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Carrillo-Díaz MI, Miranda-Romero LA, Chávez-Aguilar G, Zepeda-Batista JL, González-Reyes M, García-Casillas AC, Tirado-González DN, Tirado-Estrada G. Improvement of Ruminal Neutral Detergent Fiber Degradability by Obtaining and Using Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzymes from White-Rot Fungi. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070843. [PMID: 35405833 PMCID: PMC8997131 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review examines the factors and variables that should be considered to obtain, design, and evaluate EFEs that might enhance ruminal NDF degradability. Different combinations of words were introduced in Google Scholar, then scientific articles were examined and included if the reported factors and variables addressed the objective of this review. One-hundred-and-sixteen articles were included. The fungal strains and culture media used to grow white-rot fungi induced the production of specific isoforms of cellulases and xylanases; therefore, EFE products for ruminant feed applications should be obtained in cultures that include the high-fibrous forages used in the diets of those animals. Additionally, the temperature, pH, osmolarity conditions, and EFE synergisms and interactions with ruminal microbiota and endogenous fibrolytic enzymes should be considered. More consistent results have been observed in studies that correlate the cellulase-to-xylanase ratio with ruminant productive behavior. EFE protection (immobilization) allows researchers to obtain enzymatic products that may act under ruminal pH and temperature conditions. It is possible to generate multi-enzyme cocktails that act at different times, re-associate enzymes, and simulate natural protective structures such as cellulosomes. Some EFEs could consistently improve ruminal NDF degradability if we consider fungal cultures and ruminal environmental conditions variables, and include biotechnological tools that might be useful to design novel enzymatic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Carrillo-Díaz
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Colima, Tecomán 8930, Colima, Mexico; (M.I.C.-D.); (J.L.Z.-B.); (A.C.G.-C.)
| | - Luis Alberto Miranda-Romero
- Posgrado en Producción Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco 56230, Edo. México, Mexico;
| | - Griselda Chávez-Aguilar
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria Agricultura Familiar (CENID AF), Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Ojuelos de Jalisco 47540, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - José Luis Zepeda-Batista
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Colima, Tecomán 8930, Colima, Mexico; (M.I.C.-D.); (J.L.Z.-B.); (A.C.G.-C.)
| | - Mónica González-Reyes
- División de Estudios de Posgrado (DEPI), Tecnológico Nacional de México Aguascalientes (TecNM)/Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes (ITEL), El Llano 20330, Aguascalientes, Mexico;
| | - Arturo César García-Casillas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Colima, Tecomán 8930, Colima, Mexico; (M.I.C.-D.); (J.L.Z.-B.); (A.C.G.-C.)
| | - Deli Nazmín Tirado-González
- Departamento de Ingenierías, Tecnológico Nacional de México Aguascalientes (TecNM)/Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes (ITEL), El Llano 20330, Aguascalientes, Mexico
- Correspondence: (D.N.T.-G.); (G.T.-E.)
| | - Gustavo Tirado-Estrada
- División de Estudios de Posgrado (DEPI), Tecnológico Nacional de México Aguascalientes (TecNM)/Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes (ITEL), El Llano 20330, Aguascalientes, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (D.N.T.-G.); (G.T.-E.)
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Miranda-Romero LA, Tirado-González DN, Tirado-Estrada G, Améndola-Massiotti R, Sandoval-González L, Ramírez-Valverde R, Salem AZ. Quantifying non-fibrous carbohydrates, acid detergent fiber and cellulose of forage through an in vitro gas production technique. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:3099-3110. [PMID: 32083322 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The in vitro gas production (GP) technique has been useful for evaluating the potential degradability of feedstuffs in ruminal environments; GP is related to the components of feedstuff ingredients. RESULTS Linear models were generated and validated as alternatives of quantifying neutral detergent-soluble fiber, starch (St)/hemicellulose (Hem) and cellulose (Cel) through GP. Residuals of models obtained from the peaks of GP [0-8 h (GP-8), > 8-24 h (GP-24), > 24-48 h (GP-48) and > 24-81 h (GP-81)] of 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.12 and 0.20 g of glucose (Glu), St and Cel respectively. The incubations were analyzed in mixtures of Glu, St and Cel. The best fitting models (r2 from 0.709 to 0.935) were tested on corn stover (CS) to quantify rapid fermentation fractions (RF; equivalent to Glu), medium fermentation fractions (MF; equivalent to St) and low fermentation fractions (LF48; equivalent to Cel); in CS, RF, MF and LF models had standardized residuals < 0.09. The analysis with Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala Lam. de Wit) and star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst) consider high-protein ingredients. CONCLUSION The in vitro GP of RF, MF and LF48 fractions equivalent to Glu, St and Cel are affected by maturity and harvest time even when the chemical composition remains similar, and so RF, MF and LF48 should be considered during the design of ruminant diets. In vitro GP could be used to quantify the components of some forages, although further studies are necessary. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alberto Miranda-Romero
- Posgrado en Producción Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo (UACh), Chapingo, México
| | - Deli Nazmín Tirado-González
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación (DEPI), Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP)/Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Agricultura Familiar (CENID-AF), Ojuelos, Jalisco, México
| | - Gustavo Tirado-Estrada
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación (DEPI), Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Ricardo Améndola-Massiotti
- Posgrado en Producción Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo (UACh), Chapingo, México
| | - Laura Sandoval-González
