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Szelényi Z, Szenci O, Bodó S, Kovács L. Noninfectious Causes of Pregnancy Loss at the Late Embryonic/Early Fetal Stage in Dairy Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3390. [PMID: 37958145 PMCID: PMC10650878 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In cattle, initial pregnancy diagnosis takes place during the late embryonic/early fetal stage of gestation. From this point onward, pregnancy loss may occur in up to one fifth of pregnancies before the initial pregnancy diagnosis is confirmed. This means the early identification of risk factors is a key part of pregnancy diagnosis and herd management. The various factors responsible for pregnancy losses are classified into infectious and noninfectious. Among the noninfectious causes, several dam-related (circumstances of the individual pregnancy or milk production) and herd-related factors causing stress have been well established. In this review, we summarize the impacts of these noninfectious factors and predict associated risks of pregnancy loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Szelényi
- Department of Obstetrics and Farm Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Ottó Szenci
- Department of Obstetrics and Farm Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Szilárd Bodó
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (S.B.); (L.K.)
| | - Levente Kovács
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (S.B.); (L.K.)
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2
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Henao-Gonzalez M, Ferrer MS, Jiménez-Escobar C, Palacio-Baena LG, Maldonado-Estrada JG. Ultrasonographic Screening of Dairy Cows with Normal Uterine Involution or Developing Postpartum Uterine Disease Using B-Mode, Color, and Spectral Doppler. Vet Med Int 2023; 2023:2597332. [PMID: 37745163 PMCID: PMC10516695 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2597332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Uterine involution, ovarian activity, and incidence of postpartum uterine disease (PUD) were assessed in forty-eight dairy cows from calving until the 10th postpartum week. Postpartum follow-up included evaluation of uterine involution and ovarian structures by B-mode, Doppler color, and Doppler spectral ultrasound of the right uterine artery in cows with no calving or postpartum uterine problems (healthy cows). Data from cows that developed PUD (PUD cows) were compared with healthy cows matched by herd and days in milk (DIM). Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, simple regression, one-way ANOVA, or repeated ANOVA measures, and in data analysis of healthy cows, uterine horn diameter assessed by B-mode ultrasound ranged from 22.9 ± 2.4 to 19.4 ± 1.4 mm and 19.9 ± 2.2 to 20.5 ± 2.3 mm from the fourth to the seventh postpartum week in the left and right uterine horns, respectively (P > 0.05). During the study, 15 and 7 cows had corpus luteum in the left and right ovaries, respectively. The mean time for the first postpartum CL was 30.1 ± 3.2 DIM (min 8, max 67 DIM). In data analysis of PUD cows, uterine blood flow assessed by color Doppler ranged from 7.4 ± 4.0 to 43.75 ± 10.3% in cows that developed PUD compared to 16.7 ± 11.0% in healthy cows (P > 0.05). No statistically significant changes were found in resistance index, pulsatility index, time-averaged maximum velocity, time-averaged mean velocity, or diastole/systole ratio (D/S) in cows that developed PUD compared to healthy cows (P > 0.05). Finally, no correlation was found between Doppler spectral parameters and uterine involution (P > 0.05). Our data suggest that cows receiving transition diets and exhibiting normal calving undergo a rapid macroscopic uterine involution and ovarian follicular dynamics resumption. Complete ultrasound evaluation provides valuable data for assessing uterine involution in postpartum dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Henao-Gonzalez
- One Health and Veterinary Innovative Research and Development (OHVRI-Group), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050034, Colombia
| | - María S. Ferrer
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Claudia Jiménez-Escobar
- Reproductive Biotechnology Laboratory, Section of Theriogenology and Herd Health, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, National University of Colombia, Bogota, DC, Colombia
