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Kalwar Q, Ma X, Xi B, Korejo RA, Bhuptani DK, Chu M, Yan P. Yak milk and its health benefits: a comprehensive review. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1213039. [PMID: 37456962 PMCID: PMC10338857 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1213039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Yak milk has various potential health benefits due to its high nutritional content and unique composition. It is an excellent source of protein, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, which can promote overall health and wellbeing. Yak milk may have potential therapeutic benefits for hypertension, as it contains peptides that have been shown to have antihypertensive effects. Yak milk has also been shown to possess antioxidant properties, which can help protect against oxidative stress and related health problems. Moreover, its fat contains higher levels of beneficial fatty acids, such as conjugated linoleic acid and omega-3 fatty acids, which have been linked to various health benefits, including reducing inflammation, improving heart health, and supporting brain function. Moreover, further research is needed to fully understand the potential health benefits of yak milk, its unique composition and high nutritional content suggest that it may offer numerous health benefits and could be a valuable addition to a healthy diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qudratullah Kalwar
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Xiaoming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Bin Xi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Rashid Ali Korejo
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Deepesh Kumar Bhuptani
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Min Chu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ping Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Wächter S, Cohrs I, Golbeck L, Scheu T, Eder K, Grünberg W. Effects of restricted dietary phosphorus supply during the dry period on productivity and metabolism in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:4370-4392. [PMID: 35307179 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus in bovine nutrition is under ongoing scrutiny because of concerns with excessive amounts of P excreted in manure contributing to environmental pollution. Feeding rations with excessive P content, however, still remains common practice, particularly during the transition period, as limited P supply in late gestation and early lactation is thought to present a risk for health and productivity of high-yielding dairy cows. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of restricted P supply during the last 4 wk of pregnancy on Ca and P homeostasis during the transition period in high-yielding dairy cows, and to identify possible effects on metabolism and productivity throughout the following lactation. Thirty late-pregnant multiparous dairy cows were randomly assigned to either a dry cow diet with low (LP) or adequate P (AP) content [0.16 and 0.30% P in dry matter (DM), respectively] to be fed in the 4 wk before calving. After calving all cows received the same ration with adequate P content (0.46% P in DM). Blood, milk, and liver tissue samples were obtained during the dry period and the following lactation, DM intake (DMI), body weight, milk production, and disease occurrence were monitored. Plasma was assayed for the concentrations of P, Ca, Na, and K, metabolic parameters, and liver enzyme activities. Liver tissue was analyzed for mineral, triglyceride, cholesterol, and water contents. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to identify treatment, time, and treatment × time interaction effects. Cows fed LP had lower plasma P concentrations ([Pi]) than AP cows during restricted P feeding, reaching a nadir of 1.1 mmol/L immediately before calving. After calving, plasma [Pi] of LP cows was at or above the level of AP cows and within the reference range for cattle. Symptoms assumed to be associated with hypophosphatemia were not observed, but plasma Ca was higher from 1 wk before to 1 wk after calving in LP cows, which was associated with a numerically lower incidence of clinical and subclinical hypocalcemia in LP cows. Both treatments had a similar 305-d milk yield (12,112 ± 1,298 kg for LP and 12,229 ± 1,758 kg for AP cows) and similar DMI. Plasma and liver tissue biochemical analysis did not reveal treatment effects on energy, protein, or lipid metabolism. The results reported here indicate that restricted dietary P supply during the dry period positively affected the Ca homeostasis of periparturient dairy cows but did not reveal negative effects on DMI, milk production, or metabolic activity in the following lactation. Restriction of P during the dry period was associated with hypophosphatemia antepartum but neither exacerbated postparturient hypophosphatemia, which is commonly observed in fresh cows, nor was associated with any clinical or subclinical indication of P deficiency in early lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wächter
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hanover, Germany
| | - I Cohrs
- Educational and Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Hofgut Neumühle, 67728 Münchweiler an der Alsenz, Germany
| | - L Golbeck
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hanover, Germany
| | - T Scheu
- Educational and Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Hofgut Neumühle, 67728 Münchweiler an der Alsenz, Germany
| | - K Eder
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität-Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - W Grünberg
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hanover, Germany.
