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Aboragah AA, Sherlock DN, Wichasit N, Loor JJ. Abundance of proteins and genes associated with nutrient signaling, protein turnover, and transport of amino acids and glucose in fetuses from lactating Holstein cows. Res Vet Sci 2023; 161:69-76. [PMID: 37321013 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Availability of nutrients in maternal circulation and abundance of nutrient transporters, metabolic enzymes, and nutrient-responsive proteins in fetal tissues coordinate growth. To begin characterizing these mechanisms, we evaluated the abundance of nutrient signaling genes and proteins in bovine fetal tissues. Liver, entire intestine, and semitendinosus muscle were harvested from fetuses (4 female, 2 male) collected at slaughter from 6 clinically-healthy multiparous Holstein dairy cows (167 ± 7 days in milk, 37 ± 6 kg milk/d, 100 ± 3 d gestation). Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS 9.4. Among proteins measured, abundance of the amino acid (AA) utilization and insulin signaling proteins p-AKT and p-mTOR was greater (P < 0.01) in liver and intestine. The abundance of p-EEF2 (translation elongation) and SLC2A4 (glucose uptake) was greater (P < 0.05) in liver relative to intestine and muscle suggesting this organ has a greater capacity for anabolic processes. In contrast, among mTOR signaling genes, the abundance of IRS1 was greatest (P < 0.01) in muscle and lowest in the intestine, whereas, abundance of AKT1 and mTOR was greater (P < 0.01) in intestine and muscle than liver. Abundance of the protein degradation-related genes UBA1, UBE2G1, and TRIM63 was greater (P < 0.01) in muscle than intestine and liver. Among nutrient transporters, abundance of glucose transporters SLC5A1 and SLC2A2 was greatest (P < 0.01) in the intestine than liver and muscle. Several AA transporters had greater (P < 0.01) abundance in the intestine or liver compared with muscle. Overall, these molecular analyses highlighted important biological differences on various aspects of metabolism in fetal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A Aboragah
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA; Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nithat Wichasit
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA; Department of Agricultural Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Juan J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA.
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Ning M, Zhao Y, Dai D, Yao C, Liu H, Fang L, Wang B, Zhang Y, Cao J. Gene co-expression network and differential expression analyses of subcutaneous white adipose tissue reveal novel insights into the pathological mechanisms underlying ketosis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023:S0022-0302(23)00303-X. [PMID: 37268588 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ketosis is a common nutritional metabolic disease during the perinatal period in dairy cows. Although various risk factors have been identified, the molecular mechanism underlying ketosis remains elusive. In this study, subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) was biopsied for transcriptome sequencing on 10 Holstein cows with type II ketosis [blood β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB) >1.4 mmol/L; Ket group] and another 10 cows without type II ketosis (BHB ≤1.4 mmol/L; Nket group) at d 10 after calving. Serum concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and BHB, as indicators of excessive fat mobilization and circulating ketone bodies, respectively, were significantly higher in the Ket group than in the Nket group. Aspartate transaminase (AST) and total bilirubin (TBIL), as indicators of liver damage, were higher in the Ket group than in the Nket group. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of the sWAT transcriptome revealed modules significantly correlated with serum BHB, NEFA, AST, TBIL, and total cholesterol. The genes in these modules were enriched in the regulation of the lipid biosynthesis process. Neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 2 (NTRK2) was identified as the key hub gene by intramodular connectivity, gene significance, and module membership. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR analyses for these samples, as well as a set of independent samples, validated the downregulation of NTRK2 expression in the sWAT of dairy cows with type II ketosis. NTRK2 encodes tyrosine protein kinase receptor B (TrkB), which is a high-affinity receptor for brain-derived neurotrophic factor, suggesting that abnormal lipid mobilization in cows with type II ketosis might be associated with impaired central nervous system regulation of adipose tissue metabolism, providing a novel insight into the pathogenesis underlying type II ketosis in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yihan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dongmei Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chang Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huatao Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lingzhao Fang
