1
|
Hanigan MD, Souza VC, Martineau R, Lapierre H, Feng X, Daley VL. A meta-analysis of the relationship between milk protein production and absorbed amino acids and digested energy in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00564-2. [PMID: 38490550 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Milk protein production is the largest draw on AA supplies for lactating dairy cattle. Prior NRC predictions of milk protein production have been absorbed protein (MP)-based and utilized a first-limiting nutrient concept to integrate the effects of energy and protein, which yielded poor accuracy and precision (root mean squared error (RMSE) > 21%). Using a meta-data set gathered, various alternative equation forms considering MP, absorbed total essential AA (EAA), absorbed individual EAA, and digested energy (DE) supplies as additive drivers of production were evaluated, and all were found to be superior in statistical performance to the first limitation approach (RMSE = 14-15%). Inclusion of DE intake and a quadratic term for MP or absorbed EAA supplies were found to be necessary to achieve intercept estimates (non-productive protein use) that were similar to the factorial estimates of NASEM. The partial linear slope for MP was found to be 0.409, which is consistent with the observed slope bias of -0.34g/g when a slope of 0.67 was used for MP efficiency in a first-limiting nutrient system. Replacement of MP with the supplies of individual absorbed EAA expressed in g/d and a common quadratic across the EAA resulted in unbiased predictions with improved statistical performance as compared with MP-based models. Based on Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) and biological consistency, the best equations included absorbed His, Ile, Lys, Met, Thr, the non-essential AA, and individual DE intakes from fatty acids, neutral detergent fiber, residual organic matter, and starch. Several also contained a term for absorbed Leu. These equations generally had RMSE of 14.3% and a concordance correlations (CCC) of 0.76. Based on the common quadratic and individual linear terms, milk protein response plateaus were predicted at approximately 320 g/d of absorbed His, Ile, and Lys; 395 g/d of absorbed Thr; 550 g/d of absorbed Met; and 70 g/d of absorbed Leu. Therefore, responses to each except Leu are almost linear throughout the normal in vivo range. De-aggregation of the quadratic term and parsing to individual absorbed EAA resulted in non-biological estimates for several EAA indicating over-parameterization. Expression of the EAA as g/100 g of total absorbed EAA or as ratios of DE intake and using linear and quadratic terms for each EAA resulted in similar statistical performance, but the solutions had identifiability problems and several non-biological parameter estimates. The use of ratios also introduced nonlinearity in the independent variables which violates linear regression assumptions. Further screening of the global model using absorbed EAA expressed as g/d with a common quadratic using an all-models approach, and exhaustive cross-evaluation indicated the parameter estimates for body weight, all 4 DE terms, His, Ile, Lys, Met, and the common quadratic term were stable, while estimates for Leu and Thr were known with less certainty. Use of independent and additive terms and a quadratic expression in the equation results in variable efficiencies of conversion. The additivity also provides partial substitution among the nutrients. Both of these prevent establishment of fixed nutrient requirements in support of milk protein production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M D Hanigan
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061.
