Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Modulates Electrical Behavior of the Neurons: Design and Implementation of a Model

tFUSFormer: Physics-Guided Super-Resolution Transformer for Simulation of Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Propagation in Brain Stimulation

Transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) has emerged as a new mode of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), with its exquisite spatial precision and capacity to reach the deep regions of the brain. The placement of the acoustic focus onto the desired part of the brain is critical for successful tFUS procedures; however, acoustic wave propagation is severely affected by the skull, distorting the focal location/shape and the pressure level. High-resolution (HR) numerical simulation allows for monitoring of acoustic pressure within the skull but with a considerable computational burden. To address this challenge, we employed a 4× super-resolution (SR) Swin Transformer method to improve the precision of estimating tFUS acoustic pressure field, targeting operator-defined brain areas. The training datasets were obtained through numerical simulations at both ultra-low (2.0 [Formula: see text]) and high (0.5 [Formula: see text]) resolutions, conducted on in vivo CT images of 12 human skulls. Our multivariable datasets, which incorporate physical properties of the acoustic pressure field, wave velocity, and skull CT images, were utilized to train three-dimensional SR models. We found that our method yielded 87.99 ± 4.28% accuracy in terms of focal volume conformity under foreseen skull data, and accuracy of 82.32 ± 5.83% for unforeseen skulls, respectively. Moreover, a significant improvement of 99.4% in computational efficiency compared to the traditional 0.5 [Formula: see text] HR numerical simulation was shown. The presented technique, when adopted in guiding the placement of the FUS transducer to engage specific brain targets, holds great potential in enhancing the safety and effectiveness of tFUS therapy.

Modeling ultrasound modulation of neural function in a single cell

Background

Low intensity ultrasound stimulation has been shown to non-invasively modulate neural function in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) with high precision. Ultrasound sonication is capable of either excitation or inhibition, depending on the ultrasound parameters used. On the other hand, the mode of interaction of ultrasonic waves with the neural tissue for effective neuromodulation remains ambiguous.

New method

Here within we propose a numerical model that incorporates the mechanical effects of ultrasound stimulation on the Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) neuron by incorporating the relation between increased external pressure and the membrane induced tension, with a stress on the flexoelectric effect on the neural membrane. The external pressure causes an increase in the total tension of the membrane thus affecting the probability of the ion channels being open after the conformational changes that those channels undergo.

Results

The interplay between varying the acoustic intensities and frequencies depicts different action potential suppression rates, whereby a combination of low intensity and low frequency ultrasound sonication proved to be the most effective in modulating neural function.Comparison with Existing Methods: Our method solely depends on the HH model of a single neuron and the linear flexoelectric effect of the dielectric neural membrane, when under an ultrasound-induced mechanical strain, while varying the ion-channels conductances based on different sonication frequencies and intensities. We study the effect of ultrasound parameters on the firing rate, latency, and action potential amplitude of a HH neuron for a better understanding of the neuromodulation modality of ultrasound stimulation (in the continuous and pulsed modes).

Conclusions

This simulation work confirms the published experimental data that low intensity and low frequency ultrasound sonication has a higher success rate of modulating neural firing.

Modelling transcranial ultrasound neuromodulation: an energy-based multiscale framework

Several animal and human studies have now established the potential of low intensity, low frequency transcranial ultrasound (TUS) for non-invasive neuromodulation. Paradoxically, the underlying mechanisms through which TUS neuromodulation operates are still unclear, and a consensus on the identification of optimal sonication parameters still remains elusive. One emerging hypothesis based on thermodynamical considerations attributes the acoustic-induced nerve activity alterations to the mechanical energy and/or entropy conversions occurring during TUS action. Here, we propose a multiscale modelling framework to examine the energy states of neuromodulation under TUS. First, macroscopic tissue-level acoustic simulations of the sonication of a whole monkey brain are conducted under different sonication protocols. For each one of them, mechanical loading conditions of the received waves in the anterior cingulate cortex region are recorded and exported into a microscopic cell-level 3D viscoelastic finite element model of neuronal axon embedded extracellular medium. Pulse-averaged elastically stored and viscously dissipated energy rate densities during axon deformation are finally computed under different sonication incident angles and are mapped against distinct combinations of sonication parameters of the TUS. The proposed multiscale framework allows for the analysis of vibrational patterns of the axons and its comparison against the spectrograms of stimulating ultrasound. The results are in agreement with literature data on neuromodulation, demonstrating the potential of this framework to identify optimised acoustic parameters in TUS neuromodulation. The proposed approach is finally discussed in the context of multiphysics energetic considerations, argued here to be a promising avenue towards a scalable framework for TUS in silico predictions. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Low-intensity transcranial ultrasound (TUS) is poised to become a leading neuromodulation technique for the treatment of neurological disorders. Paradoxically, how it operates at the cellular scale remains unknown, hampering progress in personalised treatment. To this end, models of the multiphysics of neurons able to upscale results to the organ scale are required. We propose here to achieve this by considering an axon submitted to an ultrasound wave extracted from a simulation at the organ scale. Doing so, information pertaining to both stored and dissipated axonal energies can be extracted for a given head/brain morphology. This two-scale multiphysics energetic approach is a promising scalable framework for in silico predictions in the context of personalised TUS treatment.

Ultrasonic Retinal Neuromodulation and Acoustic Retinal Prosthesis

Ultrasound is an emerging method for non-invasive neuromodulation. Studies in the past have demonstrated that ultrasound can reversibly activate and inhibit neural activities in the brain. Recent research shows the possibility of using ultrasound ranging from 0.5 to 43 MHz in acoustic frequency to activate the retinal neurons without causing detectable damages to the cells. This review recapitulates pilot studies that explored retinal responses to the ultrasound exposure, discusses the advantages and limitations of the ultrasonic stimulation, and offers an overview of engineering perspectives in developing an acoustic retinal prosthesis. For comparison, this article also presents studies in the ultrasonic stimulation of the visual cortex. Despite that, the summarized research is still in an early stage; ultrasonic retinal stimulation appears to be a viable technology that exhibits enormous therapeutic potential for non-invasive vision restoration.