- The Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics (QGG), Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark; MRC Human Genetics Unit at the Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Bo Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jie Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Jiang Q, Sherlock DN, Guyader J, Loor JJ. Abundance of Amino Acid Transporters and mTOR Pathway Components in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Lactating Holstein Cows. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071189. [PMID: 37048445 PMCID: PMC10093496 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Data from non-ruminants indicate that amino acid (AA) transport into cells can regulate mTOR pathway activity and protein synthesis. Whether mTOR is expressed in the ruminant gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and how it may be related to AA transporters and the AA concentrations in the tissue is unknown. Ruminal papillae and the epithelia of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum collected at slaughter from eight clinically healthy Holstein in mid-lactation were used. Metabolites and RNA were extracted from tissue for liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and RT-qPCR analysis. The glycine and asparagine concentrations in the rumen were greater than those in the intestine (p < 0.05), but the concentrations of other AAs were greater in the small intestine than those in the rumen. Among the 20 AAs identified, the concentrations of glutamate, alanine, and glycine were the greatest. The mRNA abundances of AKT1 and MTOR were greater in the small intestine than those in the rumen (p < 0.05). Similarly, the SLC1A1, SLC6A6, SLC7A8, SLC38A1, SLC38A7, and SLC43A2 mRNA abundances were greater (p < 0.05) in the small intestine than those in the rumen. The mRNA abundances of SLC1A5, SLC3A2, and SLC7A5 were greater in the rumen than those in the small intestine (p < 0.05). Overall, the present study provides fundamental data on the relationship between mTOR pathway components and the transport of AAs in different sections of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianming Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Jessie Guyader
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Hanau-Wolfgang, 63457 Essen, Germany
| | - Juan J. Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Correspondence:
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Cattaneo L, Piccioli-Cappelli F, Minuti A, Trevisi E. Metabolic and physiological adaptations to first and second lactation in Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:3559-3575. [PMID: 36907763 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Huge differences exist between cow yields and body sizes during their first and second lactations. The transition period is the most critical and investigated phase of the lactation cycle. We compared metabolic and endocrine responses between cows at different parities during the transition period and early lactation. Eight Holstein dairy cows were monitored at their first and second calving during which they were reared under the same conditions. Milk yield, dry matter intake (DMI), and body weight (BW) were regularly measured, and energy balance, efficiency, and lactation curves were calculated. Blood samples were collected on scheduled days from -21 d relative to calving (DRC) to 120 DRC for the assessment of metabolic and hormonal profiles (biomarkers of metabolism, mineral status, inflammation, and liver function). Large variations in the period in question for almost all variables investigated were observed. Compared with their first lactation, cows during their second lactation had higher DMI (+15%) and BW (+13%), their milk yield was greater (+26%), lactation peak was higher and earlier (36.6 kg/d at 48.8 DRC vs. 45.0 kg/d at 62.9 DRC), but persistency was reduced. Milk fat, protein, and lactose contents were higher during the first lactation and coagulation properties were better (higher titratable acidity, faster and firmer curd formation). Postpartum negative energy balance was more severe the during the second lactation (1.4-fold at 7 DRC) and plasma glucose was lower. Circulating insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 were lower in second-calving cows during the transition period. At the same time, markers of body reserve mobilization (β-hydroxybutyrate and urea) increased. Moreover, albumin, cholesterol, and γ-glutamyl transferase were higher during second lactation, whereas bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase were lower. The inflammatory response after calving was not different, as suggested by the similar haptoglobin concentrations and only transient differences in ceruloplasmin. Blood growth hormone did not differ during the transition period but was lower during the second lactation at 90 DRC, whereas circulating glucagon was higher. These results agree with the differences in milk yield and confirmed the hypothesis of a different metabolic and hormonal status between the first and second lactation partly related to different degrees of maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cattaneo
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - F Piccioli-Cappelli
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - A Minuti
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - E Trevisi
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi Research Center for Sustainable Dairy Production of the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (CREI), 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