| | - Luis G. Palacio-Baena
- One Health and Veterinary Innovative Research and Development (OHVRI-Group), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050034, Colombia
| | - Juan G. Maldonado-Estrada
- One Health and Veterinary Innovative Research and Development (OHVRI-Group), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050034, Colombia
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Albaaj A, Durocher J, LeBlanc S, Dufour S. Meta-analysis of the incidence of pregnancy losses in dairy cows at different stages to 90 days of gestation. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 4:144-148. [PMID: 36974208 PMCID: PMC10039243 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2022-0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy losses are a biological challenge and economically important in dairy herds. A meta-analysis was conducted to quantify losses in 4 periods from 19 to 90 d of pregnancy corresponding to the physiological development of gestation in dairy cows. A total of 19,723 diagnostic records from 46 studies were included. Pregnancy losses averaged 27%, 13%, 7%, and 2% in the early embryonic (19 to 32 d), late embryonic (30 to 45 d), early fetal (45 to 60 d), and later fetal (60 to 90 d) stages. These results provide a formal synthesis of the incidence of pregnancy losses in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Albaaj
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, C. P. 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada, J2S 7C6
- Corresponding author
| | - J. Durocher
- Lactanet, 555, boul. Des Anciens-Combattants, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada, H9X 3R4
| | - S.J. LeBlanc
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - S. Dufour
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, C. P. 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada, J2S 7C6
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Rotheneder S, González-Grajales LA, Beck H, Bootz F, Bollwein H. Variability of bovine conceptus-related volumes in early pregnancy measured with transrectal three-dimensional ultrasonography. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:4534-4546. [PMID: 35307186 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Up until now, bovine fetometry has been entirely based on 2-dimensional ultrasonography. Fetal size is estimated by several linear measurements such as crown-rump length (CRL). However, the advent of 3-dimensional ultrasonography (3D-US) provides in vivo access to the volumes of the fetus and its amniotic sac. The objective of this preliminary observational study was to determine the variability of conceptus-related volumes using transrectal 3D-US in dairy cows and to identify factors affecting them. Furthermore, relationships between the gained measurements and calf birth weight were investigated. In total, 315 Simmental and Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were transrectally examined at d 42 after breeding using a portable ultrasound device (Voluson I, GE Healthcare). Gestational volumes including fetal volume (FV) and amniotic sac volume (ASV) were determined with the software tool VOCAL (Virtual Organ Computer-Aided Analysis, GE Healthcare), whereas amniotic fluid volume (AFV) values were derived from the subtraction of FV from ASV. The CRL was determined by means of 3-dimensional data. The mean values and standard deviations for FV, ASV, AFV, and CRL were 1.47 ± 0.25 cm3, 5.86 ± 1.22 cm3, 4.38 ± 1.02 cm3, and 2.38 ± 0.18 cm, respectively. All gestational volumes and CRL values were affected by breed. In Simmental cattle, larger concepti were observed compared with pregnancies derived from Holstein-Friesian animals. Parity affected only ASV and AFV, with heifers showing greater values than lactating cows. The CRL was positively associated with milk protein content. It was not possible to predict calf weight at birth by using FV, ASV, or AFV; however, tendencies were found for ASV and AFV. The present study was the first to adopt 3D-US volumetry to assess early pregnancy development in dairy cattle. Our results showed that this method could be used successfully to identify minor variations in conceptus growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rotheneder
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Tierarztpraxis Herrmann, Rankhofstraße 24, 79274 St. Märgen, Germany.
