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Brennan ML, Arlt SP, Belshaw Z, Buckley L, Corah L, Doit H, Fajt VR, Grindlay DJC, Moberly HK, Morrow LD, Stavisky J, White C. Critically Appraised Topics (CATs) in Veterinary Medicine: Applying Evidence in Clinical Practice. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:314. [PMID: 32695798 PMCID: PMC7333781 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Critically appraised topics (CATs) are evidence syntheses that provide veterinary professionals with information to rapidly address clinical questions and support the practice of evidence-based veterinary medicine (EBVM). They also have an important role to play in both undergraduate and post-registration education of veterinary professionals, in research and knowledge gap identification, literature scoping, preparing research grants and informing policy. CATs are not without limitations, the primary one relating to the rapid approach used which may lead to selection bias or restrict information identified or retrieved. Furthermore, the narrow focus of CATs may limit applicability of the evidence findings beyond a specific clinical scenario, and infrequently updated CATs may become redundant. Despite these limitations, CATs are fundamental to EBVM in the veterinary profession. Using the example of a dog with osteoarthritis, the five steps involved in creating and applying a CAT to clinical practice are outlined, with an emphasis on clinical relevance and practicalities. Finally, potential future developments for CATs and their role in EBVM, and the education of veterinary professionals are discussed. This review is focused on critically appraised topics (CATs) as a form of evidence synthesis in veterinary medicine. It aims to be a primary guide for veterinarians, from students to clinicians, and for veterinary nurses and technicians (hereafter collectively called veterinary professionals). Additionally, this review provides further information for those with some experience of CATs who would like to better understand the historic context and process, including further detail on more advanced concepts. This more detailed information will appear in pop-out boxes with a double-lined surround to distinguish it from the information core to producing and interpreting CATs, and from the boxes with a single line surround which contain additional resources relevant to the different parts of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marnie L Brennan
- Centre for Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian P Arlt
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Louise Buckley
- Deanery of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Corah
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Doit
- Centre for Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Virginia R Fajt
- Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Douglas J C Grindlay
- Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Heather K Moberly
- Medical Sciences Library, University Libraries, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Lisa D Morrow
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Stavisky
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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Memon MA, Shmalberg J, Adair HS, Allweiler S, Bryan JN, Cantwell S, Carr E, Chrisman C, Egger CM, Greene S, Haussler KK, Hershey B, Holyoak GR, Johnson M, Jeune SL, Looney A, McConnico RS, Medina C, Morton AJ, Munsterman A, Nie GJ, Park N, Parsons-Doherty M, Perdrizet JA, Peyton JL, Raditic D, Ramirez HP, Saik J, Robertson S, Sleeper M, Dyke JV, Wakshlag J. Integrative veterinary medical education and consensus guidelines for an integrative veterinary medicine curriculum within veterinary colleges. Open Vet J 2016; 6:44-56. [PMID: 27200270 PMCID: PMC4824037 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v6i1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrative veterinary medicine (IVM) describes the combination of complementary and
alternative therapies with conventional care and is guided by the best available
evidence. Veterinarians frequently encounter questions about complementary and
alternative veterinary medicine (CAVM) in practice, and the general public has
demonstrated increased interest in these areas for both human and animal health.
Consequently, veterinary students should receive adequate exposure to the principles,
theories, and current knowledge supporting or refuting such techniques. A proposed
curriculum guideline would broadly introduce students to the objective evaluation of
new veterinary treatments while increasing their preparation for responding to
questions about IVM in clinical practice. Such a course should be evidence-based,
unbiased, and unaffiliated with any particular CAVM advocacy or training group. All
IVM courses require routine updating as new information becomes available.
Controversies regarding IVM and CAVM must be addressed within the course and
throughout the entire curriculum. Instructional honesty regarding the uncertainties
in this emerging field is critical. Increased training of future veterinary
professionals in IVM may produce an openness to new ideas that characterizes the
scientific method and a willingness to pursue and incorporate evidence-based medicine
in clinical practice with all therapies, including those presently regarded as
integrative, complementary, or alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Memon
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - J Shmalberg
- Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Shmalberg, Chrisman, Johnson, Sleeper), Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Morton), and Biomedical Sciences (Ramirez), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - H S Adair
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Egger) and Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Adair), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - S Allweiler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - J N Bryan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - S Cantwell
- Medicine Wheel Veterinary Services, Ocala, FL, USA
| | - E Carr
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Robertson) and Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Carr), College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - C Chrisman
- Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Shmalberg, Chrisman, Johnson, Sleeper), Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Morton), and Biomedical Sciences (Ramirez), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - C M Egger
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Egger) and Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Adair), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - S Greene
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - K K Haussler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - B Hershey
- Integrative Veterinary Oncology, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - G R Holyoak
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - M Johnson
- Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Shmalberg, Chrisman, Johnson, Sleeper), Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Morton), and Biomedical Sciences (Ramirez), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - S Le Jeune
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Peyton) and Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (Le Jeune), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - R S McConnico
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - C Medina
- Coral Springs Animal Hospital, Coral Springs, FL, USA
| | - A J Morton
- Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Shmalberg, Chrisman, Johnson, Sleeper), Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Morton), and Biomedical Sciences (Ramirez), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - A Munsterman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - G J Nie
- Angel Animal Hospital, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - N Park
- Integrative Ophthalmology for Pets, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - J L Peyton
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Peyton) and Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (Le Jeune), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - H P Ramirez
- Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Shmalberg, Chrisman, Johnson, Sleeper), Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Morton), and Biomedical Sciences (Ramirez), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - J Saik
- Winterville Animal Clinic, Winterville, GA, USA
| | - S Robertson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Robertson) and Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Carr), College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - M Sleeper
- Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Shmalberg, Chrisman, Johnson, Sleeper), Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Morton), and Biomedical Sciences (Ramirez), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - J Van Dyke
- Canine Rehabilitation Institute, Wellington, FL, USA
| | - J Wakshlag
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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