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Gerges S, Hallit S, Malaeb D, Laghi F, Obeid S. Drunkorexia Among a Sample of Lebanese Adults: The Role of Early Maladaptive Schemas. Psychol Rep 2024; 127:1175-1200. [PMID: 36321443 DOI: 10.1177/00332941221137242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Background: Drunkorexia is a food and alcohol disturbance described as being a range of disordered and compensatory eating behaviors that co-occur with excessive alcohol consumption. The remarkable correlation, highlighted in the literature, between dysfunctional cognitions and both eating disorders and substance use disorders is able to emphasize that cognitive phenomena can be an intrapersonal factor linked to drunkorexia disorder. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) and drunkorexia among a sample of Lebanese adults.Method: We conducted a cross-sectional study across all the Lebanese governorates (September-December 2020; N = 258). The Drunkorexia Motives and Behaviors Scales, Drunkorexia Fails Scale, Drunkorexia during an Alcohol Consumption Event Scale, and Post-Drinking Compensation Scale were used to assess drunkorexia, whereas the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form three was used to measure EMSs.Results: Emotional deprivation and subjugation were significantly associated with more drunkorexia motives, whereas emotional inhibition was significantly associated with less drunkorexia motives. Failure was significantly associated with more drunkorexia behaviors. Abandonment and mistrust were significantly associated with more drunkorexia fails, whereas unrelenting standards was significantly associated with less drunkorexia fails. Subjugation was significantly associated with more drunkorexia during alcohol consumption on events. Social isolation was significantly associated with more post-drinking compensation, whereas unrelenting standards was significantly associated with less post-drinking compensation.Conclusion: Our findings showed that drunkorexia is positively associated with EMSs, delineating as well the specific relationships between dysfunctional cognitive schemas and drunkorexia's maladaptive behavioral aspects. They support the hypothesis that EMSs might play an important role in drunkorexia's development and perpetuation. This study could therefore serve healthcare professionals for the cognitive approach of patients with concomitant alcohol misuse and eating disorders while emphasizing the value of cognitive-behavioral interventions-namely schema therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Gerges
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
| | - Diana Malaeb
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
- College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fiorenzo Laghi
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Social and Education Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon
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Vieira C, Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD. Early maladaptive schemas and behavioural addictions: A systematic literature review. Clin Psychol Rev 2023; 105:102340. [PMID: 37776578 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
As observed in other mental health difficulties, behavioural addiction is a complex construct with several potential predisposing factors, which include biological factors (e.g., genetic predispositions), psychological factors (e.g., personality traits), and social factors (e.g., family, and social history). One factor that may play a significant role in both developing and perpetuating behavioural addiction is the activation of early maladaptive schemas (EMSs). The aim of the present review was to synthesize the evidence concerning the relationship between behavioural addiction and EMSs. A comprehensive literature search using keywords and subject headings was performed with three electronic databases, resulting in 20 studies that met the inclusion criteria. In relation to specific behavioural addiction, the 20 studies examined: binge-eating/food addiction (n = 6), sexual addiction/compulsive sexual behaviours (n = 3), multiple addictive behaviours (n = 2), internet addiction (n = 2), smartphone addiction (n = 2), social networking/Facebook addiction (n = 2), exercise dependence (n = 1), gambling (n = 1), and videogame addiction (n = 1). The patterns of association between EMS and behavioural addiction were examined in both clinical and non-clinical population. The 'Disconnection and Rejection' domain was the most strongly related schema domain across all addictive behaviours, followed by 'Impaired Limits'. The present review suggests a positive relationship between schema activation and several addictive behaviours, including addictions to gambling, gaming, social media use sex, exercise, and food. The clinical implications of the findings are discussed, but further research is needed to inform treatment plans and interventions for those who struggle with behavioural addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Vieira
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK.
| | - Daria J Kuss
- Psychology, Cyberpsychology Research Group, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK.
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- Behavioural Addiction, International Gaming Research Unit Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK.