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SHORT COMMUNICATION: A potential new biomarker to monitor the phosphorus balance in dry dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wächter S, Cohrs I, Golbeck L, Wilkens MR, Grünberg W. Effects of restricted dietary phosphorus supply to dry cows on periparturient calcium status. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:748-760. [PMID: 34656353 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Restricted dietary P supply to transition dairy cows has recently been reported to beneficially affect the Ca balance of periparturient cows. The objective of the present study was to determine whether this effect on the Ca balance can be reproduced when limiting the P-restricted feeding to the last 4 wk of gestation. A total of 30 dairy cows in late pregnancy were randomly assigned to a dry cow diet with either low or adequate P content (0.16 and 0.30% P in DM, respectively) to be fed in the 4 wk before expected calving. After calving, all cows received the same lactating cow ration with adequate P content (0.46% P in DM). Blood was collected daily from 4 d antepartum until calving, at calving (d 0), 6 and 12 h after calving (d +0.25 and d +0.5, respectively) and on days +1, +2, +3, +4 and +7 relative to calving. Blood gas analyses were conducted to determine the concentration of ionized Ca in whole blood ([Ca2+]), and plasma was assayed for concentrations of inorganic phosphorus ([Pi]), total calcium, parathyroid hormone ([PTH]), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D ([1,25-(OH)2D3]), and CrossLaps ([CTX]), a biomarker for bone resorption (Immunodiagnostic Systems GmbH). Repeated-measures ANOVA was conducted to study treatment, time, and lactation number effects. The mean [Ca2+] in P-deprived cows remained above the threshold of 1.10 mmol/L throughout the study, and values were higher compared with cows on adequate P supply between d 0 and d +2 and on d +4. The [Ca2+] differed between treatments at the sampling times d 0, d +0.25, d +0.5, d +2, and d +4. Plasma [PTH] and [1,25-(OH)2D3] did not differ between treatments, but P-deprived cows had greater [CTX] than cows with adequate P supply at d +1, d +2, and d +7. These results indicate that restricted dietary P supply to during the last 4 wk of the dry period improves the Ca homeostasis of these cows in the first days of lactation, an effect that seems to be primarily driven by increased bone tissue mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wächter
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hanover, Germany
| | - I Cohrs
- Educational and Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Hofgut Neumühle, 67728 Münchweiler an der Alsenz, Germany
| | - L Golbeck
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hanover, Germany
| | - M R Wilkens
- Institute of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hanover, Germany
| | - W Grünberg
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hanover, Germany.
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Grünberg W, Witte S, Cohrs I, Golbeck L, Brouwers JF, Müller AE, Schmicke M. Liver phosphorus content and liver function in states of phosphorus deficiency in transition dairy cows. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219546. [PMID: 31329617 PMCID: PMC6645509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) deficiency in early lactating dairy cows is receiving increased attention because of incentives aiming at curtailing environmental pollution with P by reducing dietary P in ruminant diets. An in-vitro study using bovine hepatocytes incubated for 7 days with phosphate (Pi) concentrations of 0.9, 1.8 or 2.7 mmol/L, and an in-vivo study feeding late pregnant dairy cows diets with either adequate (0.28% and 0.44% in DM ante-partum and post-partum respectively) or low P content (0.15% and 0.20% in DM ante-partum and post-partum respectively) from 4 weeks before to 4 weeks after calving were conducted to explore effects of P deprivation on liver function. In vitro the relative abundance of mRNA of key enzymes of the carbohydrate metabolism in incubated hepatocytes and liver metabolites in culture medium were determined. In vivo health and productivity of experimental cows on low and adequate dietary P supply were monitored, and liver tissue and blood samples were obtained repeatedly. Liver tissue was assayed for its triacylglycerol-, mineral and water content as well as for the relative abundance of mRNA of enzymes of the carbohydrate-, fat- and protein metabolism. Reduced Pi-availability was not associated with altered enzyme transcription rates or metabolic activity in-vitro. The most prominent clinical finding associated with P deprivation in-vivo was feed intake depression developing after the first week of lactation. Accordingly cows on low P diets had lower milk yield and showed more pronounced increases in liver triacylglycerol after calving. Although the liver P content decreased in P deficient cows, neither negative effects on enzyme transcription rates nor on blood parameters indicative of impaired liver metabolic activity or liver injury were identified. These results indicate the P deprivation only indirectly affects the liver through exacerbation of the negative energy balance occurring as P deficient cows become anorectic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Grünberg
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany.,Dept. Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Witte
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Imke Cohrs
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Lennart Golbeck
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Jos F Brouwers
- Dept. Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - M Schmicke
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
