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Trotta RJ, Swanson KC, Klotz JL, Harmon DL. Influence of postruminal casein infusion and exogenous glucagon-like peptide 2 administration on the jejunal mucosal transcriptome in cattle. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0308983. [PMID: 39146343 PMCID: PMC11326568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that postruminal casein infusion and exogenous glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) administration independently stimulated growth and carbohydrase activity of the pancreas and jejunal mucosa in cattle. The objective of the current study was to profile the jejunal mucosal transcriptome of cattle using next-generation RNA sequencing in response to postruminal casein infusion and exogenous GLP-2. Twenty-four Holstein steers [250 ± 23.1 kg body weight (BW)] received a continuous abomasal infusion of 3.94 g raw corn starch/kg of BW combined with either 0 or 1.30 g casein/kg of BW for 7 d. Steers received subcutaneous injections at 0800 and 2000 h to provide either 0 or 100 μg GLP-2/kg of BW per day. At the end of the 7-d treatment period, steers were slaughtered for collection of the jejunal mucosa. Total RNA was extracted from jejunal mucosal tissue, strand-specific cDNA libraries were prepared, and RNA sequencing was conducted to generate 150-bp paired-end reads at a depth of 40 M reads per sample. Differentially expressed genes (DEG), KEGG pathway enrichment, and gene ontology enrichment were determined based on the FDR-corrected P-value (padj). Exogenous GLP-2 administration upregulated (padj < 0.05) 667 genes and downregulated 1,101 genes of the jejunal mucosa. Sphingolipid metabolism, bile secretion, adherens junction, and galactose metabolism were among the top KEGG pathways enriched with upregulated DEG (padj < 0.05) in response to exogenous GLP-2 administration. The top gene ontologies enriched with upregulated DEG (padj < 0.05) in response to exogenous GLP-2 administration included nutrient metabolic processes, brush border and bicellular tight junction assembly, and enzyme and transporter activities. Exogenous GLP-2 administration increased or tended to increase (padj < 0.10) brush border carbohydrase (MGAM, LCT, TREH), hexose transporter (SLC5A1, SLC2A2), and associated transcription factor (HNF1, GATA4, KAT2B) mRNA expression of the jejunal mucosa. Gene ontologies and KEGG pathways that were downregulated (padj < 0.05) in response to exogenous GLP-2 were related to genetic information processing. Postruminal casein infusion downregulated (padj < 0.05) 7 jejunal mucosal genes that collectively did not result in enriched KEGG pathways or gene ontologies. This study highlights some of the transcriptional mechanisms associated with increased growth, starch assimilation capacity, and barrier function of the jejunal mucosa in response to exogenous GLP-2 administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Trotta
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Kendall C Swanson
- Department of Animal Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - James L Klotz
- Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - David L Harmon
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
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Hare KS, Wood KM, Mustapha Y, Swanson KC, Steele MA. Colostrum insulin supplementation to neonatal Holstein bulls affects small intestinal histomorphology, mRNA expression, and enzymatic activity with minor influences on peripheral metabolism. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:5054-5073. [PMID: 37268570 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate how varying colostral insulin concentrations influenced small intestinal development and peripheral metabolism in neonatal Holstein bulls. Insulin was supplemented to approximately 5× (70.0 μg/L; n = 16) or 10× (149.7 μg/L; n = 16) the basal colostrum insulin (12.9 μg/L; BI, n = 16) concentration to maintain equivalent macronutrient intake (crude fat: 4.1 ± 0.06%; crude protein: 11.7 ± 0.05%; and lactose: 1.9 ± 0.01%) among treatments. Colostrum was fed at 2, 14, and 26 h postnatal and blood metabolites and insulin concentration were measured at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 360, 480, and 600 min postprandial respective to the first and second colostrum meal. At 30 h postnatal, a subset of calves (n = 8/treatment) were killed to excise the gastrointestinal and visceral tissues. Gastrointestinal and visceral gross morphology and dry matter and small intestinal histomorphology, gene expression, and carbohydrase activity were assessed. Insulin supplementation tended to linearly reduce the glucose clearance rate following the first meal, whereas after the second meal, supplementation linearly increased the rate of glucose absorption and nonesterified fatty acid clearance rate, decreased the time to maximum glucose concentrations, and decreased the time to reach minimum nonesterified fatty acid concentrations. Additionally, insulin clearance rate was linearly increased by insulin supplementation following the second colostrum feeding. However, there were no overall differences between treatments in the concentrations of glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, or insulin in plasma or serum. With respect to macroscopic intestinal development, dry rumen tissue mass linearly decreased when insulin was supplemented in colostrum, and supplementation linearly increased duodenal dry tissue density (g dry matter/cm) while tending to increase duodenal dry tissue weight. Increasing the colostrum insulin concentration improved small intestinal histomorphological development in the distal small intestine, as ileal villi height and mucosal-serosal surface area index were increased by supplementing insulin. Lactase enzymatic activity linearly increased in the proximal jejunum while ileal isomaltase activity linearly decreased with insulin supplementation. These data indicate that changes in colostrum insulin concentrations rapidly affect gastrointestinal growth prioritization and carbohydrase activity. The changes in gastrointestinal ontology result in minor changes in postprandial metabolite availability and clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Hare
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, Ontario Agricultural College University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 1Y2
| | - K M Wood
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, Ontario Agricultural College University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 1Y2
| | - Y Mustapha
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | - K C Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | - M A Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, Ontario Agricultural College University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 1Y2.
