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Dias AVL, Messana JD, Granja-Salcedo YT, Alfonso YFM, Silva LG, Camargo KDV, Alves KLGC, Gonçalves PH, Reis RA, Berchielli TT. Efficiency of Amino Acid Utilization in Nellore Cattle Grazing Low-Quality Forage Supplemented with Different Sources of Nitrogen. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1622. [PMID: 37629480 PMCID: PMC10456030 DOI: 10.3390/life13081622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementation with non-protein nitrogen (NPN) or ruminal undegradable protein (RUP) on intake, digestibility, and amino acid (AA) use efficiency of Nellore cattle grazing during the dry season. Eight Nellore steers (12 ± 2 months old) were used in quadruplicate Latin squares (2 × 2). The animals were placed on Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés under continuous grazing. The treatments included the following: (1) urea supplementation (NPN) and (2) supplementation of corn gluten meal 60 (CGM, RUP). Animals supplemented with CGM showed higher intakes of dry matter (DM) supplement, total AA, essential AA, and individual AA. The supplementation did not affect the total AA digestibility, total AA flux, and the AA fluxes of microbial origin and RUP from the diet (p > 0.05). The ruminal microorganism origin flux of total AA to the duodenum was 44.5% and 52.7% for animals supplemented with NPN and CGM, respectively. Animals supplemented with CGM showed an increase in blood concentrations of isoleucine (+19.09 μmol/L), cystine (+27.29 μmol/L), and albumin (+0.11 g/dL) (p < 0.05), but this increase was not accompanied by an improvement in N use efficiency of steers (p > 0.05). RUP supplementation via CGM can be an efficient nutritional strategy to enhance the intake and absorption of AA by Nellore cattle grazing low-quality forage during the dry season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Veronica Lino Dias
- Department of Agricultural, Livestock and Environmental Biotechnology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil;
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (Y.T.G.-S.); (Y.F.M.A.); (L.G.S.); (K.D.V.C.); (K.L.G.C.A.); (P.H.G.); (R.A.R.); (T.T.B.)
| | - Juliana Duarte Messana
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (Y.T.G.-S.); (Y.F.M.A.); (L.G.S.); (K.D.V.C.); (K.L.G.C.A.); (P.H.G.); (R.A.R.); (T.T.B.)
| | - Yury Tatiana Granja-Salcedo
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (Y.T.G.-S.); (Y.F.M.A.); (L.G.S.); (K.D.V.C.); (K.L.G.C.A.); (P.H.G.); (R.A.R.); (T.T.B.)
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria, AGROSAVIA, Centro de Investigación El Nus, San Roque 053037, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Yeison Fabian Murilo Alfonso
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (Y.T.G.-S.); (Y.F.M.A.); (L.G.S.); (K.D.V.C.); (K.L.G.C.A.); (P.H.G.); (R.A.R.); (T.T.B.)
| | - Lorrayny Galoro Silva
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (Y.T.G.-S.); (Y.F.M.A.); (L.G.S.); (K.D.V.C.); (K.L.G.C.A.); (P.H.G.); (R.A.R.); (T.T.B.)
| | - Karine Dalla Vecchia Camargo
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (Y.T.G.-S.); (Y.F.M.A.); (L.G.S.); (K.D.V.C.); (K.L.G.C.A.); (P.H.G.); (R.A.R.); (T.T.B.)
| | - Kênia Larissa Gomes Carvalho Alves
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (Y.T.G.-S.); (Y.F.M.A.); (L.G.S.); (K.D.V.C.); (K.L.G.C.A.); (P.H.G.); (R.A.R.); (T.T.B.)
| | - Paloma Helena Gonçalves
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (Y.T.G.-S.); (Y.F.M.A.); (L.G.S.); (K.D.V.C.); (K.L.G.C.A.); (P.H.G.); (R.A.R.); (T.T.B.)
| | - Ricardo Andrade Reis
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (Y.T.G.-S.); (Y.F.M.A.); (L.G.S.); (K.D.V.C.); (K.L.G.C.A.); (P.H.G.); (R.A.R.); (T.T.B.)
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia/Ciência Animal, Viçosa 36570-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Telma Teresinha Berchielli
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (Y.T.G.-S.); (Y.F.M.A.); (L.G.S.); (K.D.V.C.); (K.L.G.C.A.); (P.H.G.); (R.A.R.); (T.T.B.)