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Zhao H, Wu M, Tang X, Li Q, Yi X, Wang S, Jia C, Wei Z, Sun X. Function of Chick Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue During the Embryonic and Posthatch Period. Front Physiol 2021; 12:684426. [PMID: 34239450 PMCID: PMC8258255 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.684426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since excess abdominal fat is one of the main problems in the broiler industry for the development of modern broiler and layer industry, the importance of subcutaneous adipose tissue has been neglected. However, chick subcutaneous adipose tissue appeared earlier than abdominal adipose tissue and more than abdominal adipose tissue. Despite a wealth of data, detailed information is lacking about the development and function of chick subcutaneous adipose tissue during the embryonic and posthatch period. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to determine the developmental changes of adipocyte differentiation, lipid synthesis, lipolysis, fatty acid β-oxidation, and lipid contents from E12 to D9.5. The results showed that subcutaneous adipose tissue was another important energy supply tissue during the posthatch period. In this stage, the mitochondrial copy number and fatty acid β-oxidation level significantly increased. It revealed that chick subcutaneous adipose tissue not only has the function of energy supply by lipidolysis but also performs the same function as brown adipose tissue to some extent, despite that the brown adipose tissue does not exist in birds. In addition, this finding improved the theory of energy supply in the embryonic and posthatch period and might provide theoretical basis on physiological characteristics of lipid metabolism in chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Mingli Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xiaoqin Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Qi Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xiaohua Yi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Shuhui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Cunling Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Zehui Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xiuzhu Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China.,College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
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Cheng Z, Wylie A, Ferris C, Ingvartsen KL, Wathes DC. Effect of diet and nonesterified fatty acid levels on global transcriptomic profiles in circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells in early lactation dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:10059-10075. [PMID: 34147225 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
After calving, lipid mobilization caused by increased nutrient demands for lactation leads to elevated circulating concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA). Excessive NEFA levels have previously been identified as a major risk factor for postpartum immunosuppression. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in global transcriptomic gene expression of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in dairy cows offered different early lactation diets (high concentrate, n = 7; medium, n = 8; or low, n = 9) and with differing circulating levels of NEFA. Cows were classified as having NEFA concentrations of either <500 µM (low, n = 6), 500 to 750 µM (medium, n = 8) or >750 µM (high, n = 10) at 14 d in milk. Plasma urea concentrations were greater for cows on the high concentrate diet but β-hydroxybutyrate and glucose concentrations did not differ significantly between either dietary treatments or NEFA groups. Cows with high NEFA weighed more at drying off and suffered greater body condition score loss after calving. The PBMC were isolated at 14 d in milk, and RNA was extracted for RNA sequencing. Differential gene expression was analyzed with DESeq2 with q-value for false discovery rate control followed by Gene Ontology Enrichment. Although there were no differentially expressed genes associated with lactation diet, 304 differentially expressed genes were identified between cows with high and low circulating NEFA, with 118 upregulated and 186 downregulated. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis demonstrated that biological adhesion and immune system process were foremost among various PBMC functions which were altered relating to body defenses and immunity. High NEFA concentrations were associated with inhibited cellular adhesion function by downregulating 20 out of 26 genes (by up to 17-fold) related to this process. Medium NEFA concentrations altered a similar set of functions as high NEFA, but with smaller enrichment scores. Localization and immune system process were most significant, with biological adhesion ranking only eleventh. Our results demonstrated that increased circulating NEFA concentrations, but not diet, were associated with immune system processes in PBMC in early lactation cows. Leukocyte cell-to-cell adhesion was inhibited when the NEFA concentration exceeded 750 µM, which would reduce the efficiency of diapedesis and so contribute to decreased body defense mechanisms and predispose animals to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Cheng
- Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, United Kingdom.
| | - A Wylie
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Upper Malone Road, Belfast BT9 5PX, United Kingdom
| | - C Ferris
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Upper Malone Road, Belfast BT9 5PX, United Kingdom
| | - K L Ingvartsen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - D C Wathes
- Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
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