1
|
Perin D, Dorigato A, Pegoretti A. Compatibilization of Polyamide 6/Cyclic Olefinic Copolymer Blends for the Development of Multifunctional Thermoplastic Composites with Self-Healing Capability. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1880. [PMID: 38673237 PMCID: PMC11052209 DOI: 10.3390/ma17081880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the self-healing properties of PA6/COC blends, in particular, the impact of three compatibilizers on the rheological, microstructural, and thermomechanical properties. Dynamic rheological analysis revealed that ethylene glycidyl methacrylate (E-GMA) played a crucial role in reducing interfacial tension and promoting PA6 chain entanglement with COC domains. Mechanical tests showed that poly(ethylene)-graft-maleic anhydride (PE-g-MAH) and polyolefin elastomer-graft-maleic anhydride (POE-g-MAH) compatibilizers enhanced elongation at break, while E-GMA had a milder effect. A thermal healing process at 140 °C for 1 h was carried out on specimens broken in fracture toughness tests, performed under quasi-static and impact conditions, and healing efficiency (HE) was evaluated as the ratio of critical stress intensity factors of healed and virgin samples. All the compatibilizers increased HE, especially E-GMA, achieving 28.5% and 68% in quasi-static and impact conditions, respectively. SEM images of specimens tested in quasi-static conditions showed that all the compatibilizers induced PA6 plasticization and crack corrugation, thus hindering COC flow in the crack zone. Conversely, under impact conditions, E-GMA led to the formation of brittle fractures with planar surfaces, promoting COC flow and thus higher HE values. This study demonstrated that compatibilizers, loading mode, and fracture surface morphologies strongly influenced self-healing performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Perin
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; (A.D.); (A.P.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sousa J, Teixeira PF, Hilliou L, Covas JA. Experimental Validation of a Micro-Extrusion Set-Up with In-Line Rheometry for the Production and Monitoring of Filaments for 3D-Printing. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1496. [PMID: 37630032 PMCID: PMC10456369 DOI: 10.3390/mi14081496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this work is to validate an in-line micro-slit rheometer and a micro-extrusion line, both designed for the in-line monitoring and production of filaments for 3D printing using small amounts of material. The micro-filament extrusion line is first presented and its operational window is assessed. The throughputs ranged between 0.045 kg/h and 0.15 kg/h with a maximum 3% error and with a melt temperature control within 1 °C under the processing conditions tested for an average residence time of about 3 min. The rheological micro slit is then presented and assessed using low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and cyclic olefin copolymer (COC). The excellent matching between the in-line micro-rheological data and the data measured with off-line rotational and capillary rheometers validate the in-line micro-slit rheometer. However, it is shown that the COC does not follow the Cox-Merz rule. The COC filaments produced with the micro-extrusion line were successfully used in the 3D printing of specimens for tensile testing. The quality of both filaments (less than 6% variation in diameter along the filament's length) and printed specimens validated the whole micro-set-up, which was eventually used to deliver a rheological mapping of COC printability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Loïc Hilliou
- Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (J.S.); (P.F.T.)
| | - José A. Covas
- Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (J.S.); (P.F.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mallegni N, Milazzo M, Cristallini C, Barbani N, Fredi G, Dorigato A, Cinelli P, Danti S. Characterization of Cyclic Olefin Copolymers for Insulin Reservoir in an Artificial Pancreas. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14030145. [PMID: 36976069 PMCID: PMC10053537 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14030145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Type-1 diabetes is one of the most prevalent metabolic disorders worldwide. It results in a significant lack of insulin production by the pancreas and the ensuing hyperglycemia, which needs to be regulated through a tailored administration of insulin throughout the day. Recent studies have shown great advancements in developing an implantable artificial pancreas. However, some improvements are still required, including the optimal biomaterials and technologies to produce the implantable insulin reservoir. Here, we discuss the employment of two types of cyclic olefin copolymers (Topas 5013L-10 and Topas 8007S-04) for an insulin reservoir fabrication. After a preliminary thermomechanical analysis, Topas 8007S-04 was selected as the best material to fabricate a 3D-printed insulin reservoir due to its higher strength and lower glass transition temperature (Tg). Fiber deposition modeling was used to manufacture a reservoir-like structure, which was employed to assess the ability of the material to prevent insulin aggregation. Although the surface texture presents a localized roughness, the ultraviolet analysis did not detect any significant insulin aggregation over a timeframe of 14 days. These interesting results make Topas 8007S-04 cyclic olefin copolymer a potential candidate biomaterial for fabricating structural components in an implantable artificial pancreas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norma Mallegni