| | - V C Souza
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - R Martineau
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - H Lapierre
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - X Feng
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - V L Daley
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hruby Weston A, Li MM, Huang X, Campos LM, Prestegaard-Wilson JM, Pilonero T, Budde A, Hanigan MD. Effects of dietary starch and ruminally undegraded protein on glucogenic precursors in lactating dairy cows. Animal 2023; 17 Suppl 5:100893. [PMID: 37468351 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Gluconeogenesis is a large contributor to the blood supply of glucose carbons. The impact of varying dietary starch and ruminally degraded protein (RDP) on glucose entry, and the contributions of propionate and lactate to total plasma glucose entry were evaluated. Six cannulated, lactating, Holstein cows were fed one of four treatment diets arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial within a 4 × 4 partially replicated Latin Square design: (1) 8% RDP (LRDP) and 16% starch (LSt), (2) LRDP and 30% starch (HSt), (3) 11% RDP (HRDP) and LSt, or (4) HRDP and HSt. On d 12 of each period, 2-[13C]-sodium propionate (0.15 g/h) was ruminally infused for 4 h; on d 13, 1,2-[13C2]-glucose (0.2 g/h) was infused into the jugular vein for 1 h followed by 1-[13C]-lactate (0.1 g/h) for 1 h. Blood samples were serially collected starting prior to the infusions, and analyzed for plasma glucose, propionate, and lactate isotopic ratios. A one-compartment, glucose carbon model with inputs from lactate, propionate, and other glucogenic precursors (Oth, primarily absorbed glucose plus amino acids) was fitted to the isotope ratio data to derive glucose entry rates and conversion of the precursors to glucose. Milk protein production additively increased when HSt and HRDP were fed (P = 0.05 and P = 0.02, respectively). Plasma glucose and propionate concentrations increased with HSt (P = 0.04 and P = 0.01, respectively) and LRDP (P = 0.02 and P < 0.01, respectively). Total glucose and Oth entry increased (P = 0.03 and P = 0.03, respectively) with HSt, indicating greater glucose absorption from the small intestine or conversion of amino acids to glucose in the liver. However, neither entry rate was affected by RDP. The lack of an RDP effect suggests the increase in microbial outflow in response to RDP did not significantly alter glucose precursor supplies. Entry rates of propionate and lactate carbon to glucose carbon were not affected by treatment suggesting that neither starch nor RDP significantly affected fermentation or lactate production. Derivation of absolute entry rates and contributions to glucose using isotopic tracers is complicated by single carbon removals in the pentose phosphate (PPP), tri-carboxylic acid (TCA), and gluconeogenic pathways, and label randomization with the PPP and TCA pathways. Multiple tracers must be used to avoid assumptions regarding the proportional entries. These results provide insights on glucose supply and contributors, and draw attention to significant label cycling when utilizing isotope techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Hruby Weston
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA.
| | - M M Li
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - X Huang
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - L M Campos
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | | | - T Pilonero
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - A Budde
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - M D Hanigan
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cueva SF, Harper M, Roth GW, Wells H, Canale C, Gallo A, Masoero F, Hristov AN. Effects of ensiling time on corn silage starch ruminal degradability evaluated in situ or in vitro. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:3961-3974. [PMID: 37105872 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Accurate measurements of concentration and ruminal degradability of corn silage starch is necessary for formulation of diets that meet the energy requirements of dairy cows. Five corn silage hybrids ensiled for 0 (unfermented), 30, 60, 120, and 150 d were used to determine the effects of ensiling time on starch degradability of corn silage. In addition, the effects of grind size of silage samples on 7-h in vitro starch degradability and the relationship between in vitro, in situ and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) starch degradability were studied. In situ disappearance of corn silage starch increased from 0 to 150 d of ensiling, primarily as a result of an increase in the washout or rapidly degraded fraction of starch, particularly during the first 60 d of ensiling. When analyzed in vitro and by NIRS, ensiling time increased corn silage starch degradability either linearly or to a greater extent during the first 2 mo of ensiling. Differences in in situ starch disappearance among corn silage hybrids were apparent during the first 2 mo of ensiling but were attenuated as silages aged. No differences among hybrids were detected using a 7-h in vitro starch digestibility approach. Results from the in vitro subexperiment indicate that 7-h in vitro starch degradability was increased by reducing grind size of corn silage from 4 to 1 mm, regardless of ensiling duration. Fine grinding corn silages samples (i.e., 1-mm sieve) allowed distinguishing low- from medium- and high-starch degradability rated hybrids. Correlations among in situ, in vitro and NIRS measurements for starch degradability were medium to high (r ≥0.57); however, agreement among methods was low (concordance correlation coefficient ≤0.15). In conclusion, ensiling time linearly increased degradation rate of corn silage resulting in greater in situ starch disappearance after 150 d of ensiling. Reductions in grind size from 4 to 1 mm resulted in greater in vitro starch degradability, regardless of ensiling duration. Strong correlation but low agreement between starch degradability methods suggest that absolute estimations of corn silage starch degradability will vary, but all methods can be used to assess the effect of ensiling time on starch degradability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S F Cueva