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Grünberg W, Scherpenisse P, Cohrs I, Golbeck L, Dobbelaar P, van den Brink L, Wijnberg I. Phosphorus content of muscle tissue and muscle function in dairy cows fed a phosphorus-deficient diet during the transition period. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:4072-4093. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Eisenberg S, Ravesloot L, Koets A, Grünberg W. Effect of dietary phosphorus deprivation on leukocyte function in transition cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:1559-1570. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Cohrs I, Wilkens M, Grünberg W. Short communication: Effect of dietary phosphorus deprivation in late gestation and early lactation on the calcium homeostasis of periparturient dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:9591-9598. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Golbeck L, Cohrs I, Leonhard-Marek S, Grünberg W. Effect of dehydration and acidemia on the potassium content of muscle tissue and erythrocytes in calves with neonatal diarrhea. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:9339-9349. [PMID: 30100512 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances of extracellular potassium (K) homeostasis in calves with severe neonatal diarrhea have been studied extensively. Although total body depletion of this predominantly intracellular electrolyte is generally thought to occur in diarrheic calves, the mechanisms through which K depletion occurs are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate how intracellular K homeostasis is affected by dehydration and acidemia, the 2 most important metabolic disturbances in calves with naturally occurring diarrhea. Twenty-seven calves with naturally occurring neonatal diarrhea, pronounced dehydration, and acidemia, and 2 groups of 10 healthy control calves were included in this study. Blood samples and muscle biopsies were obtained immediately before initiation of treatment (T0) and after complete rehydration and correction of acidemia (T1) from diarrheic calves. Blood samples were used to perform blood gas, blood biochemical, and hematological analyses and to determine K content in erythrocytes. Muscle biopsies were used to determine muscle tissue K content and tissue dry matter. Controls were used to determine values for erythrocyte and muscle tissue K content in healthy neonatal calves for comparison with diarrheic calves. As defined by the inclusion criteria, diarrheic calves showed pronounced acidemia and dehydration at T0. Mean muscle tissue K content and tissue dry matter remained unchanged between sampling times and did not differ from values measured in healthy control calves. Erythrocyte K content increased from 73.63 ± 13.73 to 77.64 ± 15.97 mmol/L (±standard deviation) but was associated with a concomitant decline in erythrocyte volume. Values measured at both sampling times in diarrheic calves did not differ from erythrocyte K measured in healthy control calves. The plasma K concentration (median [interquartile range]) decreased from 5.44 [4.76-6.17] to 4.16 [3.99-4.31] mmol/L between T0 and T1. Although changes in plasma [K] were associated with the degree of dehydration, neither dehydration nor acidemia was associated with changes of K content in muscle tissue or erythrocytes. In conclusion, severe dehydration and acidemia in diarrheic calves were not associated with notable changes in K content of muscle tissue or erythrocytes. These results do not support the concept of pronounced K depletion occurring in calves with neonatal diarrhea. Erythrocytes are a poor surrogate tissue in which to measure changes of intracellular K content in diarrheic calves because of concomitant changes in erythrocyte volume that complicate the interpretation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Golbeck
- Clinic for Cattle, D-30173 Hanover, Germany.
| | - I Cohrs
- Clinic for Cattle, D-30173 Hanover, Germany
| | - S Leonhard-Marek
- Library and Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, D-30173 Hanover, Germany
| | - W Grünberg
- Clinic for Cattle, D-30173 Hanover, Germany
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Schneider S, Müller A, Wittek T. Concentration of Potassium in Plasma, Erythrocytes, and Muscle Tissue in Cows with Decreased Feed Intake and Gastrointestinal Ileus. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:679-85. [PMID: 26875482 PMCID: PMC4913599 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthy cows consume large amounts of potassium and a sudden loss in appetite can lead to hypokalemia. The routine method to evaluate potassium homeostasis is the measurement of the extracellular potassium in plasma or serum, but this does not provide information about the intracellular potassium pool. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To evaluate potassium homeostasis by comparing the extracellular and intracellular potassium concentration in cows with reduced feed intake and gastrointestinal ileus. ANIMALS Twenty cows 1-3 days postpartum (group 1) and 20 cows with gastrointestinal ileus (group 2). METHODS Observational cross-sectional study. Plasma potassium was measured by using an ion-sensitive electrode. Intracellular potassium was measured in erythrocytes and muscle tissue (muscle biopsy) by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. RESULTS Cows of group 1 did not have hypokalemia. Overall cows with gastrointestinal ileus were hypokalemic (mean ± SD, 2.9 mmol/L ± 0.78), but potassium concentration in erythrocytes and muscle tissue was not lower than in postpartum cows. Intracellular potassium in erythrocytes varied very widely; group 1: 3497-10735 mg/kg (5559 ± 2002 mg/kg), group 2: 4139-21678 mg/kg (7473 ± 4034 mg/kg). Potassium in muscle tissue did not differ between group 1 (3356 ± 735 mg/kg wet weight) and group 2 (3407 ± 1069 mg/kg wet weight). No association between extracellular and intracellular potassium concentrations was detected. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE That measurement of plasma potassium concentration is not sufficient to evaluate potassium metabolism of cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schneider
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Müller
- Vet Med Labor GmbH IDEXX Laboratories, Ludwigsburg, Germany
| | - T Wittek
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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