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Zhao H, Li L, Tan J, Wang Y, Zhang A, Zhao Y, Jiang L. Multi-Omics Reveals Disrupted Immunometabolic Homeostasis and Oxidative Stress in Adipose Tissue of Dairy Cows with Subclinical Ketosis: A Sphingolipid-Centric Perspective. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:614. [PMID: 38790719 PMCID: PMC11118941 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Ketosis, especially its subclinical form, is frequently observed in high-yielding dairy cows and is linked to various diseases during the transition period. Although adipose tissue plays a significant role in the development of metabolic disorders, its exact impact on the emergence of subclinical ketosis (SCK) is still poorly understood. The objectives of this study were to characterize and compare the profiling of transcriptome and lipidome of blood and adipose tissue between SCK and healthy cows and investigate the potential correlation between metabolic disorders and lipid metabolism. We obtained blood and adipose tissue samples from healthy cows (CON, n = 8, β-hydroxybutyric acid concentration < 1.2 mmol/L) and subclinical ketotic cows (SCK, n = 8, β-hydroxybutyric acid concentration = 1.2-3.0 mmol/L) for analyzing biochemical parameters, transcriptome, and lipidome. We found that serum levels of nonesterified fatty acids, malonaldehyde, serum amyloid A protein, IL-1β, and IL-6 were higher in SCK cows than in CON cows. Levels of adiponectin and total antioxidant capacity were higher in serum and adipose tissue from SCK cows than in CON cows. The top enriched pathways in whole blood and adipose tissue were associated with immune and inflammatory responses and sphingolipid metabolism, respectively. The accumulation of ceramide and sphingomyelin in adipose tissue was paralleled by an increase in genes related to ceramide biosynthesis, lipolysis, and inflammation and a decrease in genes related to ceramide catabolism, lipogenesis, adiponectin production, and antioxidant enzyme systems. Increased ceramide concentrations in blood and adipose tissue correlated with reduced insulin sensitivity. The current results indicate that the lipid profile of blood and adipose tissue is altered with SCK and that certain ceramide species correlate with metabolic health. Our research suggests that disruptions in ceramide metabolism could be crucial in the progression of SCK, exacerbating conditions such as insulin resistance, increased lipolysis, inflammation, and oxidative stress, providing a potential biomarker of SCK and a novel target for nutritional manipulation and pharmacological therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yuchao Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Dairy Cow Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; (H.Z.); (L.L.); (J.T.); (Y.W.); (A.Z.)
| | - Linshu Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Dairy Cow Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; (H.Z.); (L.L.); (J.T.); (Y.W.); (A.Z.)
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Yu H, Gao X, Ge Q, Tai W, Hao X, Shao Q, Fang Z, Chen M, Song Y, Gao W, Liu G, Du X, Li X. Tumor necrosis factor-α reduces adiponectin production by decreasing transcriptional activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ in calf adipocytes. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:5182-5195. [PMID: 37268580 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Adiponectin (encoded by ADIPOQ) is an adipokine that orchestrates energy homeostasis by modulating glucose and fatty acid metabolism in peripheral tissues. During the periparturient period, dairy cows often develop adipose tissue inflammation and decreased plasma adiponectin levels. Proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) plays a pivotal role in regulating the endocrine functions of adipocytes, but whether it affects adiponectin production in calf adipocytes remains obscure. Thus, the present study aimed to determine whether TNF-α could affect adiponectin production in calf adipocytes and to identify the underlying mechanism. Adipocytes isolated from Holstein calves were differentiated and used for (1) BODIPY493/503 staining; (2) treatment with 0.1 ng/mL TNF-α for different times (0, 8, 16, 24, or 48 h); (3) transfection with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARG) small interfering RNA for 48 h followed by treatment with or without 0.1 ng/mL TNF-α for 24 h; and (4) overexpression of PPARG for 48 h followed by treatment with or without 0.1 ng/mL TNF-α for 24 h. After differentiation, obvious lipid droplets and secretion of adiponectin were observed in adipocytes. Treatment with TNF-α did not alter mRNA abundance of ADIPOQ but reduced the total and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin content in the supernatant of adipocytes. Quantification of mRNA abundance of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi resident chaperones involved in adiponectin assembly revealed that ER protein 44 (ERP44), ER oxidoreductase 1α (ERO1A), and disulfide bond-forming oxidoreductase A-like protein (GSTK1) were downregulated in TNF-α-treated adipocytes, while 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein and Golgi-localizing γ-adaptin ear homology domain ARF binding protein-1 were unaltered. Moreover, TNF-α diminished nuclear translocation of PPARγ and downregulated mRNA abundance of PPARG and its downstream target gene fatty acid synthase, suggesting that TNF-α suppressed the transcriptional activity of PPARγ. In the absence of TNF-α, overexpression of PPARG enhanced the total and HMW adiponectin content in supernatant and upregulated the mRNA abundance of ADIPOQ, ERP44, ERO1A, and GSTK1 in adipocytes. However, knockdown of PPARG reduced the total and HMW adiponectin content in supernatant and downregulated the mRNA abundance of ADIPOQ, ERP44, ERO1A, and GSTK1 in adipocytes. In the presence of TNF-α, overexpression of PPARG decreased, while knockdown of PPARG further exacerbated TNF-α-induced reductions in total and HMW adiponectin secretion and gene expression of ERP44, ERO1A, and GSTK1. Overall, TNF-α reduces adiponectin assembly in the calf adipocyte, which may be partly mediated by attenuation of PPARγ transcriptional activity. Thus, locally elevated levels of TNF-α in adipose tissue may be one reason for the decrease in circulating adiponectin in periparturient dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Xinxing Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Qilai Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Wenjun Tai
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Xue Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Qi Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Zhiyuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Meng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Yuxiang Song
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Wenwen Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Guowen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Xiliang Du
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China.
| | - Xinwei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China.