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - M Harper
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - G W Roth
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - H Wells
- Cargill Animal Nutrition, Shippensburg, PA 17257
| | - C Canale
- Cargill Animal Nutrition, Shippensburg, PA 17257
| | - A Gallo
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy 29100
| | - F Masoero
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy 29100
| | - A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Oba M, Kammes-Main K. Symposium review: Effects of carbohydrate digestion on feed intake and fuel supply. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:2153-2160. [PMID: 36357209 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are the primary energy source for lactating dairy cows, and dairy diets are usually formulated for certain concentrations of forage neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and starch due to their direct effects on dry matter intake and milk production. Forage NDF exerts greater filling effects in the rumen than other dietary components and can limit maximum voluntary feed intake of lactating dairy cows. Since an analytical method for NDF was developed more than a half century ago, it has been used widely to characterize forages and diets for dairy cows. However, because NDF is a chemical measurement varying in its digestibility, in vitro digestibility measurements were developed as a biological approach to assess forage quality. Research efforts over the last several decades led to the development of forage cultivars or hybrids with enhanced in vitro NDF digestibility, such as brown midrib, and management practices considering differences in NDF digestibility of forages. In addition, in vitro NDF digestibility and undigested NDF are commonly measured in commercial labs, and estimated rates of digestion are used in dynamic models in an effort to improve the accuracy and precision of diet formulation. Starch digestion in the rumen also varies among starch sources, being affected by grain type, extent of processing, and conservation method. The site and rate of starch digestion affect dry matter intake and nutrient partitioning in dairy cows by modifying temporal supply of fuel. In addition, dietary starch content and its fermentability can affect digestion rates of starch itself and NDF in the rumen. Previous research has increased our understanding of dietary carbohydrates, but its application for diet formulations requires integrated approaches accounting for factors affecting the filling effects of forage NDF, starch digestion, and temporal fuel supply.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Oba
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5.
| | - K Kammes-Main
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Agarussi MCN, Pereira OG, Pimentel FE, Azevedo CF, da Silva VP, E Silva FF. Microbiome of rehydrated corn and sorghum grain silages treated with microbial inoculants in different fermentation periods. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16864. [PMID: 36207495 PMCID: PMC9546842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21461-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the co-evolved intricate relationships and mutual influence between changes in the microbiome and silage fermentation quality, we explored the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and Propionibacterium acidipropionici (Inoc1) or Lactobacillus buchneri (Inoc2) inoculants on the diversity and bacterial and fungal community succession of rehydrated corn (CG) and sorghum (SG) grains and their silages using Illumina Miseq sequencing after 0, 3, 7, 21, 90, and 360 days of fermentation. The effects of inoculants on bacterial and fungal succession differed among the grains. Lactobacillus and Weissella species were the main bacteria involved in the fermentation of rehydrated corn and sorghum grain silage. Aspergillus spp. mold was predominant in rehydrated CG fermentation, while the yeast Wickerhamomyces anomalus was the major fungus in rehydrated SG silages. The Inoc1 was more efficient than CTRL and Inoc2 in promoting the sharp growth of Lactobacillus spp. and maintaining the stability of the bacterial community during long periods of storage in both grain silages. However, the bacterial and fungal communities of rehydrated corn and sorghum grain silages did not remain stable after 360 days of storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Odilon Gomes Pereira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Vicosa, Avenida PH. Rolfs, Vicosa, Mina Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Evangelista Pimentel
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Vicosa, Avenida PH. Rolfs, Vicosa, Mina Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Camila Ferreira Azevedo