| | - L A González-Grajales
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H Beck
- Tierarztpraxis Dr. Bootz, Schlößlestraße 43, 88356 Ostrach, Germany
| | - F Bootz
- Tierarztpraxis Dr. Bootz, Schlößlestraße 43, 88356 Ostrach, Germany
| | - H Bollwein
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Guedes PHE, Pinna AE, Morais RDCL, de Souza GN, Jacob JCF, Carvalho CFPDM, Nogueira LAG, Oliveira CS. Doppler evaluation of recipient cows treated with progesterone and estradiol. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/an21298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Szenci O. Recent Possibilities for the Diagnosis of Early Pregnancy and Embryonic Mortality in Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061666. [PMID: 34204926 PMCID: PMC8229416 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pregnancy diagnosis plays an essential role in decreasing days open in dairy farms; therefore, it is very important to select an accurate method for diagnosing early pregnancy. Besides traditional pregnancy diagnoses made by rectal palpation of the uterus from 40 to 60 days after AI and measuring the serum or milk progesterone concentration between 18 to 24 days after AI, there are several new possibilities to diagnose early pregnancy in dairy farms. However, it is very important to emphasize that before introducing any new diagnostic test, we need to make sure the accuracy of that particular test to be able to decrease the rate of iatrogenic pregnancy losses caused by prostaglandin or resynchronization treatments. This review focuses on the diagnostic possibilities and limitations of early pregnancy diagnosis in the field. Abstract One of the most recent techniques for the on-farm diagnosis of early pregnancy (EP) in cattle is B-mode ultrasonography. Under field conditions, acceptable results may be achieved with ultrasonography from Days 25 to 30 post-AI. The reliability of the test greatly depends on the frequency of the transducer used, the skill of the examiner, the criterion used for a positive pregnancy diagnosis (PD), and the position of the uterus in the pelvic inlet. Non-pregnant animals can be selected accurately by evaluating blood flow in the corpus luteum around Day 20 after AI, meaning we can substantially improve the reproductive efficiency of our herd. Pregnancy protein assays (PSPB, PAG-1, and PSP60 RIA, commercial ELISA or rapid visual ELISA tests) may provide an alternative method to ultrasonography for determining early pregnancy or late embryonic/early fetal mortality (LEM/EFM) in dairy cows. Although the early pregnancy factor is the earliest specific indicator of fertilization, at present, its detection is entirely dependent on the use of the rosette inhibition test; therefore, its use in the field needs further developments. Recently found biomarkers like interferon-tau stimulated genes or microRNAs may help us diagnose early pregnancy in dairy cows; however, these tests need further developments before their general use in the farms becomes possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottó Szenci
- Department of Obstetrics and Food Animal Medicine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, H-2225 Üllő-Dóra Major, Hungary
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Perez Guerra UH, Bustamante Quispe CW, Luque Mamani N, Huayta Arizaca RF, Condori Chuchi EA, Catacora Flores NL, Pérez Durand MG. Caracterization ultrasonographic B-mode and Doppler of the corpus luteum in llamas. JOURNAL OF THE SELVA ANDINA ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.36610/j.jsaas.2021.080100003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Perez Guerra UH, Bustamante Quispe CW, Luque Mamani N, Huayta Arizaca RF, Condori Chuchi EA, Catacora Flores NL, Pérez Durand MG. Caracterización ultrasonográfica modo-B y Doppler del cuerpo lúteo en llamas. JOURNAL OF THE SELVA ANDINA ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.36610/j.jsaas.2021.080100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Peixoto PM, Hubner AM, Junior WMC, Cunha LL, Garrett EF, Pohler KG, Dias NW, Mercadante VRG, Canisso IF, Lima FS. Characterization of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins and progesterone as a predictor of twins and conceptus loss in high-risk-pregnancy Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:5034-5046. [PMID: 33612217 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize plasma concentrations of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) and progesterone (P4) as predictors of twins and pregnancy loss in Holstein cows with high-risk pregnancies. High-risk pregnancy was characterized using transrectal ultrasonography 37 d after artificial insemination (AI) based on the following criteria: small embryo size <15 mm, n = 10), slow heartbeat (<60 beats per minute, n = 11), and extra-amniotic membrane (additional amniotic membrane, n = 3). A cohort of twins (n = 41) diagnosed at d 37 post-AI was also enrolled. Each high-risk and twin pregnancy cow was paired with a cow of the same parity carrying a normal singleton at d 37 post-AI (control, n = 65). Blood samples were collected to measure PAG and P4 at d 37, 44, and 51 post-AI. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA, logistic regression, and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve with JMP software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Pregnancy loss at d 51 post-AI was greater in high-risk pregnancies than in controls and twins (control = 1.5%; high-risk = 87.5%; twins = 12.2%). Concentration of PAG at d 37 post-AI did not differ among groups (control = 5.3 ± 0.7; high-risk = 4.8 ± 1.2; twins = 4.0 ± 0.9 ng/mL). Concentration of P4 at d 37 post-AI was greater in twins than in high-risk pregnancies and control, and lesser in high-risk pregnancies than in controls (control = 7.0 ± 0.3; high-risk = 5.9 ± 0.4; twins = 8.4 ± 0.3 ng/mL). Regression and ROC analysis for PAG at d 37 post-AI did not find a threshold to predict pregnancy loss or twins. Regression and ROC analysis for P4 at d 37 post-AI found that a threshold of 6.5 ng/mL predicted pregnancy loss with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.64, and a threshold of 7.2 ng/mL predicted twins with AUC of 0.71. In summary, pregnancy loss and twins were predicted with only moderate accuracy by P4 concentration at d 37 post-AI, and the variability in PAG concentrations at d 37 post-AI was not sufficient to generate a threshold to predict pregnancy loss and twins in Holstein lactating cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Peixoto
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana 61802
| | - A M Hubner
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana 61802; Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61802
| | - W M C Junior
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana 61802
| | - L L Cunha
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana 61802
| | - E F Garrett
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana 61802
| | - K G Pohler
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - N W Dias
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg 24061
| | - V R G Mercadante
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg 24061
| | - I F Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana 61802; Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61802
| | - F S Lima
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana 61802; Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61802; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616.
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Pregnancy Loss (28-110 Days of Pregnancy) in Holstein Cows: A Retrospective Study. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10060925. [PMID: 32466555 PMCID: PMC7341324 DOI: 10.3390/ani10060925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary High-yield dairy cow farms have implemented high technified management for the last few decades, aiming at optimizing productions with the best animal welfare canons. A key point to achieve this is the reproductive performance. Around 12% of cattle suffer pregnancy loss during the late embryonic/early foetal period (between 28 and 110 day of pregnancy). Thus, our objective was to study the pregnancy losses occurring in eight different Spanish high-yielding Holstein dairy herds, in locations with severe heat stress during the summer, to examine the link between pregnancy loss and different management factors. Some factors, previously confirmed as significant ones, such as the technician who performed artificial insemination (AI), fixed-time or after observed oestrus AI, the bull used, type of semen or season, did not affect pregnancy loss in our study. Moreover, older cows (compared to heifers), first artificial inseminations (compared to ≥2nd ones) and pregnancies after fixed-time-AI (compared to AI after observed oestrus and natural breedings) were definitively associated to higher pregnancy loss. Therefore, farmers and consultants should adapt their prevention strategies relating to pregnancy loss, particularly, to the parity of the cattle and to type and rank of AI. Abstract The objective of this retrospective study was to investigate the prevalence of pregnancy loss (PL; between 28–110 pregnancy days) and its relationship with factors: farm, year (2015–2018), season, artificial insemination (AI)-rank, parity, AI-type (fixed-time vs. oestrus-AI), previous PL, days in milk (DIM), fixed-time-AI protocol, AI-technician, bull, and semen-type (sexed vs. conventional). Data of 19,437 Holstein cattle AIs from eight Spanish farms were studied. Overall conception rate was 34.3% (6696/19,437) and PL 12.3% (822/6696). The PL was more likely to occur in primiparous (10.8%, odds ratio (OR) = 1.35; p = 0.04) and multiparous (15.3%; OR = 2.02, p < 0.01) than in heifers (PL = 6.9%, reference). Pregnancies achieved with AI after observed oestrus and natural breedings were associated with less PL than pregnancies after fixed-time-AI (12.7 vs. 11.9%; OR = 0.12, p = 0.01). First AIs related to higher PL than ≥2nd AIs (PL = 13.8% vs. 11.2; OR = 0.73, p < 0.01). The factors season, fixed-time-AI protocol, DIM, bull, AI-technician, or type of semen were not significantly associated with PL. Therefore, farmers and consultants should adapt their preventive strategies relating to PL, particularly, to the parity of the cattle.