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Chen W, Gu X, Lv X, Cao X, Yuan Z, Wang S, Sun W. Non-coding transcriptomic profiles in the sheep mammary gland during different lactation periods. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:983562. [PMID: 36425117 PMCID: PMC9679157 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.983562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheep milk production is a dynamic and multifactorial trait regulated by diverse biological mechanisms. To improve the quality and production of sheep milk, it is necessary to understand the underlying non-coding transcriptomic mechanisms. In this study, ribonucleic acid-sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to profile the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) in the sheep mammary gland at three key lactation time points (perinatal period, PP; early lactation, EL; and peak lactation, PL). A total of 2,369 novel circRNAs and 272 miRNAs were profiled, of which 348, 373, and 36 differentially expressed (DE) circRNAs and 30, 34, and 7 DE miRNAs were detected in the comparison of EL vs. PP, PL vs. PP, and PL vs. EL, respectively. A series of bioinformatics analyses including functional enrichment, machine learning prediction, and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network analyses were conducted to identify subsets of the potential candidate miRNAs (e.g., oar_miR_148a, oar_miR_362, and oar_miR_432) and circRNAs (e.g., novel_circ_0011066, novel_circ_0010460, and novel_circ_0006589) involved in sheep mammary gland development. Taken together, this study offers a window into the dynamics of non-coding transcriptomes that occur during sheep lactation and may provide further insights into miRNA and circRNA that influence sheep mammary gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Lv
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiukai Cao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zehu Yuan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shanhe Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wei Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory in Universities of Jiangsu Province of China for Domestic Animal Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Xu Q, Fan Y, Loor JJ, Jiang Q, Zheng X, Wang Z, Yang T, Sun X, Jia H, Li X, Xu C. Effects of diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) on endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammatory responses in adipose tissue of ketotic dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:9191-9205. [PMID: 36114053 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue of ketotic dairy cows exhibits greater lipolytic rate and signs of inflammation, which further aggravate the metabolic disorder. In nonruminants, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a key organelle coordinating metabolic adaptations and cellular functions; thus, disturbances known as ER stress lead to inflammation and contribute to metabolic disorders. Enhanced activity of diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) in murine adipocytes undergoing lipolysis alleviated ER stress and inflammation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential role of DGAT1 on ER stress and inflammatory response of bovine adipose tissue in vivo and in vitro. Adipose tissue and blood samples were collected from cows diagnosed as clinically ketotic (n = 15) or healthy (n = 15) following a veterinary evaluation based on clinical symptoms and serum concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate, which were 4.05 (interquartile range = 0.46) and 0.52 mM (interquartile range = 0.14), respectively. Protein abundance of DGAT1 was greater in adipose tissue of ketotic cows. Among ER stress proteins measured, ratios of phosphorylated PKR-like ER kinase (p-PERK) to PERK and phosphorylated inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (p-IRE1) to IRE1, and protein abundance of cleaved ATF6 protein were greater in adipose tissue of ketotic cows. Furthermore, ratios of phosphorylated RELA subunit of NF-κB (p-RELA) to RELA and phosphorylated c-jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK) to JNK were greater, whereas protein abundance of NF-κB inhibitor α (NFKBIA) was lower in adipose tissue of ketotic cows. In addition, mRNA abundance of proinflammatory cytokines including TNF and IL-6 was greater in adipose tissue of ketotic cows. To better address mechanistic aspects of these responses, primary bovine adipocytes isolated from the harvested adipose tissue of healthy cows were subjected to lipolysis-stimulating conditions via incubation with 1 μM epinephrine (EPI) for 2 h. In another experiment, adipocytes were cultured with DGAT1 overexpression adenovirus and DGAT1 small interfering RNA for 48 h, respectively, followed by EPI (1 μM) exposure for 2 h. Treatment with EPI led to greater ratios of p-PERK to PERK, p-IRE1 to IRE1, p-RELA to RELA, p-JNK to JNK, and cleaved ATF6 protein, whereas EPI stimulation inhibited protein abundance of NFKBIA. Furthermore, treatment with EPI upregulated the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines into culture medium, including TNF-α and IL-6. Overexpression of DGAT1 in EPI-treated adipocytes attenuated ER stress, the activation of NF-κB and JNK signaling pathways, and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. In contrast, silencing DGAT1 further aggravated EPI-induced ER stress and inflammatory responses. Overall, these data indicated that activation of DGAT1 may act as an adaptive mechanism to dampen metabolic dysregulation in adipose tissue. As such, it contributes to relief from ER stress and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushi Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yunhui Fan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Qianming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Xidan Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhijie Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tong Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xudong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hongdou Jia
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Chuang Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Metabolomics Reveals the Effects of High Dietary Energy Density on the Metabolism of Transition Angus Cows. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091147. [PMID: 35565573 PMCID: PMC9105006 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The increase in the metabolic demand and the dramatically decreased feed intake of cows around parturition often cause a negative energy balance status in cows, which can cause metabolic disorders. Before parturition, dry matter intake of cows starts to decline, and this decline is practically unavoidable. Therefore, increasing the energy density of the diet is extremely important. We used untargeted metabolomics to reveal the effect of high dietary energy density on body metabolism and explore whether it can alleviate negative energy balance. Our research shows that feeding a high-energy diet could significantly improve antioxidant capacity, maintain phosphatidylcholine homeostasis and reduce the negative energy balance of cows by regulating lipid mobilization, muscle mobilization, and protein turnover. Abstract The diet energy level plays a vital role in the energy balance of transition cows. We investigated the effects of high dietary energy density on body metabolism. Twenty multiparous Angus cows were randomly assigned to two treatment groups (10 cows/treatment), one receiving a high-energy (HE) diet (NEm = 1.67 Mcal/kg of DM) and the other administered a control (CON) diet (NEm = 1.53 Mcal/kg of DM). The results indicated that feeding a high-energy diet resulted in higher plasma glucose concentration and lower concentrations of plasma NEFA and BHBA on d 14 relative to calving in the HE-fed cows compared to the CON-fed ones. The postpartum plasma levels of T-AOC were lower in cows that received the CON diet than in cows in the HE group, while the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) showed an opposite trend. Among the 51 significantly different metabolites, the concentrations of most identified fatty acids decreased in HE cows. The concentrations of inosine, glutamine, and citric acid were higher in HE-fed cows than in CON-fed cows. Enrichment analysis revealed that linoleic acid metabolism, valine, leucine as well as isoleucine biosynthesis, and glycerophospholipid metabolism were significantly enriched in the two groups.