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Albal E, Buzlu S. The effect of maladaptive schemas and psychological flexibility approaches on the addiction severity of drug addicts. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2021; 35:617-624. [PMID: 34861954 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study tested a model of the effect of maladaptive schemas on addiction severity and the mediating role of psychological flexibility between the two. METHODS The descriptive and methodological study was conducted with 661 opioid users. Data were collected using the questionnaire, including sociodemographic Characteristics, Addiction Profile Index, Young Schema Questionnaire 3 Short Form, Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II and Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive and correlational analysis and structural equation model. RESULTS The mean age was 27.43 ± 7.04 years. Of participants, 52.3% had a secondary school degree, 76.7% had no children, 90.8% were men, 69.3% single, 71.9% unemployed, and 71.4% lived with their parents. Relationship between schemas and addiction severity was 0.36 (p < 0.05), which was reduced to 0.10 by psychological flexibility (p < 0.05). Psychological flexibility affects addiction severity directly, but maladaptive schemas affect addiction severity through psychological flexibility. CONCLUSIONS Maladaptive schemas and psychological flexibility are constructs that need to be addressed in substance use treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Albal
- Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa, Institute of Graduate Studies, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Sevim Buzlu
- Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Istanbul, Turkey
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Tariq A, Quayle E, Lawrie SM, Reid C, Chan SWY. Relationship between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Anxiety in Adolescence and Young Adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2021; 295:1462-1473. [PMID: 34563389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early maladaptive schemas (EMS) are self-perpetuating dysfunctional cognitive structures that have been linked with youth psychological health and play a significant role in developing and maintaining psychological distress, including anxiety symptoms. METHOD The present meta-analysis synthesises the existing literature to evaluate the strength of association between EMS and anxiety symptoms among adolescents and young adults (aged 10-29 years). The systematic literature search was carried out in October 2019 using six different databases. RESULTS Our systematic search has identified 15 studies, comprising of 9515 participants (Mean age = 18.95, SD = 5.30). All the studies assessed were either cross-sectional or longitudinally designed. The random effect estimate for overall EMS with anxiety was r = 0.59 (95% Cl = 0.50 to 0.68, Z = 9.69, p < 0.0001), indicating a strong association between EMS and anxiety. When different schema domains were investigated separately, anxiety was shown to have significantly stronger associations with the schema domains of disconnection/rejection (r = 0.50), impaired autonomy/performance (r = 0.47) and other-directedness (r = 0.49). Further, females were found to have higher schemas of hypervigilance and other-directedness and associated anxiety symptoms compared to males. LIMITATIONS Meta-analytical results were limited to articles published in peer-reviewed journals in English language, inducing an upward publication bias and limiting the generalizability of the findings. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight schemas related to disconnection/rejection, impaired autonomy/performance and other-directedness as particularly salient precursors of anxiety symptoms, providing evidence for clinicians to target these particular schemas during prevention, intervention, and management of anxiety disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asnea Tariq
- School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Ethel Quayle
- School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Stella W Y Chan
- School of Psychology & Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, United Kingdom
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Powell‐jones A, Simpson S. Drunkorexia: An investigation of symptomatology and early maladaptive schemas within a female, young adult Australian population. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ap.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alycia Powell‐jones
- School of Psychology, Social Work, and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Magill, South Australia, Australia,
| | - Susan Simpson
- School of Psychology, Social Work, and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Magill, South Australia, Australia,
- NHS Lothian, Regional Eating Disorders Unit, St. John's Hospital, Howden Road West, Howden, Livingston, Scotland,
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Rodrigues PM, Marques DR, Gomes AA. Differences in Early Maladaptive Schemas between Young Adults Displaying Poor Versus Good Sleep Quality. Psychiatr Q 2019; 90:733-746. [PMID: 31352549 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-019-09662-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Research on the connection between sleep-related problems and Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS) is scarce. The aim of the current study was to investigate a potential link between EMSs and poor sleep quality. Participants (n = 249) were selected from a larger sample of 1253 European Portuguese college students who completed the BaSIQS and the YSQ-S3. The major inclusion criteria for the selected participants were high versus low scores on the BaSIQS (poor versus good sleep quality). Students with poor sleep quality had significantly higher levels of Abandonment/ Instability, Mistrust/Abuse, Social Isolation/Alienation, Vulnerability to Harm or Illness, Entitlement/Grandiosity, Self-Sacrifice, and Negativity/Pessimism. These data suggest that EMSs are associated with poor sleep quality. However, additional studies are necessary to better understand this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Monteiro Rodrigues
- Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Daniel Ruivo Marques
- Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal. .,CINEICC - Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ana Allen Gomes
- CINEICC - Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Rua do Colégio Novo, 3000-115, Coimbra, Portugal
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Elmquist J, Shorey RC, Anderson SE, Temple JR, Stuart GL. The Relationship Between Eating Disorder Symptoms and Treatment Rejection among Young Adult Men in Residential Substance Use Treatment. SUBSTANCE ABUSE-RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2016; 10:39-44. [PMID: 27257382 PMCID: PMC4877080 DOI: 10.4137/sart.s33396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Research has demonstrated that individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs) and comorbid mental health problems evidence heightened negative consequences, including poorer treatment outcomes, a higher risk for relapse, and mortality compared to individuals with a single disorder. In this study, we focus on the comorbidity between SUDs and eating disorder (ED) symptomatology, as EDs are similarly associated with high rates of relapse, morbidity, and mortality. Of particular importance is research examining treatment rejection among individuals in treatment for SUDs with cooccurring ED symptomatology. This study seeks to add to the literature by examining treatment rejection among young adult men in residential treatment for SUDs (N = 68) with cooccurring ED symptomatology. Results from hierarchical regression analyses indicated that ED symptoms were significantly associated with treatment rejection after controlling for alcohol and drug use and problems and depression symptoms. Although this is a preliminary study, the results add to a growing body of research examining the comorbidity between SUDs and ED symptomatology. Future research examining this relationship is needed to further elucidate the treatment patterns among individuals with comorbid ED symptoms and substance use diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnna Elmquist
- Department of Psychology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Ryan C Shorey
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | | | - Jeff R Temple
- Department of OB/GYN, University of Texas Medical Branch Health, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Gregory L Stuart
- Department of Psychology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Elmquist J, Shorey RC, Anderson S, Stuart GL. A preliminary investigation of the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and compulsive sexual behaviors in a substance-dependent population. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2015; 21:349-354. [PMID: 27482151 DOI: 10.3109/14659891.2015.1029021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Past research has consistently demonstrated high co-occurrence between substance use disorders (SUDs) and compulsive sexual behaviors (CSBs). Numerous studies have also indicated that maladaptive core beliefs and early maladaptive schemas (EMS) are prevalent among individuals with SUDs and CSBs. However, research has yet to examine the relationship between EMS and CSBs among substance-dependent populations. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to examine this relationship in a sample of 198 men and 62 women in residential treatment for SUDs. Findings demonstrated that the five EMS domains were positively associated with CSBs. Results further demonstrated that patients meeting the cutoff score for CSBs scored significantly higher than patients not meeting the cutoff score for CSBs on the EMS domains of disconnection/rejection, impaired autonomy, and impaired limit. These findings suggest that there is an important and significant relationship between EMS and CSBs among adults in substance use treatment. Results from the current study indicate that EMS may provide a potentially important focus for treatment, particularly among individuals with co-morbid CSBs and SUDs. Given the preliminary nature of this study, continued research is needed to replicate and extend the findings from the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnna Elmquist
- University of Tennessee- Knoxville, 1404 Circle Drive, 204 Austin Peay Bldg, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Ryan C Shorey
- Ohio University, Department of Psychology, 239 Porter Hall, Athens, OH 45701
| | - Scott Anderson
- Cornerstone of Recovery, Louisville, 1214 Topside Road, Louisville, TN 37777
| | - Gregory L Stuart
- University of Tennessee- Knoxville, 1404 Circle Drive, 204 Austin Peay Bldg, Knoxville, TN 37996
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Shorey RC, Elmquist J, Anderson S, Stuart GL. The Relationship Between Early Maladaptive Schemas, Depression, and Generalized Anxiety among Adults Seeking Residential Treatment for Substance Use Disorders. J Psychoactive Drugs 2015; 47:230-8. [PMID: 26099037 PMCID: PMC4697940 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2015.1050133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that early maladaptive schemas (EMS) play an important role in substance use, depression, and anxiety. However, few studies have examined the role of EMS within the context of all three concurrently. The goal of this study was to determine the role of EMS in predicting symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) among adults in residential treatment for substance dependence. We used pre-existing patient records of adults diagnosed with a substance use disorder from a residential substance use treatment facility (N=122). The EMS domains of disconnection and rejection and impaired limits were associated with symptoms of MDD and the domain of impaired autonomy and performance was associated with symptoms of GAD, even after controlling for age, gender, years of education, alcohol use, drug use, and symptoms of MDD (when predicting GAD) and GAD (when predicting MDD). Findings suggest that EMS may play an important role in comorbid mental health problems among men and women in residential substance use treatment. Continued treatment outcome research is needed to examine whether modification of EMS results in improved mental health and substance use outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Shorey
