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McDonald DC, Sweeny BC, Viggiano AA, Ard SG, Shuman NS. Cyclotrimerization of Acetylene under Thermal Conditions: Gas-Phase Kinetics of V + and Fe + + C 2H 2. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:9327-9337. [PMID: 34665622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c06439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of successive reactions of acetylene (C2H2) initiated on either vanadium or iron atomic cations have been investigated under thermal conditions using the variable-ion source and temperature-adjustable selected-ion flow tube apparatus. Consistent with the literature results, the reaction of Fe+ + C2H2 primarily yields Fe+(m/z = (C2H2)3); however, analysis via quantum chemical calculations and statistical modeling shows that the mechanism does not form benzene upon the third acetylene addition. The kinetics are more consistent with successive addition of three acetylene molecules, yielding Fe+(C2H2)3, followed by an addition of a fourth acetylene molecule, initiating cyclotrimerization, yielding either Fe+(C2H2) + neutral benzene or Fe+(Bz) + acetylene, where Bz is a benzene ligand. In contrast, the reaction of V+ + C2H2 yields products via successive associations V+(m/z = (C2H2)n) either with or without a bimolecular step involving loss of one H2 and V+C2(m/z = (C2H2)m), where n and m extend at least up to 11 under conditions of 0.32 Torr at 300 K. Stabilized V+(Bz) is not a significant intermediate in the association mechanism. We propose a plausible mechanism for the generation of neutral benzene in this reaction and compare with the Fe+ results. The reaction steps that produce benzene result in turnover of the single-atom catalyst, and the large hydrocarbons produced that remain associated to the catalyst are proposed to be polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C McDonald
- NRC Postdoc at Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Brendan C Sweeny
- Institute for Scientific Research, Boston College, Boston, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Albert A Viggiano
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Shaun G Ard
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Nicholas S Shuman
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87117, United States
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Yin B, Geng L, Zhang H, Jia Y, Luo Z. Probing Cluster-π Interactions between Cu n- and C 2H 2/C 2H 4 for Gas Separation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:2391-2398. [PMID: 34327992 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Copper-related materials are used for separation of ethylene and acetylene gases in chemistry; however, the precise mechanism regarding selectivity is elusive to be fully understood. Here, we have conducted a joint experimental and theoretical study of the Cun- (n = 7-30) clusters in reacting with C2H4 and C2H2. It is found that all of the Cun- clusters readily react with C2H2, giving rise to C2H2-addition products; however, Cu18- and Cu19- do not react with C2H4. We illustrate the superatomic stability of Cu18- and advocate its availability to separate C2H4 from C2H2. Further, we demonstrate the atomically precise mechanism regarding selectivity by fully unveiling the size-dependent cluster-π interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqi Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Geng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Yuhan Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
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Geng L, Cui C, Jia Y, Yin B, Zhang H, Sun ZD, Luo Z. Reactivity of Cobalt Clusters Co n±/0 with Dinitrogen: Superatom Co 6+ and Superatomic Complex Co 5N 6. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:2130-2138. [PMID: 33689326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a joint experimental and theoretical study on the reactions of cobalt clusters (Con±/0) with nitrogen using the customized reflection time-of-flight mass spectrometer combined with a 177.3 nm deep-ultraviolet laser. Comparing to the behaviors of neutral Con (n = 2-30) and anionic Con- clusters (n = 7-53) which are relatively inert in reacting with nitrogen in the fast-flow tube, Con+ clusters readily react with nitrogen resulting in adducts of one or multiple N2 except Co6+ which stands firm in the reaction with nitrogen. Detailed quantum chemistry calculations, including the energetics, electron occupancy, and orbital analysis, well-explained the reasonable reactivity of Con+ clusters with nitrogen and unveiled the open-shell superatomic stability of Co6+ within a highly symmetric (D3d) structure. The D3d Co6+ bears an electron configuration of a half-filled superatomic 1P orbital (i.e., 1S21P3||1D0), a large α-highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) gap, symmetric multicenter bonds, and reasonable electron delocalization pertaining to metallic aromaticity. Topology analysis by atom-in-molecule illustrates the interactions between Con+ and N2 corresponding to covalent bonds, but the Co-N interactions in cationic Co2+N2 and Co6+N2 clusters are apparently weaker than those in the other systems. In addition, we identify a superatomic complex Co5N6+ which exhibits similar frontier orbitals as the naked Co5+ cluster, but the alpha HOMO-LUMO gap is nearly double-magnified, which is consistent with the high-abundance peak of Co5N6+ in the experimental observation. The enhanced stability of such a ligand-coordinated superatomic complex Co5N6+, along with the superatom Co6+ with aromaticity, sheds light on special and general superatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Geng
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chaonan Cui
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yuhan Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Baoqi Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Dong Sun
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China.,School of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Kashi University, Kashgar 844006, P. R. China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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Zhang H, Cui C, Yan M, Geng L, Wu H, Jia Y, Luo Z, Li SD. An oxygen-passivated vanadium cluster [V@V10O15]− with metal–metal coordination produced by reacting Vn− with O2. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:921-927. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05385f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An oxygen-passivated vanadium cluster [V@V10O15]− is reported by reacting Vn− with O2, giving rise to superatom features of metal–metal coordination and 3D aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Chaonan Cui
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Miao Yan
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Lijun Geng
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Haiming Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Yuhan Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Si-Dian Li
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
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Zhang H, Wu H, Jia Y, Yin B, Geng L, Luo Z, Hansen K. Hydrogen release from a single water molecule on V n+ (3 ≤ n ≤ 30). Commun Chem 2020; 3:148. [PMID: 36703429 PMCID: PMC9814650 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00396-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Water and its interactions with metals are closely bound up with human life, and the reactivity of metal clusters with water is of fundamental importance for the understanding of hydrogen generation. Here a prominent hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of single water molecule on vanadium clusters Vn+ (3 ≤ n ≤ 30) is observed in the reaction of cationic vanadium clusters with water at room temperature. The combined experimental and theoretical studies reveal that the wagging vibrations of a V-OH group give rise to readily formed V-O-V intermediate states on Vn+ (n ≥ 3) clusters and allow the terminal hydrogen to interact with an adsorbed hydrogen atom, enabling hydrogen release. The presence of three metal atoms reduces the energy barrier of the rate-determining step, giving rise to an effective production of hydrogen from single water molecules. This mechanism differs from dissociative chemisorption of multiple water molecules on aluminium cluster anions, which usually proceeds by dissociative chemisorption of at least two water molecules at multiple surface sites followed by a recombination of the adsorbed hydrogen atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Zhang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P.R. China
| | - Haiming Wu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P.R. China
| | - Yuhan Jia
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P.R. China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P.R. China
| | - Baoqi Yin
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P.R. China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P.R. China
| | - Lijun Geng
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P.R. China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P.R. China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P.R. China
| | - Klavs Hansen
- grid.33763.320000 0004 1761 2484Joint Centre for Quantum Studies and Department of Physics, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
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Geng L, Zhang H, Wu H, Sun Z, Luo Z. Ionization and dissociation of benzene and aniline under deep ultraviolet laser irradiation. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp2006086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Geng
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Ji’nan 250100, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Haiming Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhendong Sun
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Ji’nan 250100, China
- School of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Kashi University, Kashgar 844006, China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Yang M, Zhang H, Jia Y, Yin B, Luo Z. Charge-Sensitive Cluster−π Interactions Cause Altered Reactivity of Aln±,0 Clusters with Benzene: Enhanced Stability of Al13+Bz. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:4087-4094. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c02350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhou Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuhan Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baoqi Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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