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Changes in Doppler indices throughout pregnancy in queens. ACTA VET BRNO 2020. [DOI: 10.2754/avb202089010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Doppler ultrasonography (D-USG) is a non-invasive technique that has become an increasingly essential tool in veterinary theriogenology. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes of Doppler indices in the foetal aorta (FA), foetal vena cava (FVC), umbilical artery (UA), and uteroplacental artery (UPA) in pregnant queens, thereby advancing knowledge about Doppler findings in normal feline pregnancy. The study was conducted with 10 pregnant queens with known gestational age. Doppler ultrasonography was performed every three days beginning from the 21st day to the 60th day of pregnancy. The pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI) of FA, FVC, UA and UPA were recorded during the D-USG examinations. Although a declining trend was seen in the mean RI of FA, a comparison with earlier sampling periods revealed that significant decreases (P < 0.05) did not occur until Days 30 and 60. While PI of FVC was relatively constant, RI varied througout pregnancy. The PI and RI of UPA values were significantly lower (P < 0.05) on Day 60 when compared to the first five sampling periods for PI and the first six sampling periods for RI. The study concludes that the decrease in UA indices is a precursor for delivery time in queens. However, there is a need for further comparative studies involving impaired pregnancies.
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Abdelnaby EA, Abo El-Maaty AM, El-Badry DA. Ovarian and uterine arteries blood flow waveform response in the first two cycles following superstimulation in cows. Reprod Domest Anim 2020; 55:701-710. [PMID: 32145122 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the ovarian and uterine blood flow responses, hemodynamic, circulating ovarian hormones and nitric oxide (NO) after end of treatment by Folltropin. Holstein Friesian (12) cows previously synchronized with CIDR underwent Doppler ultrasound after administrating of FSH daily for 4 days in eight injections started on day 10 of the second ovulation (day -5). Oestradiol (E2), progesterone (P4) and nitric oxide (NOMs) were measured. During the follicular phase, follicle area and antrum area of the second cycle reached maximum value on the day of ovulation compared with that in the first cycle, while during the luteal phase, both showed a pattern of increase and decrease. The luteal area and total coloured area increased till day 10 in the first and second cycle. The first cycle ipsilateral ovarian artery (Ov.A) had higher pulsatility (PI) (p = .001), resistance (RI) (p = .001), peak velocity (PSV) (p = .009) and lower end-diastolic velocity (EDV) (p = .003) compared with the second cycle. The increased ipsilateral Ov.A PSV (p = .009) was accompanied by lower EDV. The first cycle ipsilateral middle uterine artery (MUA) had higher PI (p = .001) and RI (p = .001), with lower PSV (p = .001) and EDV (p = .001). It was concluded that blood flow of ovarian and middle uterine arteries changed after the end of superstimulation as the increased ipsilateral Ov. A and MUA PSVs accompanied by lower EDV and both Doppler indices that reflect the amount of ovarian and uterine blood flow waveform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elshymaa A Abdelnaby
- Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amal M Abo El-Maaty
- Animal Reproduction and AI Department, Veterinary Division, National Research Centre, Dokk, Giza, Egypt
| | - Diya A El-Badry
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo transfer Department, Animal Reproduction Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
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13
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Ealy AD, Seekford ZK. Symposium review: Predicting pregnancy loss in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:11798-11804. [PMID: 31587904 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Several tools exist to diagnose pregnancy in dairy cattle. However, substantial pregnancy loss occurs within the first 60 d of gestation in cattle, and these losses have a profound adverse economic impact on the dairy and beef cattle industries. Detecting these impending pregnancy losses could offer producers an opportunity to reduce costs associated with this source of reproductive inefficiency. Several of the pregnancy diagnostic tools currently available and new technologies are being examined for their ability to predict pregnancies at risk for failing in early pregnancy. This review provides a synopsis of work undertaken recently to predict pregnancy losses in cattle. Currently, opportunities to predict pregnancy loss include (1) using transrectal ultrasonography to detect loss of the fetal heartbeat, floating debris within the placental fluids, and reductions in fetal size; (2) observing reductions in circulating progesterone concentrations; (3) detecting reductions in concentrations of circulating placental products; namely, pregnancy-associated glycoproteins and microRNAs; and (4) detecting reductions in the early pregnancy-dependent increase in interferon-stimulatory gene expression in peripheral blood leukocytes. An achievable goal may be to identify markers of embryo mortality so that researchers and clinicians can focus their efforts on developing intervention strategies for cows identified to be at risk for pregnancy failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Ealy
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061.
