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Fischer-Tenhagen C, Bohm D, Finnah A, Arlt S, Schlesinger S, Borchardt S, Sutter F, Tippenhauer CM, Heuwieser W, Venjakob PL. Residue Concentrations of Cloxacillin in Milk after Intramammary Dry Cow Treatment Considering Dry Period Length. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2558. [PMID: 37627348 PMCID: PMC10451617 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dry cow treatment with an intramammary antibiotic is recommended to reduce the risk of mastitis at the beginning of the next lactation. The dry period may be shortened unintentionally, affecting antibiotic residue depletion and the time when residues reach concentrations below the maximum residue limit (MRL). The objective of this study was to evaluate residue depletion in milk after dry cow treatment with cloxacillin, considering dry periods of 14 (G14d), 21 (G21d), and 28 d (G28d). Overall, fifteen cows with 60 udder quarters were included in the study. For each cow, three of the udder quarters were treated with 1000 mg cloxacillin benzathine (2:1) on d 252, d 259, and d 266 of gestation; one quarter was left untreated. Milk samples were drawn until 20 DIM and milk composition, somatic cell count and cloxacillin residues were analyzed. The HPLC-MS/MS revealed different excretion kinetics for the compounds cloxacillin and cloxacillin benzathine (1:1). All cows showed a cloxacillin and cloxacillin benzathine (1:1) concentration below the MRL of 30 µg/kg after 5 d. In the udder quarters of G21d and G28d, the cloxacillin concentration was already below the MRL at first milking after calving. The cloxacillin benzathine (1:1) concentration in the milk of G28d, G21d, and G14d fell below 30 µg/kg on the 5th, 3rd, and 5th DIM, respectively. Shortening the dry period affects residue depletion after dry cow treatment with cloxacillin. The risk of exceeding the MRL, however, seems low, even with dry periods shorter than 14 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Fischer-Tenhagen
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (S.A.)
- Center for Protection of Experimental Animals, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Alt Marienfelde 17-21, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Detlev Bohm
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), Gerichtstraße 49, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Finnah
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), Gerichtstraße 49, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Arlt
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (S.A.)
| | - Samira Schlesinger
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (S.A.)
| | - Stefan Borchardt
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (S.A.)
| | - Franziska Sutter
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (S.A.)
| | - Christie M. Tippenhauer
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (S.A.)
| | - Wolfgang Heuwieser
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (S.A.)
| | - Peter L. Venjakob
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (S.A.)
- Clinic for Ruminants, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 104, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Dallago GM, Pacheco JAS, Dos Santos RA, de Frias Castro GH, Verardo LL, Guarino LR, Moreira EU. The relationship between dry period length and milk production of Holstein dairy cows in tropical climate: a machine learning approach. J DAIRY RES 2022; 89:1-9. [PMID: 35652601 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029922000425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this retrospective longitudinal study was to evaluate the relationship between dry period length and the production of milk, fat, protein, lactose and total milk solids in the subsequent lactation of Holstein dairy cows under tropical climate. After handling and cleaning of the data provided by the Holstein Cattle Breeders Association of Minas Gerais, data from 32 867 complete lactations of 19 535 Holstein animals that calved between 1993 and 2017 in 122 dairy herds located in Minas Gerais state (Brazil) were analysed. In addition to dry period length, calving age, lactation length, milking frequency, parity, calf status at birth, herd, year, and season of calving were included in the analysis as covariables to account for additional sources of variation. The machine learning algorithms gradient boosting machine, extreme gradient boosting machine, random forest and artificial neural network were used to train models using cross validation. The best model was selected based on four error metrics and used to evaluate the variable importance, the interaction strength between dry period length and the other variables, and to generate partial dependency plots. Random forest was the best model for all production outcomes evaluated. Dry period length was the third most important variable in predicting milk production and its components. No strong interactions were observed between the dry period and the other evaluated variables. The highest milk and lactose productions were observed with a 50-d long dry period, while fat, protein, and total milk solids were the highest with dry period lengths of 38, 38, and 44 d, respectively. Overall, dry period length is associated with the production of milk and its components in the subsequent lactation of Holstein cows under tropical climatic conditions, but the optimum length depends on the production outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roseli Aparecida Dos Santos
- Animal Science Department, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri - Campus JK, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Henrique de Frias Castro
- Animal Science Department, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri - Campus JK, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucas Lima Verardo
- Animal Science Department, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri - Campus JK, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Uba Moreira
- Associação dos Criadores de Gado Holandês de Minas Gerais, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Moawed SA, El-Aziz AHA. The estimation and interpretation of ordered logit models for assessing the factors connected with the productivity of Holstein-Friesian dairy cows in Egypt. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:345. [PMID: 36242599 PMCID: PMC9569299 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03329-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of novel technologies such as artificial intelligence, data mining, and advanced statistical methodologies have received wide responses from researchers. This study was designed to model the factors impacting the actual milk yield of Holstein-Friesian cows using the proportional odds ordered logit model (OLM). A total of 8300 lactation records were collected for cows calved between 2005 and 2019. The actual milk yield, the outcome variable, was categorized into three levels: low (< 4500 kg), medium (4500-7500 kg), and high (> 7500 kg). The studied predictor variables were age at first calving (AFC), lactation order (LO), days open (DO), lactation period (LP), peak milk yield (PMY), and dry period (DP). The proportionality assumption of odds using the logit link function was verified for the current datasets. The goodness-of-fit measures revealed the suitability of the ordered logit models to datasets structure. Results showed that cows with younger ages at first calving produce two times higher milk quantities. Also, longer days open were associated with higher milk yield. The highest amount of milk yield was denoted by higher lactation periods (> 250 days). The peak yield per kg was significantly related to the actual yield (P < 0.05). Moreover, shorter dry periods showed about 1.5 times higher milk yield. The greatest yield was observed in the 2nd and 4th parities, with an odds ratio (OR) equal to 1.75, on average. In conclusion, OLM can be used for analyzing dairy cows' data, denoting fruitful information as compared to the other classical regression models. In addition, the current study showed the possibility and applicability of OLM in understanding and analyzing livestock datasets suited for planning effective breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif A. Moawed
- Department of Animal Wealth Development (Biostatistics Division), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522 Egypt
| | - Ayman H. Abd El-Aziz
- Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511 Egypt
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Cattaneo L, Piccioli-Cappelli F, Lopreiato V, Lovotti G, Arrigoni N, Minuti A, Trevisi E. Drying-off cows with low somatic cell count with or without antibiotic therapy: A pilot study addressing the effects on immunometabolism and performance in the subsequent lactation. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Milk Somatic Cell Count and Polymorphonuclear Cells in Healthy Quarters of Cows That Underwent Blanket and Selective Dry Therapy: An Italian Case Study. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8120298. [PMID: 34941824 PMCID: PMC8705708 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8120298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of mastitis increases with parity in dairy cattle and multiparous cows are often treated at drying off to limit the risk of udder health issues and support mammary gland tissues recovery. Milk somatic cells count (SCC, cells/mL) comprises different white blood cells fractions and is worldwide used to monitor and genetically improve udder health. Nevertheless, only certain SCC fractions increase when an udder inflammation occurs. Considering that antibiotic use for preventive purposes will be forbidden in 2022, we compared two different dry therapy protocols, blanket (BDCT) and selective (SDCT), on different SCC fractions in healthy quarters milk. Multiparous Holstein cows were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial and SCC, neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) and differential somatic cell count (DSCC) recorded after the experimental drying off were available. Significant differences were observed between the two protocols, with more favorable parameters in BDCT than SDCT cows. Results showed that moving from BDCT to SDCT is expected to significantly increase some SCC fractions, such as PMN, in healthy quarters. The baseline SCC level at the onset of lactation was greater in cows under SDCT than BDCT. Although not significant, clinical mastitis prevalence was numerically lower in BDCT (7.32%) than SDCT (8.62%). In this study we referred to a limited number of cows, but still findings will be useful to improve the knowledge on the impact of SDCT on milk SCC fractions in healthy quarters.
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Pattamanont P, Galvão KN, Marcondes MI, Clay JS, De Vries A. Associations between dry period length and time to culling and pregnancy in the subsequent lactation. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:8885-8900. [PMID: 34053765 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The association between dry period length (DPL) and time to culling and pregnancy in the subsequent lactation may be important for the economically optimal length of the dry period. Therefore, this study aimed to (1) quantify the association between DPL and hazard of culling and pregnancy in the subsequent lactation; (2) develop continuous functions of DPL for the hazard ratios of culling and pregnancy; and (3) investigate the effect of a cause-specific hazards model and a subdistribution model to analyze competing events. The data used in this observational cohort study were from dairy herd improvement milk test lactation records from 40 states in the United States. After edits, there remained 1,108,515 records from 6,730 herds with the last days dry in 2014 or 2015. The records from 2 adjacent lactations (current, subsequent) were concatenated with the DPL of interest, 21 to 100 d, in between both lactations. We defined 8 DPL categories of 10 d each. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to show associations between DPL and time to culling or pregnancy for 3 lactation groups: lactation 1 and 2, lactation 2 and 3, and lactation 3 and greater. To control for confounding factors in Cox proportional models, we included 6 current lactation covariates and 3 time-dependent variables in the survival models. Hazard ratios of culling were estimated for 4 days in milk (DIM) categories from 1 to 450 DIM. Hazard ratios of pregnancy were estimated for 3 DIM categories from 61 to 300 DIM. Competing risk analysis of 8 disposal codes (i.e., farmer reported reasons) for culling and the culling event for pregnancy were conducted by a cause-specific hazards model and a subdistribution model. Hazard ratios were also estimated as quadratic polynomials of DPL. Compared with the reference DPL category of 51 to 60 d, hazard ratios of culling and pregnancy of the other 7 DPL categories ranged between 0.70 and 1.49, and 0.93 and 1.15, respectively. Short DPL were associated with lower risk of culling in the early lactation but not over the entire lactation. Short DPL were associated with greater hazard of pregnancy. Trends in hazard ratios over the ranges of the 8 DPL categories were not always consistent. Competing risk analysis with both models provided little differences in hazard ratios of culling and pregnancy. In conclusion, variations in DPL were associated with meaningful differences in the hazard ratios for culling and pregnancy and minor differences in the relative frequency of disposal codes. Subdistribution hazards models produced hazard ratios similar to cause-specific hazard models. The quadratic polynomials may be useful for decision support on customization of DPL for individual cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pattamanont
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - K N Galvão
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - M I Marcondes
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-001 Brazil
| | - J S Clay
- Dairy Records Management Systems, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27603
| | - A De Vries
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
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