- a Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology , Ohio University , Athens , OH
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Elmquist J, Shorey RC, Anderson SE, Stuart GL. The relationship between early maladaptive schemas and eating-disorder symptomatology among individuals seeking treatment for substance dependence. ADDICTION RESEARCH & THEORY 2015; 23:429-436. [PMID: 27375373 PMCID: PMC4930153 DOI: 10.3109/16066359.2015.1025063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have examined early maladaptive schemas (EMS) and their relationship to psychological disorders, including eating disorders (EDs) and substance use disorders (SUDs). However, to date, there are no empirical investigations that have examined the relationship between EMS and EDs among individuals seeking treatment for substance use. In an attempt to further elucidate this relationship, the purpose of the current, exploratory study was to examine the relationship between EMS, ED symptomatology (i.e., bulimia and binge-eating but not anorexia), and substance use and to directly compare EMS among individuals with and without a probable ED diagnosis. Participants were 387 men and 132 women seeking residential treatment for substance use. Results demonstrated that 11 of the 18 EMS were significantly associated with ED. Moreover, patients with a probable ED scored significantly higher than patients without a probable ED on 8 of the 18 EMS. Results suggest that EMS are prevalent among individuals with ED pathology seeking treatment for substance use. Thus treatment programs could potentially benefit from the assessment and treatment of EMS among dually-diagnosed patients. Given the exploratory and preliminary nature of the study, continued research is needed to further examine the relationship between EMS, EDs, and substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnna Elmquist
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Ryan C. Shorey
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Gregory L. Stuart
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Ahmadian A, Mirzaee J, Omidbeygi M, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Brand S. Differences in maladaptive schemas between patients suffering from chronic and acute posttraumatic stress disorder and healthy controls. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2015; 11. [PMID: 26203249 PMCID: PMC4506033 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s85959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND War, as a stressor event, has a variety of acute and chronic negative consequences, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this context, early maladaptive schema-based problems in PTSD have recently become an important research area. The aim of this study was to assess early maladaptive schemas in patients with acute and chronic PTSD. METHOD Using available sampling methods and diagnostic criteria, 30 patients with chronic PTSD, 30 patients with acute PTSD, and 30 normal military personnel who were matched in terms of age and wartime experience were selected and assessed with the Young Schema Questionnaire-Long Form, Beck Depression Inventory second version (BDI-II), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and the Impact of Events Scale (IES). RESULTS Both acute and chronic PTSD patients, when compared with normal military personnel, had higher scores for all early maladaptive schemas. Additionally, veterans suffering from chronic PTSD, as compared with veterans suffering from acute PTSD and veterans without PTSD, reported more impaired schemas related, for instance, to Self-Control, Social Isolation, and Vulnerability to Harm and Illness. DISCUSSION The results of the present study have significant preventative, diagnostic, clinical, research, and educational implications with respect to PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Ahmadian
- Department of Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran ; Sadr Psychiatric Hospital, Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC), Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Mirzaee
- Department of Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Edith Holsboer-Trachsler
- Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Serge Brand
- Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Basel, Switzerland ; Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Sport Science Section, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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The Relation between Trait Mindfulness and Early Maladaptive Schemas in Men Seeking Substance Use Treatment. Mindfulness (N Y) 2014; 6:348-355. [PMID: 26085852 DOI: 10.1007/s12671-013-0268-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has examined the relation between mindfulness and substance use, demonstrating that lower trait mindfulness is associated with increased substance use, and that mindfulness-based interventions help to reduce substance use. Research has also demonstrated that early maladaptive schemas are prevalent among individuals seeking substance use treatment and that targeting early maladaptive schemas in treatment may improve outcomes. However, no known research has examined the relation between mindfulness and early maladaptive schemas despite theoretical and empirical reasons to suspect their association. Therefore, the current study examined the relation between trait mindfulness and early maladaptive schemas among adult men seeking residential substance abuse treatment (N = 82). Findings demonstrated strong negative associations between trait mindfulness and 15 of the 18 early maladaptive schemas. Moreover, men endorsing multiple early maladaptive schemas reported lower trait mindfulness than men with fewer early maladaptive schemas. The implications of these findings for future research and treatment are discussed.
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