| | - Zachary K Seekford
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
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14
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Claus LAM, Barca Junior FA, Koetz Junior C, Pereira GR, Fávaro PDC, Galdioli VHG, Seneda MM, Ribeiro ELDA. Scrotal skin thickness, testicular shape and vascular perfusion using Doppler ultrasonography in bulls. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Siqueira LG, Arashiro EK, Ghetti AM, Souza ED, Feres LF, Pfeifer LF, Fonseca JF, Viana JH. Vascular and morphological features of the corpus luteum 12 to 20 days after timed artificial insemination in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5612-5622. [PMID: 30954257 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to retrospectively compare pregnant versus nonpregnant cattle in terms of vascular and morphometric changes in corpora lutea between d 12 and 20 following timed artificial insemination (TAI). Crossbred (Gir × Holstein) lactating dairy cows (n = 136) and heifers (n = 111) were bred after synchronizing ovulations using an estradiol plus progesterone (P4)-based protocol. Corpus luteum (CL) characteristics (area, echotexture, blood flow) were recorded at 48-h intervals from d 12 to 20 following TAI using an ultrasound equipped with color Doppler. Blood samples were collected to determine CL function (plasma P4). Pregnancy diagnosis was performed at d 30. Quantitative assessment of colored pixels within the CL was performed using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD) and echotexture was quantified using custom software. Continuous variables such as luteal tissue area (LTA), CL blood flow (CLBF), adjusted CLBF (ratio LTA:CLBF), mean pixel value (MPV), pixel heterogeneity (HETER), and plasma P4 were analyzed retrospectively as repeated measures (d 12 to 20) in pregnant versus nonpregnant females using PROC MIXED (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Main effects were pregnancy status, day of cycle, and their interaction. Further analyses used only data from d 16, because this was the earliest time point of deviation between CLBF of pregnant and nonpregnant animals. We created quartiles for each variable and calculated the risk of pregnancy within quartile. Differences were determined using the chi-squared test. Plasma P4 was significantly higher in prospective pregnant versus nonpregnant cattle on d 18 and 20, whereas LTA differed only on d 20. On d 16, CLBF and adjusted CLBF diverged between pregnant and nonpregnant, followed by a progressive reduction in the latter until d 20. Mean pixel value was not affected by pregnancy status, but HETER was lower on d 20 in pregnant than in nonpregnant cattle. Likelihood of pregnancy increased from quartile (Q)1 (lowest values) to Q4 (highest) of CLBF (Q4 vs. Q1, odds ratio = 32.8, 95% confidence interval: 9.6 to 112.1) and adjusted CLBF [Q4 vs. Q1, odds ratio = 25.4, 95% confidence interval: 8.1 to 80.4), whereas a lower risk of pregnancy was observed only for animals within Q1 of plasma P4 [Q4 vs. Q1, odds ratio = 3.1, 95% confidence interval: 1.3 to 7.2). Day 16 quartiles of LTA, MPV, and HETER did not affect odds of pregnancy. In conclusion, we identified distinct CLBF patterns as early as 16 d after TAI and confirmed that CL function is lost by a reduction in blood flow, which precedes physical regression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eliza D Souza
- Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil 36038-330
| | - Luiz F Feres
- Universidade Jose do Rosario Vellano, Alfenas, MG, Brazil 37130-000
| | | | | | - João H Viana
- Universidade Jose do Rosario Vellano, Alfenas, MG, Brazil 37130-000; Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil 70770-917.