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Zachut M, Contreras GA. Symposium review: Mechanistic insights into adipose tissue inflammation and oxidative stress in periparturient dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:3670-3686. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Feed intake, performance and redox status in Holstein and Girolando F1 heifers presenting high body condition score during the transition period. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tewari RS, Ala U, Accornero P, Baratta M, Miretti S. Circulating skeletal muscle related microRNAs profile in Piedmontese cattle during different age. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15815. [PMID: 34349188 PMCID: PMC8339070 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95137-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Piedmontese cattle is known for double-muscle phenotype. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important role as regulators in skeletal muscle physiological processes, and we hypothesize that plasma miRNAs expression profiles could be affected by skeletal muscle growth status related to age. Plasma samples of cattle were collected during four different ages from first week of life until the time of commercial end of the fattening period before slaughter. Small-RNA sequencing data analysis revealed the presence of 40% of muscle-related miRNAs among the top 25 highly expressed miRNAs and, 19 miRNAs showed differential expression too. Using qRT-PCR, we validated in a larger bovine population, miRNAs involved in skeletal muscle physiology pathways. Comparing new-born with the other age groups, miR-10b, miR-126-5p, miR-143 and miR-146b were significantly up-regulated, whereas miR-21-5p, miR-221, miR-223 and miR-30b-5p were significantly down-regulated. High expression levels of miR-23a in all the groups were found. Myostatin, a negative regulator of skeletal muscle hypertrophy, was predicted as the target gene for miR-23a and miR-126-5p and we demonstrated their direct binding. Correlation analysis revealed association between miRNAs expression profiles and animals’ weights along the age. Circulating miRNAs could be promising for future studies on their biomarker potentialities to beef cattle selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupal S Tewari
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ugo Ala
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Accornero
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Mario Baratta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Miretti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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Fan M, Du X, Chen X, Bai H, Loor JJ, Shen T, Liang Y, Sun X, Xu Q, Song Y, Wang Z, Liu G, Yang L, Li X, Li X, Gao W. Inhibition of cell death inducing DNA fragmentation factor-α-like effector c (CIDEC) by tumor necrosis factor-α induces lipolysis and inflammation in calf adipocytes. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:6134-6145. [PMID: 33685683 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dairy cows with ketosis exhibit signs of pronounced adipose tissue lipolysis and systemic inflammation, both of which exacerbate this metabolic disorder. In nonruminants, CIDEC plays a pivotal role in the formation of large unilocular lipid droplets. The present study aimed to ascertain the role of CIDEC in the lipolytic and inflammatory response of white adipose tissue (WAT) in vivo and in vitro. Subcutaneous adipose tissue and blood samples were collected from 15 healthy cows (blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentration < 1.2 mM) and 15 cows with clinical ketosis (blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentration > 3.0 mM) that had a similar number of lactations (median = 3, range = 2-4) and days in milk (median = 6 d, range = 3-9). Adipocytes isolated from 5 healthy Holstein calves (1 d old, female, 30-40 kg) were used for in vitro studies. Isolated adipocytes were treated with 0, 0.1, 1, or 10 ng/mL TNF-α for 3 h, transfected with CIDEC small interfering RNA for 48 h, or transfected with CIDEC overexpression adenovirus for 48 h followed by treatment with TNF-α (0.1 ng/mL) for 3 h. Serum concentrations of fatty acids were greater, and dry matter intake, milk yield, and serum glucose concentrations lower in cows with clinical ketosis. Protein and mRNA abundance of CIDEC were lesser in subcutaneous WAT of clinically ketotic versus healthy cows. Furthermore, the ratio of phosphorylated hormone sensitive lipase (p-LIPE) to LIPE, phosphorylated RELA (p-RELA) to RELA, and protein abundance of PNPLA2 and phosphorylated inhibitor of κBα (p-NFKBIA) were greater in dairy cows with clinical ketosis. The mRNA abundance of proinflammatory cytokines TNFA and IL1B were greater, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 was lower in WAT of dairy cows with clinical ketosis. In calf adipocytes, exogenous TNF-α (0.1, 1, or 10 ng/mL) decreased protein and mRNA abundance of CIDEC. In addition, exogenous TNF-α or knockdown of CIDEC reduced the secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, but increased the ratio of p-LIPE to LIPE, p-RELA to RELA, protein abundance of PNPLA2 and p-NFKBIA, glycerol content, and the secretion of IL-1β in calf adipocytes. Overexpression of CIDEC in TNFα-treated adipocytes attenuated lipolysis and activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Overall, these data suggest that inhibition of lipid droplet-associated protein CIDEC by TNF-α contributes to the pronounced lipolysis and inflammation of calf adipocytes, and CIDEC is a relevant target in clinically ketotic cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghe Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China
| | - Xiliang Du
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China
| | - Xiying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China
| | - Hongxu Bai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Taiyu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China
| | - Yusheng Liang
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Xudong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China
| | - Qiushi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China
| | - Yuxiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China
| | - Guowen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China
| | - Liangyu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Wenwen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China.