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Koene E, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB, Schrauwen P, Brouwers MCGJ. Novel insights in intestinal and hepatic fructose metabolism: from mice to men. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2022; 25:354-359. [PMID: 35838297 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The rise in fructose consumption in parallel with the current epidemic of obesity and related cardiometabolic disease requires a better understanding of the pathophysiological pathways that are involved. RECENT FINDINGS Animal studies have shown that fructose has various effects on the intestines that subsequently affect intrahepatic lipid accumulation and inflammation. Fructose adversely affects the gut microbiome - as a producer of endotoxins and intermediates of de novo lipogenesis - and intestinal barrier function. Furthermore, intestinal fructose metabolism shields fructose away from the liver. Finally, fructose 1-phosphate (F1-P) serves as a signal molecule that promotes intestinal cell survival and, consequently, intestinal absorption capacity. Intervention and epidemiological studies have convincingly shown that fructose, particularly derived from sugar-sweetened beverages, stimulates de novo lipogenesis and intrahepatic lipid accumulation in humans. Of interest, individuals with aldolase B deficiency, who accumulate F1-P, are characterized by a greater intrahepatic lipid content. First phase II clinical trials have recently shown that reduction of F1-P, by inhibition of ketohexokinase, reduces intrahepatic lipid content. SUMMARY Experimental evidence supports current measures to reduce fructose intake, for example by the implementation of a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages, and pharmacological inhibition of fructose metabolism to reduce the global burden of cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi Koene
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM)
| | - Vera B Schrauwen-Hinderling
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM)
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM)
| | - Martijn C G J Brouwers
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Liu X, Huang X, Fu Y, Wang Y, Lu Z. The Positive Effects of Exogenous Pancreatin on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestion and Absorption, and Intestinal Microbiota in Piglets. Front Physiol 2022; 13:906522. [PMID: 36017338 PMCID: PMC9395744 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.906522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatin secretion is dramatically decreased over time after weaning, thus affecting the utilization of nutrients in piglets. Therefore, exogenous pancreatin is expected to alleviate this situation. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of exogenous pancreatin on the growth performance, nutrient digestion and absorption, and intestinal microbiota of piglets. One hundred eighty piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire, 40 days) were randomly allotted to three treatments (basal diets supplemented with 0, 250, or 500 mg/kg pancreatin) with three replicate pens per treatment and 20 piglets per pen. Compared with the control diet, dietary 500 mg/kg pancreatin significantly increased (p < 0.05) the average daily gain (ADG) and the apparent digestibility of crude protein and crude fat of piglets. Regarding endogenous enzymes, pancrelipase activity in the pancreas, duodenal mucosa, and small intestinal digesta as well as trypsin activity in the jejunal digesta were increased in piglets fed a diet supplemented with 500 mg/kg pancreatin (p < 0.05). Moreover, amylopsin activity was significantly strengthened in the pancreas, duodenal mucosa, and digesta in piglets fed a diet with 500 mg/kg pancreatin (p < 0.05). The mRNA expression of nutrient transporters, including oligopeptide transporter-1 (PepT1), excitatory amino acid transporter-1 (EAAC1), cationic amino acid transporter-1 (CAT1), sodium glucose cotransporter-1 (SGLT1), glucose transporter-2 (GLUT2), and fatty acid transporter-4 (FATP4), in the jejunum significantly increased after dietary supplementation with 500 mg/kg pancreatin (p < 0.05). An increased villus height-to-crypt depth ratio of the ileum was observed in the 500 mg/kg pancreatin-treated group (p < 0.05). The composition of the colonic microbiota modulated by the addition of 500 mg/kg pancreatin was characterized by an increased relative abundance of Lactobacillus (p < 0.05), and the predicted functions revealed that 500 mg/kg pancreatin supplementation enhanced the functional abundance of genetic information processing in colonic microorganisms and environmental information processing. Our findings suggested that the addition of 500 mg/kg pancreatin improved the growth performance of piglets, improved intestinal structure, and modulated the colon microbiota, thereby increasing nutrient digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Green Feed and Healthy Breeding, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangyun Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Green Feed and Healthy Breeding, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Fu
- National Engineering Research Center for Green Feed and Healthy Breeding, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Green Feed and Healthy Breeding, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zeqing Lu
- National Engineering Research Center for Green Feed and Healthy Breeding, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zeqing Lu,
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Milk Replacer Ingredients: What and Why? Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2022; 38:133-152. [PMID: 35219481 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CMR's should be composed primarily of milk proteins, lactose as the sole carbohydrate source, lipids composed of edible grade tallow or lard with consideration for medium-chain fatty acids derived from coconut oil that mimic those in milk fat and adequate vitamin and mineral nutrition. Spray-dried bovine plasma provides antibodies shown to reduce diarrhea and calf mortality and to effectively replace a significant portion of milk protein in the diet. Whole milk pasteurization must be intensely monitored to ensure it is consistently wholesome. Milk is deficient in vitamins and trace minerals.
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Trotta RJ, Swanson KC. Prenatal and Postnatal Nutrition Influence Pancreatic and Intestinal Carbohydrase Activities of Ruminants. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:171. [PMID: 33450809 PMCID: PMC7828265 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In ruminant livestock species, nutrition can play an important role in the long-term programming of gastrointestinal function. Pancreatic and small intestinal digestive enzymes are important for postruminal digestion of carbohydrates and protein. Carbohydrases have been shown to respond to changes in the level of feed intake and the dietary inclusion of specific nutrients, including arginine, butyrate, folic acid, fructose, and leucine. Understanding how diet influences enzyme development and activity during prenatal and postnatal life could lead to the development of dietary strategies to optimize offspring growth and development to increase digestive efficiency of ruminant livestock species. More research is needed to understand how changes in fetal or neonatal carbohydrase activities in response to nutrition influence long-term growth performance and efficiency in ruminant livestock species to optimize nutritional strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J. Trotta
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA;
| | - Kendall C. Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
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