
| | - Liang Ge
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yixin Sun
- Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunkai Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Lipid Nanoarchitectonics for Natural Products Delivery in Cancer Therapy. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41842-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Younes NF, Abdel-Halim SA, Elassasy AI. Solutol HS15 based binary mixed micelles with penetration enhancers for augmented corneal delivery of sertaconazole nitrate: optimization, in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo characterization. Drug Deliv 2019; 25:1706-1717. [PMID: 30442039 PMCID: PMC6249589 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1497107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratomycosis is a serious corneal disease that can cause a permanent visual disability if not treated effectively. Sertaconazole nitrate (STZ), a novel broad spectrum antifungal drug, was suggested as a promising treatment. However, its utility in the ocular route is restricted by its poor solubility, along with other problems facing the ocular delivery like short residence time, and the existing corneal barrier. Therefore, the objective of this study was to formulate STZ loaded binary mixed micelles (STZ-MMs) enriched with different penetration enhancers using thin-film hydration method, based on a 31.22 mixed factorial design. Different formulation variables were examined, namely, type of auxiliary surfactant, type of penetration enhancer, and total surfactants: drug ratio, and their effects on the solubility of STZ in MMs (SM), particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential (ZP) were evaluated. STZ-MMs enhanced STZ aqueous solubility up to 338.82-fold compared to free STZ. Two optimized formulations (MM-8 and MM-11) based on the desirability factor (0.891 and 0.866) were selected by Design expert® software for further investigations. The optimized formulations were imaged by TEM which revealed nanosized spherical micelles. Moreover, they were examined for corneal mucoadhesion, stability upon dilution, storage effect, and ex vivo corneal permeation studies. Finally, both in vivo corneal uptake and in vivo corneal tolerance were investigated. MM-8 showed superiority in the ex vivo and in vivo permeation studies when compared to the STZ-suspension. The obtained results suggest that the aforementioned STZ loaded mixed micellar system could be an effective candidate for Keratomycosis-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Farid Younes
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and industrial pharmacy, Faculty of pharmacy , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Sally Adel Abdel-Halim
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and industrial pharmacy, Faculty of pharmacy , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Abdelhalim I Elassasy
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and industrial pharmacy, Faculty of pharmacy , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
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Ke Z, Yang L, Wu H, Li Z, Jia X, Zhang Z. Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects of gambogic acid-loaded layer-by-layer self-assembled micelles. Int J Pharm 2018; 545:306-317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Wu H, Zhong Q, Zhong R, Huang H, Xia Z, Ke Z, Zhang Z, Song J, Jia X. Preparation and antitumor evaluation of self-assembling oleanolic acid-loaded Pluronic P105/d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate mixed micelles for non-small-cell lung cancer treatment. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:6337-6352. [PMID: 27932881 PMCID: PMC5135287 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s119839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA) is a triterpenoid found in various fruits and vegetables and used in traditional Chinese medicine. OA plays a crucial role in the treatment of several cancers, but poor water solubility, low permeability, and significant efflux have limited its widespread clinical use. Vitamin E-d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (vitamin E-TPGS) and Pluronic P105 were used to improve the solubility and permeability and to decrease the efflux of OA. OA-loaded mixed micelles were prepared by ethanol thin-film hydration. The physicochemical properties of the micelles, including zeta potential, morphology, particle size, solubility, drug loading, and drug entrapment efficiency were characterized. OA release from micelles was slower than that from the free drug system. OA uptake by A549 non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells was enhanced by the micelles. A tumor model was established by injecting A549 cells into nude mice. In vivo imaging showed that OA-micelles could accumulate in the tumors of nude mice. Additionally, smaller tumor size and increased expression of pro-apoptotic proteins were observed in OA-micelle-treated mice, indicating that OA-micelles are more effective than free OA in treating cancer. In vitro experiments were performed using two NSCLC cell lines (A549 and PC-9). Cytotoxicity evaluations showed that the half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of free OA and OA-micelles were 36.8±4.8 and 20.9±3.7 μM, respectively, in A549 cells and 82.7±7.8 and 56.7±4.7 μM, respectively, in PC-9 cells. Apoptosis assays revealed that the apoptotic rate of OA-micelle-treated A549 and PC-9 cells was higher than that of cells treated with the same concentration of free OA. Wound healing and transwell assays showed that migration and invasion were significantly suppressed in OA-micelle-treated cells. Immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses confirmed that the epithelial–mesenchymal transition was reversed in OA-micelle-treated cells. Mixed micelles are a promising nano-drug delivery system for lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu; College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui
| | - Qingxiang Zhong
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu
| | - Rongling Zhong
- Laboratory Animal Center, Jiangsu Province Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu
| | - Houcai Huang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Jiangsu Province Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu