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Turner N, Abeysinghe P, Sadowski P, Mitchell MD. Exosomal Cargo May Hold the Key to Improving Reproductive Outcomes in Dairy Cows. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042024. [PMID: 33670752 PMCID: PMC7922264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The reproductive status of dairy cows remains a challenge for dairy farmers worldwide, with impaired fertility linked to a significant reduction in herd profitability, due in part to impaired immunity, increased metabolic pressure, and longer postpartum anestrous interval (PPAI). Exosomes are nanovesicles released from a variety of cell types and end up in circulation, and carry proteins, bioactive peptides, lipids, and nucleic acids specific to the place of origin. As such, their role in health and disease has been investigated in humans and animals. This review discusses research into exosomes in the context of reproduction in dairy herds and introduces recent advances in mass-spectrometry (MS) based proteomics that have a potential to advance quantitative profiling of exosomal protein cargo in a search for early biomarkers of cattle fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Turner
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation—Centre for Children’s Health Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia; (N.T.); (P.A.)
| | - Pevindu Abeysinghe
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation—Centre for Children’s Health Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia; (N.T.); (P.A.)
| | - Pawel Sadowski
- Central Analytical Research Facility—Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia;
| | - Murray D. Mitchell
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation—Centre for Children’s Health Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia; (N.T.); (P.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-7-3069-7438
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11
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Liang Y, Alharthi AS, Elolimy AA, Bucktrout R, Lopreiato V, Martinez-Cortés I, Xu C, Fernandez C, Trevisi E, Loor JJ. Molecular networks of insulin signaling and amino acid metabolism in subcutaneous adipose tissue are altered by body condition in periparturient Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:10459-10476. [PMID: 32921465 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Peripartal cows mobilize not only body fat but also body protein to satisfy their energy requirements. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of prepartum BCS on blood biomarkers related to energy and nitrogen metabolism, and mRNA and protein abundance associated with AA metabolism and insulin signaling in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in peripartal cows. Twenty-two multiparous Holstein cows were retrospectively classified into a high BCS (HBCS; n = 11, BCS ≥ 3.5) or normal BCS (NBCS; n = 11, BCS ≤ 3.17) group at d 28 before expected parturition. Cows were fed the same diet as a total mixed ration before parturition and were fed the same lactation diet postpartum. Blood samples collected at -10, 7, 15, and 30 d relative to parturition were used for analyses of biomarkers associated with energy and nitrogen metabolism. Biopsies of SAT harvested at -15, 7, and 30 d relative to parturition were used for mRNA (real time-PCR) and protein abundance (Western blotting) assays. Data were subjected to ANOVA using the MIXED procedure of SAS (v. 9.4; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC), with P ≤ 0.05 being the threshold for significance. Cows in HBCS had greater overall plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentrations, due to marked increases at 7 and 15 d postpartum. This response was similar (BCS × Day effect) to protein abundance of phosphorylated (p) protein kinase B (p-AKT), the insulin-induced glucose transporter (SLC2A4), and the sodium-coupled neutral AA transporter (SLC38A1). Abundance of these proteins was lower at -15 d compared with NBCS cows, and either increased (SLC2A4, SLC38A1) or did not change (p-AKT) at 7 d postpartum in HBCS. Unlike protein abundance, however, overall mRNA abundances of the high-affinity cationic (SLC7A1), proton-coupled (SLC36A1), and sodium-coupled amino acid transporters (SLC38A2) were greater in HBCS than NBCS cows, due to upregulation in the postpartum phase. Those responses were similar to protein abundance of p-mTOR, which increased (BCS × Day effect) at 7 d in HBCS compared with NBCS cows. mRNA abundance of argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) and arginase 1 (ARG1) also was greater overall in HBCS cows. Together, these responses suggested impaired insulin signaling, coupled with greater postpartum AA transport rate and urea cycle activity in SAT of HBCS cows. An in vitro study using adipocyte and macrophage cocultures stimulated with various concentrations of fatty acids could provide some insights into the role of immune cells in modulating adipose tissue immunometabolic status, including insulin resistance and AA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liang
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - A S Alharthi
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - A A Elolimy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72205; Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock 72205; Department of Animal Production, National Research Centre, Giza, 12611, Egypt
| | - R Bucktrout
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - V Lopreiato
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - I Martinez-Cortés
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; Agricultural and Animal Production Department, UAM-Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - C Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - C Fernandez
- Animal Science Department, Universitàt Politècnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - E Trevisi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - J J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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12
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Review: Pro-inflammatory cytokines and hypothalamic inflammation: implications for insufficient feed intake of transition dairy cows. Animal 2020; 14:s65-s77. [PMID: 32024569 PMCID: PMC7003138 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119003124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvements in feed intake of dairy cows entering the early lactation period potentially decrease the risk of metabolic disorders, but before developing approaches targeting the intake level, mechanisms controlling and dysregulating energy balance and feed intake need to be understood. This review focuses on different inflammatory pathways interfering with the neuroendocrine system regulating feed intake of periparturient dairy cows. Subacute inflammation in various peripheral organs often occurs shortly before or after calving and is associated with increased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. These cytokines are released into the circulation and sensed by neurons located in the hypothalamus, the key brain region regulating energy balance, to signal reduction in feed intake. Besides these peripheral humoral signals, glia cells in the brain may produce pro-inflammatory cytokines independent of peripheral inflammation. Preliminary results show intensive microglia activation in early lactation, suggesting their involvement in hypothalamic inflammation and the control of feed intake of dairy cows. On the other hand, pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced activation of the vagus nerve transmits signalling to the brain, but this pathway seems not exclusively necessary to signal feed intake reduction. Yet, less studied in dairy cows so far, the endocannabinoid system links inflammation and the hypothalamic control of feed intake. Distinct endocannabinoids exert anti-inflammatory action but also stimulate the posttranslational cleavage of neuronal proopiomelanocortin towards β-endorphin, an orexigen promoting feed intake. Plasma endocannabinoid concentrations and hypothalamic β-endorphin levels increase from late pregnancy to early lactation, but less is known about the regulation of the hypothalamic endocannabinoid system during the periparturient period of dairy cows. Dietary fatty acids may modulate the formation of endocannabinoids, which opens new avenues to improve metabolic health and immune status of dairy cows.