- Posgrado en Producción Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo (UACh), Chapingo, México
| | - Rodolfo Ramírez-Valverde
- Posgrado en Producción Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo (UACh), Chapingo, México
| | - Abdelfattah Zm Salem
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Edo. de México, México
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He Y, Cone JW, Hendriks WH, Dijkstra J. Relationships between chemical composition and in vitro gas production parameters of maize leaves and stems. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 104:12-21. [PMID: 31579969 PMCID: PMC7004146 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the chemical composition (proximate and Van Soest analysis) and in vitro gas production parameters of maize leaves and stems separately, and related the in vitro gas production parameters with the chemical composition, of thirteen maize cultivars. After harvest in September 2016, all plants were separated into two morphological fractions: leaves and stems. The crude protein (CP) content was greater, and the ratio of acid detergent lignin (ADL) to potentially rumen degradable fibre (calculated as the difference between neutral detergent fibre and ADL; ADL:pRDF) was lower in the leaves than in the stems in all 13 cultivars. For the leaves, the cumulative gas production between 3 and 20 hr (A2), representing cell wall fermentation in the rumen fluid, and the cumulative 72‐hr gas production (GP72), representing total organic matter (OM) degradation, were moderately to weakly correlated with the chemical composition, including hemicellulose, cellulose, ADL and CP content (R2 < 0.40), whilst the best relationship between the half‐time value (B2), representing the rate of cell wall degradation, and chemical composition had an R2 of 0.63. For the stems, the best relationship between A2, B2 and GP72 with chemical composition was greater (R2 ≥ 0.74) and the best relationship included hemicellulose (A2 only), cellulose and ADL (GP72 and A2 only) contents. In conclusion, maize leaves and stems differed in chemical composition, in particular CP content and ADL:pRDF. The A2 and GP72 of the stems, but not of the leaves, were highly correlated with the chemical composition, indicating that the cell wall and OM degradation of maize stems can be better predicted by its chemical composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan He
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - John W Cone
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Bannink A, Spek WJ, Dijkstra J, Šebek LBJ. A Tier 3 Method for Enteric Methane in Dairy Cows Applied for Fecal N Digestibility in the Ammonia Inventory. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2018.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Macome F, Pellikaan W, Hendriks W, Dijkstra J, Hatew B, Schonewille J, Cone J. In vitro gas and methane production of silages from whole-plant corn harvested at 4 different stages of maturity and a comparison with in vivo methane production. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8895-8905. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bielak A, Derno M, Tuchscherer A, Hammon HM, Susenbeth A, Kuhla B. Body fat mobilization in early lactation influences methane production of dairy cows. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28135. [PMID: 27306038 PMCID: PMC4910095 DOI: 10.1038/srep28135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain fatty acids mobilized during early lactation of dairy cows are increasingly used as energy substrate at the expense of acetate. As the synthesis of acetate in the rumen is closely linked to methane (CH4) production, we hypothesized that decreased acetate utilization would result in lower ruminal acetate levels and thus CH4 production. Twenty heifers were sampled for blood, rumen fluid and milk, and CH4 production was measured in respiration chambers in week -4, +5, +13 and +42 relative to first parturition. Based on plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration determined in week +5, animals were grouped to the ten highest (HM; NEFA > 580 μmol) and ten lowest (LM; NEFA < 580 μmol) mobilizing cows. Dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield and ruminal short-chain fatty acids did not differ between groups, but CH4/DMI was lower in HM cows in week +5. There was a negative regression between plasma NEFA and plasma acetate, between plasma NEFA and CH4/DMI and between plasma cholecystokinin and CH4/DMI in week +5. Our data show for the first time that fat mobilization of the host in early lactation is inversely related with ruminal CH4 production and that this effect is not attributed to different DMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Bielak
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - M. Derno
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - A. Tuchscherer
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - H. M. Hammon
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - A. Susenbeth
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - B. Kuhla
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
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Effects of nitrogen fertilisation rate and maturity of grass silage on methane emission by lactating dairy cows. Animal 2016; 10:34-43. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731115001640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Warner D, Podesta S, Hatew B, Klop G, van Laar H, Bannink A, Dijkstra J. Effect of nitrogen fertilization rate and regrowth interval of grass herbage on methane emission of zero-grazing lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:3383-93. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Khan NA, Yu P, Ali M, Cone JW, Hendriks WH. Nutritive value of maize silage in relation to dairy cow performance and milk quality. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:238-252. [PMID: 24752455 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Maize silage has become the major forage component in the ration of dairy cows over the last few decades. This review provides information on the mean content and variability in chemical composition, fatty acid (FA) profile and ensiling quality of maize silages, and discusses the major factors which cause these variations. In addition, the effect of the broad range in chemical composition of maize silages on the total tract digestibility of dietary nutrients, milk production and milk composition of dairy cows is quantified and discussed. Finally, the optimum inclusion level of maize silage in the ration of dairy cows for milk production and composition is reviewed. The data showed that the nutritive value of maize silages is highly variable and that most of this variation is caused by large differences in maturity at harvest. Maize silages ensiled at a very early stage (dry matter (DM) < 250 g kg(-1)) were particularly low in starch content and starch/neutral detergent fibre (NDF) ratio, and resulted in a lower DM intake (DMI), milk yield and milk protein content. The DMI, milk yield and milk protein content increased with advancing maturity, reaching an optimum level for maize silages ensiled at DM contents of 300-350 g kg(-1), and then declined slightly at further maturity beyond 350 g kg(-1). The increases in milk (R(2) = 0.599) and protein (R(2) = 0.605) yields with maturity of maize silages were positively related to the increase in starch/NDF ratio of the maize silages. On average, the inclusion of maize silage in grass silage-based diets improved the forage DMI by 2 kg d(-1), milk yield by 1.9 kg d(-1) and milk protein content by 1.2 g kg(-1). Further comparisons showed that, in terms of milk and milk constituent yields, the optimum grass/maize silage ratio depends on the quality of both the grass and maize silages. Replacement of grass silage with maize silage in the ration, as well as an increasing maturity of the maize silages, altered the milk FA profile of the dairy cows, notably, the concentration of the cis-unsaturated FAs, C18:3n-3 and n-3/n-6 ratio decreased in milk fat. Despite variation in nutritive value, maize silage is rich in metabolizable energy and supports higher DMI and milk yield. Harvesting maize silages at a DM content between 300 and 350 g kg(-1) and feeding in combination with grass silage results in a higher milk yield of dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazir A Khan
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700, AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan; Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5A8
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Warner D, Dijkstra J, Hendriks WH, Pellikaan WF. Stable isotope-labelled feed nutrients to assess nutrient-specific feed passage kinetics in ruminants. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:819-824. [PMID: 24114801 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of digesta passage kinetics in ruminants is essential to predict nutrient supply to the animal in relation to optimal animal performance, environmental pollution and animal health. Fractional passage rates (FPR) of feed are widely used in modern feed evaluation systems and mechanistic rumen models, but data on nutrient-specific FPR are scarce. Such models generally rely on conventional external marker techniques, which do not always describe digesta passage kinetics in a satisfactory manner. Here the use of stable isotope-labelled dietary nutrients as a promising novel tool to assess nutrient-specific passage kinetics is discussed. Some major limitations of this technique include a potential marker migration, a poor isotope distribution in the labelled feed and a differential disappearance rate of isotopes upon microbial fermentation in non-steady state conditions. Such limitations can often be circumvented by using intrinsically stable isotope-labelled plant material. Data are limited but indicate that external particulate markers overestimate rumen FPR of plant fibre compared with the internal stable isotope markers. Stable isotopes undergo the same digestive mechanism as the labelled feed components and are thus of particular interest to specifically measure passage kinetics of digestible dietary nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Warner
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, NL-6700, AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Warner D, Dijkstra J, Hendriks W, Pellikaan W. Passage of stable isotope-labeled grass silage fiber and fiber-bound protein through the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:7904-17. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Warner D, Ferreira LMM, Breuer MJH, Dijkstra J, Pellikaan WF. Stable isotope labeled n-alkanes to assess digesta passage kinetics through the digestive tract of ruminants. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75496. [PMID: 24124493 PMCID: PMC3790813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the use of carbon stable isotope (13C) labeled n-alkanes as a potential internal tracer to assess passage kinetics of ingested nutrients in ruminants. Plant cuticular n-alkanes originating from intrinsically 13C labeled ryegrass plants were pulse dosed intraruminally in four rumen-cannulated lactating dairy cows receiving four contrasting ryegrass silage treatments that differed in nitrogen fertilization level (45 or 90 kg nitrogen ha−1) and maturity (early or late). Passage kinetics through the gastrointestinal tract were derived from the δ13C (i.e. the ratio 13C:12C) in apparently undigested fecal material. Isotopic enrichment was observed in a wide range of long-chain n-alkanes (C27–C36) and passage kinetics were determined for the most abundant C29, C31 and C33n-alkanes, for which a sufficiently high response signal was detected by combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Basal diet treatment and carbon chain length of n-alkanes did not affect fractional passage rates from the rumen (K1) among individual n-alkanes (3.71–3.95%/h). Peak concentration time and transit time showed a quantitatively small, significant (p≤0.002) increase with carbon chain length. K1 estimates were comparable to those of the 13C labeled digestible dry matter fraction (3.38%/h; r = 0.61 to 0.71; p≤0.012). A literature review has shown that n-alkanes are not fermented by microorganisms in the rumen and affirms no preferential depletion of 13C versus 12C. Our results suggest that 13C labeled n-alkanes can be used as nutrient passage tracers and support the reliability of the δ13C signature of digestible feed nutrients as a tool to measure nutrient-specific passage kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Warner
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Luis M. M. Ferreira
- Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | - Jan Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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