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia/Ciência Animal, Viçosa 36570-000, MG, Brazil
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Hanigan MD, Souza VC, Martineau R, Daley VL, Kononoff P. Predicting ruminally undegraded and microbial protein flows from the rumen. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:8685-8707. [PMID: 33985783 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the present work were (1) to identify the cause of the linear bias in predictions of rumen-undegradable protein (RUP) content of feeds, and devise methods to remove the bias from prediction equations, and (2) to further explore the impact of rumen-degradable protein (RDP) on microbial N (MiN) outflow from the rumen. The kinetic model used by NRC (2001), which is based on protein fractionation and rates of degradation (Kd) and passage (Kp), displays considerable slope bias (-0.30 kg/kg), indicating parameter or structural problems. Regressing Kp by feed class and a static adjustment factor for the in situ-derived Kd on observed RUP flows completely resolved the slope bias problem, and the model performed significantly better than models using unadjusted Kd and marker-based Kp. The Kd adjustment was 3.82%/h, which represents approximately a 50% increase in rates of degradation over the in situ values, indicating that in situ analyses severely underestimate true rates of protein degradation. The Kp for concentrate-derived protein was 5.83%/h, which was slightly less than the marker-predicted rate of 6.69%/h. However, the derived forage protein rate was 0.49%/h, which was considerably less than the marker-based rate of 5.07%/h. Compartmental analysis of data from a single study corroborated the regression analysis, indicating that a 25% reduction in the overall passage rate and an 87% increase in the rate of degradation were required to align ruminal N pool sizes and the extent of protein degradation with the observed data. Therefore, one must conclude that both the in situ-derived degradation rates and the marker-based particle passage rates are biased relative to protein passage and cannot be used directly to predict RUP outflow from the rumen. The effects of RDP supply on microbial nitrogen (MiN) flow were apparent when intakes of individual nutrients were offered but not when DM intake and individual nutrient concentrations were offered, due to collinearity problems. Microbial N flow from the rumen was found to be linearly related to ruminally degraded starch, ruminally degraded neutral detergent fiber (NDF), RDP, and forage NDF intakes; and quadratically related to residual OM intake. More complicated models containing 2- and 3-way interactions among nutrients were also supported by the data. Independent MiN responses to RDP, ruminally degraded starch, and ruminally degraded NDF aligned with the expected responses to each of those nutrients. Nonlinear representations of MiN were found to be inferior to the linear models. Despite using unbiased predictions of RUP and MiN as drivers of AA flows, predictions of Arg, His, Ile, and Lys flow exhibited linear slope bias relative to the observed data, indicating that representations of the AA composition of the proteins may be biased or the observed data are biased. This is an improvement over the NRC (2001) predictions, where bias adjustments were required for all of the essential AA. Despite the bias for 4 AA flows, the revised prediction system was a substantial improvement over the prior work.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Hanigan
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24060.
| | - V C Souza
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24060
| | - R Martineau
- Agricultural and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - V L Daley
- National Animal Nutrition Program, Virginia Tech, and Land O'Lakes/Purina Animal Nutrition Center, Gray Summit, MO 63039
| | - P Kononoff
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68585
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Huang X, Yoder PS, Campos L, Huang E, Hanigan MD. A method of assessing essential amino acid availability from microbial and ruminally undegraded protein in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:1777-1793. [PMID: 33309365 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to extend a stable isotope-based assessment of AA absorption from rumen-degradable protein (RDP) sources to include determination of essential AA (EAA) availability from microbial protein (MCP). To demonstrate the technique, a study using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments applied in a repeated 4 × 4 Latin square design was undertaken. Factors were high and low rumen-degradable protein and high and low starch. Twelve lactating cows were blocked into 3 groups according to days in milk and randomly assigned to the 4 treatment sequences. Each period was 14 d in length with 10 d of adaption followed by 4 d of ruminal infusions of 15N-labeled ammonium sulfate. On the last day of each period, a 13C-labeled AA mixture was infused into the jugular vein over a 6-h period to assess total AA entry. Rumen, blood, urine, and milk samples were collected during the infusions. Ruminal bacteria and blood samples were assessed for AA enrichment. Total plasma AA absorption rates were derived for 6 EAA from plasma 13C AA enrichment. Absorption of 6 EAA from MCP was calculated from total AA absorption based on 15N enrichment in blood and rumen bacteria. Essential AA absorption rates from total protein, MCP, and rumen-undegradable protein were derived with standard errors of the mean of 6, 14, and 14%, respectively. An average of 45% of absorbed EAA were from MCP, which varied among 6 EAA and was interactively affected by starch and RDP in diets. Microbial AA availability measured by isotope dilution method increased with the high RDP diets and was unaffected by starch level, except for Met, which decreased with high starch. Microbial protein outflow, estimated from urinary purine derivatives, increased with RDP and was not significantly affected by starch. This was consistent with measurements from the isotope dilution method. Total AA absorption rates measured from isotope dilution were similar to estimates from CNCPS (v. 6.55), but a lower proportion of absorbed AA was derived from MCP for the former method. Compared with the isotope and CNCPS estimates, the Fleming model underestimated microbial EAA and total EAA availability. An average of 58% of the absorbed EAA was converted into milk, which varied among individual AA and was interactively affected by starch and RDP in diets. The isotope dilution approach is advantageous because it provides estimates of EAA availability for individual EAA from rumen-undegradable protein and MCP directly with fewer errors of measurement than can be achieved with intestinal disappearance methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Huang
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
| | - P S Yoder
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061; Perdue AgriBusiness LLC, Salisbury, MD 21804
| | - L Campos
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
| | - E Huang
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
| | - M D Hanigan
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061.
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Souza VCD, Messana JD, Batista ED, Gomes Carvalho Alves KL, Lino Dias AV, Marra Campos L, de Oliveira Lima L, Granja-Salcedo YT, Rodrigues Faria L, Macêdo Carvalho G, Pires AV, Berchielli TT. Assessing amino acid utilization in young Nellore steers fed high-concentrate diets with different sources and levels of nitrogen. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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