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13
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Liang Y, Alharthi AS, Bucktrout R, Elolimy AA, Lopreiato V, Martinez-Cortés I, Xu C, Fernandez C, Trevisi E, Loor JJ. Body condition alters glutathione and nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (NFE2L2)-related antioxidant network abundance in subcutaneous adipose tissue of periparturient Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:6439-6453. [PMID: 32359988 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dairy cows with high body condition score (BCS) in late prepartum are more susceptible to oxidative stress (OS). Nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (NFE2L2) is a major antioxidant transcription factor. We investigated the effect of precalving BCS on blood biomarkers associated with OS, inflammation, and liver function, along with mRNA and protein abundance of targets related to NFE2L2 and glutathione (GSH) metabolism in s.c. adipose tissue (SAT) of periparturient dairy cows. Twenty-two multiparous Holstein cows were retrospectively classified into a high BCS (HBCS; n = 11, BCS ≥3.5) or normal BCS (NBCS; n = 11, BCS ≤3.17) on d 28 before parturition. Cows were fed a corn silage- and wheat straw-based total mixed ration during late prepartum, and a corn silage- and alfalfa hay-based total mixed ration postpartum. Blood samples obtained at -10, 7, 15, and 30 d relative to parturition were used for analyses of biomarkers associated with inflammation, including albumin, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, and myeloperoxidase, as well as OS, including ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and β-carotene. Adipose biopsies harvested at -15, 7, and 30 d relative to parturition were analyzed for mRNA (real-time quantitative PCR) and protein abundance (Western blotting) of targets associated with the antioxidant transcription regulator nuclear factor, NFE2L2, and GSH metabolism pathway. In addition, concentrations of GSH, ROS and malondialdehyde were measured. High BCS cows had lower prepartum dry matter intake expressed as a percentage of body weight along with greater BCS loss between -4 and 4 wk relative to parturition. Plasma concentrations of ROS and FRAP increased after parturition regardless of treatment. Compared with NBCS, HBCS cows had greater concentrations of FRAP at d 7 postpartum, which coincided with peak values in those cows. In addition, NBCS cows experienced a marked decrease in plasma ROS after d 7 postpartum, while HBCS cows maintained a constant concentration by d 30 postpartum. Overall, ROS concentrations in SAT were greater in HBCS cows. However, overall mRNA abundance of NFE2L2 was lower and cullin 3 (CUL3), a negative regulator of NFE2L2, was greater in HBCS cows. Although HBCS cows had greater overall total protein abundance of NFE2L2 in SAT, ratio of phosphorylated NFE2L2 to total NFE2L2 was lower, suggesting a decrease in the activity of this antioxidant system. Overall, mRNA abundance of the GSH metabolism-related genes glutathione reductase (GSR), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), and transaldolase 1 (TALDO1), along with protein abundance of glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GSTM1), were greater in HBCS cows. Data suggest that HBCS cows might experience greater systemic OS after parturition, while increased abundance of mRNA and protein components of the GSH metabolism pathway in SAT might help alleviate tissue oxidant status. Data underscored the importance of antioxidant mechanisms at the tissue level. Thus, targeting these pathways in SAT during the periparturient period via nutrition might help control tissue remodeling while allowing optimal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liang
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - A S Alharthi
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - R Bucktrout
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - A A Elolimy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72205; Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock 72205; Department of Animal Production, National Research Centre, Giza 12611, Egypt
| | - V Lopreiato
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - I Martinez-Cortés
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; Agricultural and Animal Production Department, UAM-Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - C Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Xinyang Rd. 5, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - C Fernandez
- Animal Science Department, Universitàt Politècnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - E Trevisi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - J J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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14
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Meier S, Kay JK, Kuhn-Sherlock B, Heiser A, Mitchell MD, Crookenden MA, Riboni MV, Loor JJ, Roche JR. Effects of far-off and close-up transition cow feeding on uterine health, postpartum anestrous interval, and reproductive outcomes in pasture-based dairy cows. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:17. [PMID: 32042415 PMCID: PMC7003407 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0416-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In seasonal, pasture-based, dairy production systems, cows must recover from calving and become pregnant within two to 3 months. To achieve this, the uterus must involute and ovulation must occur and continue at regular intervals. As these processes are affected by the cows' nutritional or metabolic status post-calving, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cow feeding strategies on uterine health, the length of postpartum anestrous interval, and reproductive outcomes. The treatments consisted of two feeding strategies during late-lactation and early dry period (far-off period; starting 4-month pre-calving) and three close-up dry period feeding regimes (1-month pre-calving) in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. We randomly assigned 150 cows to one of two far-off treatments. During late lactation, the herds (n = 75 cows per herd) were either control-fed (Controlfed) or over-fed (Overfed) to achieve a low or high body condition score (4-month pre-calving; BCS; ~ 4.25 and ~ 4.75; 10-point scale) at cessation of lactation. Within each of these treatments, three feeding levels were applied during the close-up period (1-month pre-calving): ~ 65% (Feed65), ~ 90% (Feed90), or ~ 120% (Feed120) of metabolizable energy (ME) intakes relative to pre-calving requirements. Results Uterine health improved (i.e. polymorphonucleated (PMN) cells declined) with increased feeding during the close-up period for cows in the Overfed group. The reverse was evident for the Controlfed group with the greatest PMN at the highest intakes during the close-up period. The postpartum anoestrous interval (PPAI) was shorter in cows from the Overfed group when moderately fed (Feed90) during the close-up period; in comparison, the PPAI was shorter in the Controlfed group, when those cows were overfed in the close-up period (Feed120). The cows in the Overfed treatment had greater conception and pregnancy rates if cows had moderate dry matter intakes (Feed90) during the close-up period; these reproductive variables were less under excessive feed intakes (Feed120); yet, close-up dry matter intake had little effect on conception and pregnancy rates for the Controlfed group. Conclusions The far-off feeding strategies increased early reproductive outcomes at 3 weeks of mating. Additionally, the interaction between far-off and close-up feeding strategies resulted in high six-week pregnancy rate with a slight restriction during the close-up period but only in the far-off Overfed group. Thus, our hypothesis is supported under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Meier