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giuseppe Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Mario Milazzo
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giuseppe Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Caterina Cristallini
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giuseppe Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes (IPCF), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Niccoletta Barbani
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giuseppe Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes (IPCF), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Fredi
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giuseppe Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Andrea Dorigato
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giuseppe Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Patrizia Cinelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giuseppe Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Serena Danti
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giuseppe Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes (IPCF), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (S.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Perin D, Dorigato A, Pegoretti A. Thermoplastic
self‐healing
polymer blends for structural composites: Development of polyamide 6 and cyclic olefinic copolymer blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Perin
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit University of Trento Trento Italy
| | - A. Dorigato
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit University of Trento Trento Italy
| | - A. Pegoretti
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit University of Trento Trento Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kurt G, Tüney İ, Kasgoz A. Cyclo‐olefin
copolymer/poly(acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene) blends: Structure–property relationships and morphological, rheological, and mechanical properties. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gökçe Kurt
- Faculty of Engineering, Polymer Engineering Department Yalova University Yalova Turkey
| | - İclal Tüney
- Institute of Graduate Studies, Polymer Engineering Department Yalova University Yalova Turkey
| | - Alper Kasgoz
- Faculty of Engineering, Polymer Engineering Department Yalova University Yalova Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Etxeberria L, Anakabe J, Fernández L, Larrañaga-Varga A, Vilas-Vilela J, Ruiz-Rubio L, Zaldua A. Crystallization behaviour analysis of norbornene based semicrystalline cyclic olefin copolymer (c-COC) for Point-of-care (PoC) device manufacturing. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
7
|
Sun MY, Liu WC, Wu YS, Qian H. Preparation the composite with high toughness and strength by recycled cyclic olefin copolymer. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang Sun
- College of Material Science and Engineering Huaqiao University XiaMen Fujian Province China
| | - Wen Chuan Liu
- College of Material Science and Engineering Huaqiao University XiaMen Fujian Province China
| | - Yuan Sheng Wu
- Technology Department Xiamen Make Security Technology Co., Ltd XiaMen Fujian Province China
| | - Hao Qian
- College of Material Science and Engineering Huaqiao University XiaMen Fujian Province China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cescato R, Rigotti D, Mahmood H, Dorigato A, Pegoretti A. Thermal Mending of Electroactive Carbon/Epoxy Laminates Using a Porous Poly(ε-caprolactone) Electrospun Mesh. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162723. [PMID: 34451262 PMCID: PMC8399769 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For the first time, a porous mesh of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) was electrospun directly onto carbon fiber (CF) plies and used to develop novel structural epoxy (EP) composites with electro-activated self-healing properties. Three samples, i.e., the neat EP/CF composite and two laminates containing a limited amount of PCL (i.e., 5 wt.% and 10 wt.%), were prepared and characterized from a microstructural and thermo-mechanical point of view. The introduction of the PCL mesh led to a reduction in the flexural stress at break (by 17%), of the interlaminar shear strength (by 15%), and of the interlaminar shear strength (by 39%). The interlaminar fracture toughness of the prepared laminates was evaluated under mode I, and broken samples were thermally mended at 80 °C (i.e., above the melting temperature of PCL) by resistive heating generated by a current flow within the samples through Joule’s effect. It was demonstrated that, thanks to the presence of the electrospun PCL mesh, the laminate with a PCL of 10 wt.% showed healing efficiency values up to 31%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cescato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; (R.C.); (H.M.); (A.D.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Rigotti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; (R.C.); (H.M.); (A.D.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.R.); (A.P.); Tel.: +39-0461-285393 (D.R.); +39-0461-282452 (A.P.)
