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Zafar R, Naureen H, Zubair M, Shahid K, Saeed Jan M, Akhtar S, Ahmad H, Waseem W, Haider A, Ali S, Tariq M, Sadiq A. Prospective Application of Two New Pyridine-Based Zinc (II) Amide Carboxylate in Management of Alzheimer's Disease: Synthesis, Characterization, Computational and in vitro Approaches. Drug Des Devel Ther 2021; 15:2679-2694. [PMID: 34188447 PMCID: PMC8232895 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s311619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative illness described predominantly by dementia. Even though Alzheimer’s disease has been known for over a century, its origin remains a mystery, and researchers are exploring many therapy options, including the cholinesterase technique. A decreased acetylcholine ACh neurotransmitter level is believed to be among the important factors in the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. Methods In continuation of synthesizing potential anti-Alzheimer agents and known appreciative pharmacological potential of amide-containing compounds, this study presents the synthesis of two novel amide-based transition metal zinc (II) complexes, AAZ7 and AAZ8, attached with a heterocyclic pyridine ring, which was synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), elemental analysis, 1H_NMR, and 13C_NMR. FT-IR spectroscopic records showed the development of bidentate ligand as Δν value was decreased in both complexes when compared with the free ligand. Both of the synthesized complexes were analyzed for acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory potential along with the antioxidizing activity. Results Importantly, the complex of AAZ8 exhibited more potent activity giving IC50 values of 14 µg/mL and 18µg/mL as AChE and BChE cholinesterase inhibitors, respectively, when compared with standard positive control galantamine. Interestingly, AAZ8 also displayed promising antioxidant potential by showing IC50 values of 35 µg/mL for DPPH and 29 µg/mL for ABTS in comparison with positive control ascorbic acid. Conclusion Herein, we report two new amide carboxylate zinc (II) complexes which were potentially analyzed for various biological applications like acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory potentials, and antioxidant assays. Computational docking studies also simulated results to understand the interactions. Additionally, thermodynamic parameters utilizing molecular dynamic simulation were performed to determine the ligand protein stability and flexibility that supported the results. Studies have shown that these compounds have the potential to be good anti-Alzheimer candidates for future studies due to inhibition of cholinesterase enzymes and display of free radical scavenging potential against DPPH as well as ABTS free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehman Zafar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.,Yusra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Humaira Naureen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Khadija Shahid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | | | - Samar Akhtar
- Yusra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Hammad Ahmad
- Yusra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Wajeeha Waseem
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Ali Haider
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Saqib Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- Department of PCB, Rokhan University, Jalalabad, Nangrahar, Afghanistan
| | - Abdul Sadiq
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, KP, Pakistan
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Yuen PH, Ryan EA, Devroe E, Wong PK. A single Glu(62)-to-Lys(62) mutation in the Mos residues of the R7Delta447Gag-tMos protein causes the mutant virus to induce brain lesions. Oncogene 2001; 20:692-703. [PMID: 11314003 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2000] [Revised: 11/30/2000] [Accepted: 12/05/2000] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that R7Delta447, a 2954-base-pair (bp) laboratory-generated Moloney murine sarcoma virus, induced subcutaneous tumors in about 14% of infected mice but did not induce brain lesions. We now report that R7Delta447K, a spontaneous mutant of R7Delta447, induced brain lesions as well as subcutaneous tumors in all injected mice. The genomes of the two viruses differ in a single base pair: the deduced Glu(62) of the Mos residue of the R7Delta447 Gag-tMos protein is changed to Lys(62). More R7Delta447 than R7Delta447K focus-forming units were detected in both NIH3T3 and mouse cerebral vascular endothelial (MCVE) cells. However, R7Delta447K transformed NIH3T3 and MCVE cells more acutely than did R7Delta447. A distinctive feature that distinguished the morphologic transformation of R7Delta447- and R7Delta447K-infected MCVE cells is the markedly prolonged spindle-shaped phase exhibited by R7Delta447-infected MCVE cells. In addition, R7Delta447K was more efficient in inducing the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 than R7Delta447 in both MCVE and NIH3T3 cells. Moreover morphologic transformation was inhibited, and levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2 were reduced when R7Delta447- or R7Delta447K-infected NIH3T3 or MCVE cells were grown in the presence of the MEK1/2-specific inhibitor PD98095. Thus, we have identified a key residue in the Gag-tMos protein that profoundly affects activation of the Mos/MEK/ERK pathway, virus and cell replication, morphologic transformation in vitro and pathogenicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Yuen
- Department of Carcinogenesis, Science Park-Research Division, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
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