- DairyNZ Limited, Private Bag 3221, Hamilton, 3240 New Zealand
| | - J K Kay
- DairyNZ Limited, Private Bag 3221, Hamilton, 3240 New Zealand
| | - B Kuhn-Sherlock
- DairyNZ Limited, Private Bag 3221, Hamilton, 3240 New Zealand
| | - A Heiser
- 2AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - M D Mitchell
- 3Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland University of Technology, Level 6, 62 Graham Street, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101 Australia
| | - M A Crookenden
- 2AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand.,4DairyNZ Limited, c/o University of Auckland, 3A Symonds St, Auckland, 1010 New Zealand
| | - M Vailati Riboni
- 5Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61801 USA
| | - J J Loor
- 5Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61801 USA
| | - J R Roche
- DairyNZ Limited, Private Bag 3221, Hamilton, 3240 New Zealand.,6Ministry for Primary Industries-Manatū Ahu Matua, Charles Ferguson Tower, Pipitea, Wellington, 6140 New Zealand.,7School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
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15
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Leal Yepes FA, Mann S, Martens EM, Velasco-Bolaños J, Ceballos-Marquez A, Puerto S, Gómez MI, McArt JAA. Blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations and early lactation management strategies on pasture-based dairy farms in Colombia. Prev Vet Med 2019; 174:104855. [PMID: 31864169 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The increasing global demand for food requires sustainable solutions to close the gap in agricultural yield between industrialized and non-industrialized countries. Our objectives in this cross-sectional study were to: 1) characterize farm populations, milk yield, and early lactation management strategies of dairy cows in three different regions of Colombia, and 2) determine the association of these management strategies with blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations in the first 42 days in milk (DIM). Dairy herds (n = 56) in the Antioquia, Caldas, and Cundinamarca regions of Colombia were visited once from May through July 2018. A survey was administered to farm owners to collect demographic, management, and herd nutrition information. Blood samples from dairy cows (n = 880) between calving and 42 DIM were used to measure blood BHB concentration. Associations between management and nutritional strategies and blood BHB concentration were examined using mixed models. Prevalence of hyperketonemia was calculated as the number of samples with BHB concentration ≥1.2 mmol/L divided by the total number of samples. The estimated diet composition for early lactation dairy cows was 65.5% pasture and 31.8% commercial concentrates. The farm median milk yield, protein concentration, and fat concentration were 21.0 kg (range = 13.1-36 kg), 3.2% (range = 2.7-4.1%), and 3.5% (range = 3.0-4.1%), respectively. Milk yield least squares means (95% confidence interval; CI) differed by region: 21.7 (20.3, 23.2), 18.5 (17.0, 20.2), and 20.3 (18.5, 22.4) kg in Antioquia, Caldas, and Cundinamarca, respectively. Median blood BHB concentration was 0.5 and ranged from 0.1-4.4 mmol/L; blood BHB concentration was not different among the three regions. Pasture fertilization, increased parity, and BCS were associated with changes in blood BHB concentration. The overall prevalence of hyperketonemia was 4.5%. Geographical region affected the prevalence of hyperketonemia at 2.5%, 4.0%, and 10.2% in Antioquia, Caldas, and Cundinamarca, respectively. Mean stocking density (95% CI) was greater in Cundinamarca than Antioquia or Caldas at 3.3 (2.2, 5.0), 2.8 (2.1, 3.9) and 1.7 (1.2, 2.6) animals per ha, respectively, and was associated with hyperketonemia prevalence. Farms that abruptly stop milking cows at dry-off had 80% of the hyperketonemia events in the study. Pasture-based dairies in Colombia had lower blood BHB concentrations and estimated milk yield compared with confined production systems in temperate zones. However, geographical region, stocking density, and abrupt cessation of milking at dry-off were associated with prevalence of hyperketonemia in pasture-based dairies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Leal Yepes
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Sabine Mann
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Martens
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Juan Velasco-Bolaños
- Faculty of Agricultural Research Sciences, CLEV Research Group, Universidad De Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Ceballos-Marquez
- Faculty of Agricultural Research Sciences, CLEV Research Group, Universidad De Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Sergio Puerto
- Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Miguel I Gómez
- Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jessica A A McArt
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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16
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Relationship between insulin, glucose, non-esterified fatty acid and indices of insulin resistance in obese cows during the dry period and early lactation. ACTA VET BRNO 2019. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201988020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine to relationship between glucose, insulin, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and indices of insulin resistance in the dry period (DP) and early lactation (EL). The importance of this study was in determining the relation between insulin sensitivity in DP and insulin resistance in EL. A total of 30 normally fed Holstein-Friesian cows with a high body condition score (> 3.75) were included in the study. Blood samples were collected in DP (weeks 5-7 ante partum) and EL (weeks 1-2 post partum). Cows in EL showed higher insulin resistance in comparison to DP due to a lower concentration of glucose and insulin, higher concentration of NEFA, lower value of revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index and higher values of glucose:insulin and NEFA:insulin ratios (lower pancreas responsivnes to glucose and antilipolytic effect of insulin). Higher concentrations of insulin and glucose in the DP lead to a decrease in their concentrations and an increase in glucose:insulin and NEFA:insulin ratios in the EL. The revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index in DP negatively correlates with the same index in EL, while positively correlating with the NEFA and NEFA:insulin ratio in EL. The EL revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index value was influenced by dynamic changes (DP minus EL) in the insulin, NEFA, and glucose concentrations. The relationship between the indicators shows that higher insulin sensitivity in the DP increases resistance in EL in normally fed obese dairy cows.