| | - Haroon Mahmood
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; (R.C.); (H.M.); (A.D.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Dorigato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; (R.C.); (H.M.); (A.D.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pegoretti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; (R.C.); (H.M.); (A.D.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.R.); (A.P.); Tel.: +39-0461-285393 (D.R.); +39-0461-282452 (A.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Preparation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)-doped epoxy-based thin PDLC films (smart glass). Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03670-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
10
|
Dorigato A, Mahmood H, Pegoretti A. Optimization of the thermal mending process in epoxy/cyclic olefin copolymer blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dorigato
- Department of Industrial Engineering University of Trento Trento Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM) Florence Italy
| | - Haroon Mahmood
- Department of Industrial Engineering University of Trento Trento Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM) Florence Italy
| | - Alessandro Pegoretti
- Department of Industrial Engineering University of Trento Trento Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM) Florence Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zovi RC, Mahmood H, Dorigato A, Fredi G, Pegoretti A. Cyclic Olefin Copolymer Interleaves for Thermally Mendable Carbon/Epoxy Laminates. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225347. [PMID: 33207758 PMCID: PMC7697955 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thin cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) foils were used as intrinsic thermoplastic healing agents in carbon fiber (CF)-reinforced epoxy laminates. COC films were produced by hot pressing and were interleaved in the interlaminar regions between each EP/CF lamina, during the hand layup fabrication of the laminates. Three samples were produced, i.e., the neat EP/CF laminate without COC, and two laminates containing COC layers with a thickness of 44 μm and 77 μm, respectively. It was observed that the fiber volume fraction decreased, and the porosity increased with the introduction of COC layers, and this effect was more evident when thick films were used. These two effects, combined with the sub-optimal adhesion between COC and EP, caused a decrease in the mechanical properties (i.e., the elastic modulus, flexural strength, interlaminar shear strength and interlaminar fracture toughness) of the laminates. Specimens subjected to mode I interlaminar fracture toughness test were then thermally mended under pressure by resistive heating, through the Joule effect of conductive CFs. A temperature of approximately 190 °C was reached during the healing treatment. The healing efficiency was evaluated as the ratio of critical strain energy release rate (GIC) of the healed and virgin specimens. Healed specimens containing COC layers of 44 μm and 77 μm exhibited a healing efficiency of 164% and 100%, respectively. As expected, the healing treatment was not beneficial for the neat EP/CF laminate without COC, which experienced a healing efficiency of only 2%. This result proved the efficacy of COC layers as a healing agent for EP/CF laminates, and the effectiveness of resistive heating as a way to activate the intrinsic healing mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Costan Zovi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (R.C.Z.); (A.D.); (G.F.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Haroon Mahmood
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (R.C.Z.); (A.D.); (G.F.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: (H.M.); (A.P.); Tel.: +39-0461-283728 (H.M.); +39-0461-282452 (A.P.)
| | - Andrea Dorigato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (R.C.Z.); (A.D.); (G.F.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Fredi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (R.C.Z.); (A.D.); (G.F.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pegoretti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (R.C.Z.); (A.D.); (G.F.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: (H.M.); (A.P.); Tel.: +39-0461-283728 (H.M.); +39-0461-282452 (A.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mahmood H, Dorigato A, Pegoretti A. Healable Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy/Cyclic Olefin Copolymer Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:ma13092165. [PMID: 32392862 PMCID: PMC7254190 DOI: 10.3390/ma13092165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) particles were dispersed in various amounts in an epoxy matrix, and the resulting blends were used to impregnate unidirectional carbon fibers (CF) by hand lay-up. The thermal stability was not substantially modified by the presence of COC particles. The mixture of the two polymers resulted in a phase separated blend and the flexural modulus and interlaminar shear strength progressively decreased with the addition of COC particles in the laminates. Mode I fracture toughness tests were executed on double cantilever beam specimens. The opened crack was then thermally mended at 190 °C for 1 h. The laminates containing 30 wt.% of COC particles showed a healing efficiency of ~180%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haroon Mahmood
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy;
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), via Giuseppe Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Dorigato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy;
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), via Giuseppe Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pegoretti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy;
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), via Giuseppe Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Novel Poly(Caprolactone)/Epoxy Blends by Additive Manufacturing. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13040819. [PMID: 32054094 PMCID: PMC7078803 DOI: 10.3390/ma13040819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was the development of a thermoplastic/thermosetting combined system with a novel production technique. A poly(caprolactone) (PCL) structure has been designed and produced by fused filament fabrication, and impregnated with an epoxy matrix. The mechanical properties, fracture toughness, and thermal healing capacities of this blend (EP-PCL(3D)) were compared with those of a conventional melt mixed poly(caprolactone)/epoxy blend (EP-PCL). The fine dispersion of the PCL domains within the epoxy in the EP-PCL samples was responsible of a noticeable toughening effect, while in the EP-PCL(3D) structure the two phases showed an independent behavior, and fracture propagation in the epoxy was followed by the progressive yielding of the PCL domains. This peculiar behavior of EP-PCL(3D) system allowed the PCL phase to express its full potential as energy absorber under impact conditions. Optical microscope images on the fracture surfaces of the EP-PCL(3D) samples revealed that during fracture toughness tests the crack mainly propagated within the epoxy phase, while PCL contributed to energy absorption through plastic deformation. Due to the selected PCL concentration in the blends (35 vol %) and to the discrepancy between the mechanical properties of the constituents, the healing efficiency values of the two systems were rather limited.
Collapse
|