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Li G, Wu W, Yu X, Zhang R, Sun R, Cao L, Zhu P. Effects of Block Copolymer Terminal Groups on Toughening Epoxy-Based Composites: Microstructures and Toughening Mechanisms. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:2112. [PMID: 38004969 PMCID: PMC10672739 DOI: 10.3390/mi14112112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite the considerable research attention paid to block copolymer (BCP)-toughened epoxy resins, the effects of their terminal groups on their phase structure are not thoroughly understood. This study fills this gap by closely examining the effects of amino and carboxyl groups on the fracture toughness of epoxy resins at different temperatures. Through the combination of scanning electron microscopy and digital image correlation (DIC), it was found that the amino-terminated BCP was capable of forming a stress-distributing network in pure epoxy resin, resulting in better toughening effects at room temperature. In a 60 wt.% silica-filled epoxy composite system, the addition of a carboxyl-terminated BCP showed little toughening effect due to the weaker filler/matrix interface caused by the random dispersion of the microphase of BCPs and distributed silica. The fracture toughness of the epoxy system at high temperatures was not affected by the terminal groups, regardless of the addition of silica. Their dynamic mechanical properties and thermal expansion coefficients are also reported in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- System Packaging and Integration Research Center, Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.W.); (X.Y.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenjie Wu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.W.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xuecheng Yu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.W.); (X.Y.)
| | - Ruoyu Zhang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.W.); (X.Y.)
| | - Rong Sun
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.W.); (X.Y.)
| | - Liqiang Cao
- System Packaging and Integration Research Center, Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Pengli Zhu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Huang YS, Huang CF. Synthesis of well-defined PMMA-b-PDMS-b-PMMA triblock copolymer and study of its self-assembly behaviors in epoxy resin. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bowen JJ, Rueschhoff LM, Martin KL, Street DP, Patel TA, Parvulescu MJS, Bedford NM, Koerner H, Seifert S, Dickerson MB. Tailorable Micelle Morphology in Self-Assembling Block Copolymer Gels for Templating Nanoporous Ceramics. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John J. Bowen
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Lisa M. Rueschhoff
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Kara L. Martin
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Dayton P. Street
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- NRC Research Associateship Programs, The National Academies, Washington, DC 20001, United States
| | - Tulsi A. Patel
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- NRC Research Associateship Programs, The National Academies, Washington, DC 20001, United States
| | - Maria J. S. Parvulescu
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Nicholas M. Bedford
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Hilmar Koerner
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Soenke Seifert
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Matthew B. Dickerson
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
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Bajpai A, Wetzel B, Klingler A, Friedrich K. Mechanical properties and fracture behavior of high‐performance epoxy nanocomposites modified with block polymer and core–shell rubber particles. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Bajpai
- Institut für Verbundwerkstoffe GmbHTechnische Universität Kaiserslautern Erwin‐Schrödinger‐Street 58, 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Bernd Wetzel
- Institut für Verbundwerkstoffe GmbHTechnische Universität Kaiserslautern Erwin‐Schrödinger‐Street 58, 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Andreas Klingler
- Institut für Verbundwerkstoffe GmbHTechnische Universität Kaiserslautern Erwin‐Schrödinger‐Street 58, 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Klaus Friedrich
- Institut für Verbundwerkstoffe GmbHTechnische Universität Kaiserslautern Erwin‐Schrödinger‐Street 58, 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
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Kishi H, Yamada K, Kimura J. Control of nanostructures and fracture toughness of epoxy/acrylic block copolymer blends using in situ manipulation of the epoxy matrix reaction type. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Effect of Different Types of Block Copolymers on Morphology, Mechanical Properties, and Fracture Mechanisms of Bisphenol-F Based Epoxy System. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs3030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of adding different types of soft block copolymer on the tensile properties, fracture mechanic properties, and thermo-mechanical properties of bisphenol F based epoxy resin were studied. Two different self-assembling block copolymers, (a) constituting of a center block of poly (butyl acrylate) and two side blocks of poly (methyl) methacrylate-co-polar co-monomer (BCP 1) and (b) poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(butylene oxide) (PEO-PBO) diblock copolymer (BCP 2), were used with an epoxy-hardener system. The maximum fracture toughness and fracture energy were measured as KIc = 2.75 MPa·m1/2 and GIc = 2.37 kJ/m2 for the 10 wt % of BCP 1 modified system, which were 366% and 2270% higher in comparison to reference epoxy system, and a 63% reduction in tensile strength was also observed. Similarly, for BCP2 modified systems, the maximum value of KIc = 1.65 MPa·m1/2 and GIc = 1.10 kJ/m2 was obtained for epoxy modified with 12 wt % of BCP2 and a reduction of 32% in tensile strength. The fracture toughness and fracture energy were co-related to the plastic zone size for all the modified systems. Finally, the analysis of the fracture surfaces revealed the toughening micro-mechanisms of the nanocomposites.
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Tensile Properties, Fracture Mechanics Properties and Toughening Mechanisms of Epoxy Systems Modified with Soft Block Copolymers, Rigid TiO2 Nanoparticles and Their Hybrids. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs2040072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the hybridization of a triblock copolymer and a rigid TiO2 nanofiller on the tensile, fracture mechanics and thermo-mechanical properties of bisphenol F based epoxy resin were studied. The self-assembling block copolymer, constituted of a center block of poly (butyl acrylate) and two side blocks of poly (methyl) methacrylate-co-polar co-monomer was used as a soft filler, and TiO2 nanoparticles were employed as rigid modifiers. Toughening solely by block copolymers (BCP’s) led to the highest fracture toughness and fracture energy in the study, KIc = 2.18 MPa·m1/2 and GIc = 1.58 kJ/m2. This corresponds to a 4- and 16-fold improvement, respectively, over the neat reference epoxy system. However, a reduction of 15% of the tensile strength was observed. The hybrid nanocomposites, containing the same absolute amounts of modifiers, showed a maximum value of KIc = 1.72 MPa·m1/2 and GIc = 0.90 kJ/m2. Yet, only a minor reduction of 4% of the tensile strength was observed. The fracture toughness and fracture energy were co-related to the plastic zone size for all the modified systems. Finally, the analysis of the fracture surfaces revealed the toughening mechanisms of the nanocomposites.
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Huang CF, Chen WH, Aimi J, Huang YS, Venkatesan S, Chiang YW, Huang SH, Kuo SW, Chen T. Synthesis of well-defined PCL-b-PnBA-b-PMMA ABC-type triblock copolymers: toward the construction of nanostructures in epoxy thermosets. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01357h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel PCL-b-PnBA-b-PMMA was designed and applied to construct ordered nanostructures within epoxy thermosets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Feng Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 402-27
- Taiwan
- Research Center for Sustainable Energy and Nanotechnology
| | - Wen-Hua Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 402-27
- Taiwan
| | - Junko Aimi
- Molecular Design & Function Group
- Research Center for Functional Materials
- National Institute for Materials Science
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - Yi-Shen Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 402-27
- Taiwan
| | - Sathesh Venkatesan
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 402-27
- Taiwan
| | - Yeo-Wan Chiang
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- National Sun Yat-Sen University
- Kaohsiung 804-24
- Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hung Huang
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- National Sun Yat-Sen University
- Kaohsiung 804-24
- Taiwan
| | - Shiao-Wei Kuo
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- National Sun Yat-Sen University
- Kaohsiung 804-24
- Taiwan
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo 315201
- China
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