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17
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Girma DD, Ma L, Wang F, Jiang QR, Callaway TR, Drackley JK, Bu DP. Effects of close-up dietary energy level and supplementing rumen-protected lysine on energy metabolites and milk production in transition cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:7059-7072. [PMID: 31178198 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary energy levels and rumen-protected lysine supplementation on serum free fatty acid levels, β-hydroxybutyrate levels, dry matter (DM) intake, and milk production and composition. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design with 2 dietary energy levels [high net energy for lactation (NEL) = 1.53 Mcal/kg of DM vs. low NEL = 1.37 Mcal/kg of DM; HE vs. LE) fed either with rumen-protected lysine (bypass lysine; 40 g/cow per day) or without rumen-protected lysine (control). Sixty-eight third-lactation Holstein dairy cows entering their fourth lactation were randomly allocated to 4 treatments groups: HE with bypass lysine, HE without bypass lysine, LE with bypass lysine, and LE without bypass lysine. Groups were balanced based upon their expected calving date, previous milk yields, and body condition score. All cows were fed the same diet (NEL = 1.34 Mcal/kg of DM) during the dry period prior to the trial. Rumen-protected lysine was top-dressed on a total mixed ration to deliver 9.68 g/d of metabolizable lysine to pre- and postpartum cows. After calving, all cows received the same TMR (1.69 Mcal/kg of DM). Blood samples were collected at -21, -14, -7, 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21 d relative to calving, and free fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were measured. Amount of feed offered and orts were collected and measured for individual cows 4 d/wk. Milk samples were collected once per week following calving, and milk composition was analyzed. Feeding high NEL to close-up cows decreased the concentrations of free fatty acid and β-hydroxybutyrate in prepartum cows but not in postpartum cows. Addition of rumen-protected lysine increased postpartum DM intake, and decreased serum free fatty acid and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations. Neither energy nor rumen-protected lysine supplementation nor their interaction affected milk yield or fat or lactose yields. However, cows in the group receiving HE with bypass lysine tended to produce more milk compared with other groups and had a lower blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentration postpartum. These results indicate that feeding a high-energy diet together with rumen-protected lysine improved DM intake and lowered serum free fatty acid and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations in transition cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Girma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - L Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences-World Agroforestry Centre (CAAS-ICRAF) Joint Laboratory on Agroforestry and Sustainable Animal Husbandry, World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Beijing 100193, China
| | - F Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Q R Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - T R Callaway
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-2771
| | - J K Drackley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - D P Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences-World Agroforestry Centre (CAAS-ICRAF) Joint Laboratory on Agroforestry and Sustainable Animal Husbandry, World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Beijing 100193, China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Safety Animal Production, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China.
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18
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Liang Y, Batistel F, Parys C, Loor JJ. Glutathione metabolism and nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (NFE2L2)-related proteins in adipose tissue are altered by supply of ethyl-cellulose rumen-protected methionine in peripartal Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5530-5541. [PMID: 30954259 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Enhancing the supply of rumen-protected Met (RPM) during the peripartum period alleviates inflammation and oxidative stress status in dairy cows. We tested the hypothesis that RPM could increase abundance of genes and proteins related to glutathione (GSH) metabolism and the antioxidant transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (NFE2L2) in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Multiparous Holstein cows were fed a basal diet [control prepartum diet = 1.47 Mcal/kg of dry matter (DM) and 15.3% crude protein; control postpartum diet = 1.67 Mcal/kg of DM and 17.7% crude protein] or the control plus ethyl-cellulose RPM at a rate of 0.09 and 0.10% of DM intake before expected calving and after calving, respectively. Sixty cows were assigned to treatments based on parity, previous 305-d milk yield, and body condition score at 28 d from parturition. Diets were fed from -28 to 30 d. Biopsies of subcutaneous adipose tissue collected on d -10, 10, and 30 relative to parturition from 7 cows in each group were used for measuring concentrations of GSH, reactive oxygen species, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, and mRNA and protein abundance (Western blotting). A repeated-measures ANOVA was used for statistics. The statistical model included the random effect of block and fixed effects of treatment, time, and its interaction. There was a diet × time effect for reactive oxygen species due to lower concentrations in Met versus control cows specifically at d -10. Cows fed Met also had lower concentrations of malondialdehyde in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Compared with controls, overall mRNA abundance of the GSH metabolism-related genes cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM), glutathione reductase (GSR), and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) was greater in cows fed Met. Furthermore, supply of Met resulted in an overall upregulation of protein abundance of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) 1, GPX3, glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GSTM1), and glutathione S-transferase α 4 (GSTA4), all related to GSH metabolism. There was a diet × time effect for protein abundance of NFE2L2 and its repressor Kelch-like ECH associated protein 1 (KEAP1) due to lower values at 30 d in cows fed Met versus controls. The abundance of phosphorylated NFE2L2 was lower at 30 d in response to Met. Overall, the data suggest that exogenous Met may play a role in activating GSH metabolism and the antioxidant NFE2L2 pathways in subcutaneous adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liang
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - F Batistel
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan 84322
| | - C Parys
- Evonik Nutrition and Care GmbH, Hanau-Wolfgang, 63457, Germany