| | - Zhi Xia
- Laboratory Animal Center, Jiangsu Province Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu
| | - Zhongcheng Ke
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huangshan University, Huangshan, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhai Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Jie Song
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu
| | - Xiaobin Jia
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu; College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui
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Tan HL, Chan KG, Pusparajah P, Saokaew S, Duangjai A, Lee LH, Goh BH. Anti-Cancer Properties of the Naturally Occurring Aphrodisiacs: Icariin and Its Derivatives. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:191. [PMID: 27445824 PMCID: PMC4925704 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epimedium (family Berberidaceae), commonly known as Horny Goat Weed or Yin Yang Huo, is commonly used as a tonic, aphrodisiac, anti-rheumatic and anti-cancer agent in traditional herbal formulations in Asian countries such as China, Japan, and Korea. The major bioactive compounds present within this plant include icariin, icaritin and icariside II. Although it is best known for its aphrodisiac properties, scientific and pharmacological studies suggest it possesses broad therapeutic capabilities, especially for enhancing reproductive function and osteoprotective, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory and immunoprotective effects. In recent years, there has been great interest in scientific investigation of the purported anti-cancer properties of icariin and its derivatives. Data from in vitro and in vivo studies suggests these compounds demonstrate anti-cancer activity against a wide range of cancer cells which occurs through various mechanisms such as apoptosis, cell cycle modulation, anti-angiogenesis, anti-metastasis and immunomodulation. Of note, they are efficient at targeting cancer stem cells and drug-resistant cancer cells. These are highly desirable properties to be emulated in the development of novel anti-cancer drugs in combatting the emergence of drug resistance and overcoming the limited efficacy of current standard treatment. This review aims to summarize the anti-cancer mechanisms of icariin and its derivatives with reference to the published literature. The currently utilized applications of icariin and its derivatives in cancer treatment are explored with reference to existing patents. Based on the data compiled, icariin and its derivatives are shown to be compounds with tremendous potential for the development of new anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Li Tan
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia; Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Priyia Pusparajah
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Surasak Saokaew
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia; Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of PhayaoPhayao, Thailand; Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan UniversityPhitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Acharaporn Duangjai
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of PhayaoPhayao, Thailand; Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of PhayaoPhayao, Thailand
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia; Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of PhayaoPhayao, Thailand
| | - Bey-Hing Goh
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia; Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of PhayaoPhayao, Thailand
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Devrim B, Kara A, Vural İ, Bozkır A. Lysozyme-loaded lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles: preparation, characterization and colloidal stability evaluation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2016; 42:1865-76. [PMID: 27091346 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2016.1180392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPNPs) are polymeric nanoparticles enveloped by lipid layers, which have emerged as a potent therapeutic nanocarrier alternative to liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles. OBJECTIVE The aim of this work was to develop, characterize and evaluate LPNPs to deliver a model protein, lysozyme. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lysozyme-loaded LPNPs were prepared by using the modified w/o/w double-emulsion-solvent-evaporation method. Poly-ɛ-caprolactone (PCL) was used as polymeric core material and tripalmitin:lechitin mixture was used to form a lipid shell around the LPNPs. LPNPs were evaluated for particle size distribution, zeta potential, morphology, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro drug release, stability and cytotoxicity. RESULTS The DLS measurement results showed that the particle size of LPNPs ranged from 58.04 ± 1.95 nm to 2009.00 ± 0.52 nm. The AFM and TEM images of LPNPs demonstrate that LPNPs are spherical in shape. The protein-loading capacity of LPNPs ranged from 5.81% to 60.32%, depending on the formulation parameters. LPNPs displayed a biphasic drug release pattern with a burst release within 1 h, followed by sustained release afterward. Colloidal stability results of LPNPs in different media showed that particle size and zeta potential values of particles did not change significantly in all media except of FBS 100% for 120 h. Finally, the results of a cellular uptake study showed that LPNPs were significantly taken up by 83.3% in L929 cells. CONCLUSION We concluded that the LPNPs prepared with PCL as polymeric core material and tripalmitin:lechitin mixture as lipid shell should be a promising choice for protein delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Devrim
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Ankara University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Aslı Kara
- b Department of Biology, Faculty of Art and Science , Hitit University , Çorum, Turkey
| | - İmran Vural
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Asuman Bozkır
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Ankara University , Ankara , Turkey
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