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16
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Hassan M, Arshad U, Bilal M, Sattar A, Avais M, Bollwein H, Ahmad N. Luteal blood flow measured by Doppler ultrasonography during the first three weeks after artificial insemination in pregnant and non-pregnant Bos indicus dairy cows. J Reprod Dev 2018; 65:29-36. [PMID: 30393273 PMCID: PMC6379759 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2018-084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if there are differences in luteal size (LS), progesterone (P4), and luteal blood flow (LBF) between pregnant and non-pregnant Bos
indicus dairy cows during the first three weeks after insemination, and whether these parameters are related to each other. Lactating cows (n = 13) of mixed parity with a body
weight of 430 ± 18 kg (mean ± SD), showing regular estrous cycle were used in the study. All cows were artificially inseminated and were classified as pregnant (embryonic heartbeat on day
30; n = 8) or non-pregnant (inter-estrus interval 17 to 21 days, n = 5). In order to compare the LS and LBF after artificial insemination, B-mode and color Doppler ultrasonography of ovaries
were performed on days 4, 5, 6, 7 (first week), 8, 10, 12, 14, (second week), and 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 (third week) in pregnant and non-pregnant cows. Results revealed that the mean LBF
was consistently higher (P < 0.05) during days 7 through 21 in pregnant cows than in non-pregnant cows. The mean LS was higher (P < 0.05) on days 6 and 7, and from day 17 onwards, and
the mean concentration of P4 was higher (P < 0.05) on days 19, 20, and 21 in pregnant cows. In conclusion, LBF is a more sensitive parameter than LS and P4 for detection of differences in
luteal function between pregnant and non-pregnant Bos indicus dairy cows during the first three weeks after AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubbashar Hassan
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.,Present: Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Usman Arshad
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Department of Statistics and Computer Science, Faculty of Life Sciences and Business Management, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Sattar
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Avais
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Heinrich Bollwein
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Nasim Ahmad
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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17
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Abdelnaby EA, Abo El-Maaty AM, Ragab RSA, Seida AA. Dynamics of uterine and ovarian arteries flow velocity waveforms and their relation to follicular and luteal growth and blood flow vascularization during the estrous cycle in Friesian cows. Theriogenology 2018; 121:112-121. [PMID: 30144733 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Doppler ultrasonography enabled understanding of the reproductive system hemodynamics in cyclic and pregnant cattle. To confirm the hypothesis that the ipsilateral ovarian and uterine arterial blood flows to the ovulating ovary are higher than the contralateral one along days and phases (follicular, early luteal, mid-luteal, late luteal) of the estrous cycle, eight cyclic spontaneously ovulating cows were scanned with Doppler ultrasound each other day along three oestrous cycles to monitor the follicular dynamics, the vascularization of the ovulatory follicle (OF), the corpus luteum (CL) developmental dynamics, the ipsilateral and the contralateral ovarian and uterine arterial diameters and their blood flow. Results proved the hypothesis. Both days and phases of the estrus cycle influenced (P = 0.0001) the follicular dynamic, the luteal hemodynamics, the ovarian and uterine hemodynamic. The ovulatory wave and the mid-luteal non-ovulatory wave had expanding numbers and the diameters of small, medium and large follicles. Though area, antral area, vascularization area of the OF ascended from Day -4 to the day of ovulation (Day 0), but the percent of its vascularization area and that of granulose layer increased till Day -3. The CL diameter increase till Day 15, and its vascularization area increased till Day 13, but its% of vascularization area ascended (P = 0.0001) from Days 1-4 and declined from Days 9-13. Both RI and PI of the ipsilateral ovarian artery were lower than the contralateral one; but, both obtained high values during the follicular phase. A linear increase (P = 0.0001) of uterine horns vascularization area and both ovarian and uterine arteries diameters, PSV and EDV from follicular to late luteal phases accompanied a linear decrease of their PI and RI. In conclusion, the ovarian and uterine blood flows vary according to the estrous day, estrous phase, the ovulating ovary, ovulatory follicle growth and corpus luteum developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elshymaa A Abdelnaby
- Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Amal M Abo El-Maaty
- Animal Reproduction and AI Dept., Veterinary Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Refaat S A Ragab
- Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Adel A Seida
- Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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