| | - J J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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Aylward B, Clark M, Galileo D, Baernard A, Wilson J, Brannick E, Gressley T, Fecteau M, Davis W, Dyer R. Immune cell populations residing in mesenteric adipose depots and mesenteric lymph nodes of lean dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:3452-3468. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Liang Y, Batistel F, Parys C, Loor JJ. Methionine supply during the periparturient period enhances insulin signaling, amino acid transporters, and mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway proteins in adipose tissue of Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:4403-4414. [PMID: 30879817 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced postruminal supply of Met during the periparturient period increases dry matter intake and milk yield. In nonruminants, adipose tissue is responsive to AA supply, and can use AA as fuels or for protein synthesis regulated in part via insulin and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Whether enhancing supply of Met has an effect on insulin and mTOR pathways in adipose tissue in peripartal cows is unknown. Multiparous Holstein cows were assigned from -28 to 60 d relative to parturition to a basal diet (control; 1.47 Mcal/kg of dry matter and 15.3% crude protein prepartum; 1.67 Mcal/kg and 17.7% crude protein postpartum) or the control plus ethyl-cellulose rumen-protected Met (RPM). The RPM was fed individually at a rate of 0.09% of dry matter intake prepartum and 0.10% postpartum. Subcutaneous adipose tissue harvested at -10, 10, and 30 d relative to parturition (days in milk) was used for quantitative PCR and Western blotting. A glucose tolerance test was performed at -12 and 12 d in milk to evaluate insulin sensitivity. Area under the curve for glucose in the pre- and postpartum tended to be smaller in cows fed Met. Enhanced Met supply led to greater overall mRNA abundance of Gln (SLC38A1), Glu (SLC1A1), l-type AA (Met, Leu, Val, Phe; SLC3A2), small zwitterionic α-AA (SLC36A1), and neutral AA (SLC1A5) transporters. Abundance of AKT1, RPS6KB1, and EIF4EBP1 was also upregulated in response to Met. A diet × day interaction was observed for protein abundance of insulin receptor due to Met cows having lower values at 30 d postpartum compared with controls. The diet × day interaction was significant for hormone-sensitive lipase due to Met cows having greater abundance at 10 d postpartum compared with controls. Enhanced Met supply upregulated protein abundance of insulin-responsive proteins phosphorylated (p)-AKT, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, and fatty acid synthase. Overall abundance of solute carrier family 2 member 4 tended to be greater in cows fed Met. A diet × day interaction was observed for mTOR protein abundance due to greater values for RPM cows at 30 d postpartum compared with controls. Enhanced RPM supply upregulated overall protein abundance of solute carrier family 1 member 3, p-mTOR, and ribosomal protein S6. Overall, data indicate that mTOR and insulin signaling pathways in adipose tissue adapt to the change in physiologic state during the periparturient period. Further studies should be done to clarify whether the activation of p-AKT or increased availability of AA leads to the activation of mTOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liang
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - F Batistel
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - C Parys
- Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, Hanau-Wolfgang, 63457, Germany
| | - J J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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21
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Lu Z, Du L, Liu R, Di R, Zhang L, Ma Y, Li Q, Liu E, Chu M, Wei C. MiR-378 and BMP-Smad can influence the proliferation of sheep myoblast. Gene 2018; 674:143-150. [PMID: 29908283 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) is a sort of endogenous ~20-25 nt non-coding RNAs, and it can regulate a variety of biological events. We found the miR-378 may involve in regulating the muscle development of sheep during our previous research. However, the molecular mechanism of miR-378 regulating myoblast proliferation is still unclear. In this research, we predicted that BMP2 (Bone morphogenetic protein 2) was the target gene of miR-378 and the BMP-Smad signal pathway that BMP2 participated in playing an important role in the muscle development. Therefore, we tried to determine whether miR-378 influence myoblast proliferation of sheep through the BMP-Smad signal pathway. The results indicated that inhibit BMP-Smad signal pathway by interfering Smad4 to promote proliferation of sheep myoblasts; promote BMP-Smad signal pathway by interfering Smad7 to inhibit proliferation of sheep myoblasts; over-expression miR-378 promotes BMP-Smad signal pathway and myoblast proliferation in sheep; interfering miR-378 inhibits BMP-Smad signal pathway and myoblast proliferation in sheep. However, when both of which functioned at the myoblast, miR-378 could not fully depend on BMP-Smad signal pathway to regulate myoblast proliferation. In sum, both miR-378 and BMP-Smad can influence the proliferation of myoblast, but miR-378 does not target the 3' UTR of sheep BMP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengkui Lu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Lixin Du
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ruizao Liu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ran Di
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Youji Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Qing Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Enmin Liu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mingxing Chu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Caihong Wei
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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22
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De Koster J, Strieder-Barboza C, de Souza J, Lock AL, Contreras GA. Short communication: Effects of body fat mobilization on macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue of early lactation dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:7608-7613. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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23
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Depreester E, De Koster J, Van Poucke M, Hostens M, Van den Broeck W, Peelman L, Contreras G, Opsomer G. Influence of adipocyte size and adipose depot on the number of adipose tissue macrophages and the expression of adipokines in dairy cows at the end of pregnancy. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:6542-6555. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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24
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Abstract
The adipose tissue serves an essential role for survival and reproduction in mammals, especially females. It serves primarily as an energy storage organ and is directly linked to the reproductive success of mammals. In wild animals, adipose tissue function is linked to seasonality of the food supply to support fetal growth and milk production. Adipose tissue depots in ruminants and non-ruminants can secrete many signal molecules (adipokines) that act as hormones and as pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The visceral adipose tissue especially appears to be more endocrinologically active than other adipose depots. The endocrine function is important for the overall long-term regulation of energy metabolism and plays an important role in the adaptation to lactation in many mammalian species, including humans. Furthermore, endocrine signals from adipose tissue depots contribute to fertility modulation, immune function, and inflammatory response. Energy homeostasis is modulated by changes in feed intake, insulin sensitivity, and energy expenditure, processes that can be influenced by adipokines in the brain and in peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P McNamara
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163, USA; .,McNamara Research in Agriculture Firm, Pullman, Washington 99163, USA
| | - K Huber
- Functional Anatomy of Livestock, University of Hohenheim, 70559 Stuttgart, Germany;
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25
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Lucy MC, Safranski TJ. Heat stress in pregnant sows: Thermal responses and subsequent performance of sows and their offspring. Mol Reprod Dev 2017; 84:946-956. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Lucy
- Division of Animal SciencesUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouri
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