- Departament of Statistics, Federal University of Vicosa, Avenida PH. Rolfs, Vicosa, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Paula da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Vicosa, Avenida PH. Rolfs, Vicosa, Mina Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Fabyano Fonseca E Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Vicosa, Avenida PH. Rolfs, Vicosa, Mina Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Reed H, Mueller B, Groves CL, Smith DL. Presence and Correlation of Fusarium graminearum and Deoxynivalenol Accumulation in Silage Corn Plant Parts. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:87-92. [PMID: 34491093 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-21-0641-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Corn silage, made from Zea mays, is a high-energy feed that is important for feeding dairy cows. Plant diseases, such as those caused by Fusarium graminearum, can decrease silage corn yields and quality. F. graminearum (teleomorph Gibberella zeae) is an ascomycete fungus that causes Gibberella ear and stalk rot in corn. F. graminearum produces deoxynivalenol (DON), a secondary metabolite toxic to humans and animals. An understanding of the distribution of DON and F. graminearum throughout the corn plant is important for determining the quality of corn silage. A partitioned sample experiment that included two brown midrib silage hybrids and three fungicide treatments was conducted in research plots located in Arlington, WI, U.S.A., in 2018 and 2019. At harvest, stalk and ear parts were physically separated, dried, and ground for analysis. DON concentration (in parts per million) was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and F. graminearum DNA concentration (in picograms per nanogram) was determined using quantitative PCR. DON and F. graminearum DNA were detected in all samples, demonstrating accumulation of the fungus in stalks and ears of the plant. In 2018, DON contamination was as high as 30 ppm and varied drastically between stalks and ears. In 2019, DON concentrations were much lower (<5 ppm), but were consistently higher in stalk samples than ear samples. Across all samples, DON concentrations and F. graminearum accumulation were highly correlated within the separated stalk (r = 0.78) and ear portions (r = 0.87) but were not correlated between ears and stalks. Depending on the weather and planting conditions in a given year, stalk infections or ear infections may occur by F. graminearum, leading to subsequent DON increases in those respective parts that are independent of each other.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Reed
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Brian Mueller
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Carol L Groves
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Damon L Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sutherland B, Johnson J, McKinnon J, McAllister T, Penner G. Effects of barley and corn as sources of silage and grain on dry matter intake, ruminal fermentation, and total-tract digestibility in growing beef heifers. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2020-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of barley (BS) or corn (CS) silage when fed with dry-rolled barley grain (BG), corn grain (CG), or an equal blend (BCG) of BG and CG for backgrounding cattle. Ruminally cannulated heifers (n = 5) were assigned to an incomplete 6 × 6 Latin square design. Treatments contained either BS or CS in combination with BG, CG, or BCG. Samples were collected to determine dry matter intake, ruminal fermentation, total-tract nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen (N) balance. Interactions between cereal silage and cereal grain sources were detected for the molar proportions of propionate and butyrate where the magnitude of change with the type of cereal grain was increased in heifers fed CS relative to BS. Feeding CS increased estimated microbial N production (silage, P = 0.022) and fecal N excretion (silage, P = 0.042) over BS. Diets containing BG had greater dry matter, organic matter, starch, and gross energy digestibility values compared with CG, but values for BCG were not different (grain, P ≤ 0.043). Based on limited silage × grain interactions, use of CS in backgrounding diets may increase microbial N production relative to BS and dry-rolled CG may reduce apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility relative to dry-rolled BG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B.D. Sutherland
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - J.A. Johnson
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - J.J. McKinnon
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - T.A. McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - G.B. Penner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Allen MS, Ying Y. Effects of corn grain endosperm type and conservation method on site of digestion, ruminal digestion kinetics, and flow of nitrogen fractions to the duodenum in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:7617-7629. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
9
|
Allen MS, Longuski RA, Ying Y. Effects of corn grain endosperm type and fineness of grind on site of digestion, ruminal digestion kinetics, and flow of nitrogen fractions to the duodenum in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:7641-7652. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
10
|
Allen MS, Ying Y. Effects of corn grain endosperm type and conservation method on feed intake, feeding behavior, and productive performance of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:7604-7616. [PMID: 33865600 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the effects of corn grain varying in endosperm type and conserved as high-moisture or dry ground corn on dry matter intake (DMI), feeding behavior, ruminal fermentation, and yields of milk and milk components of cows in early to mid-lactation. Seven ruminally and duodenally cannulated Holstein cows (73 ± 39 d in milk; mean ± SD) were used in a duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21-d periods. A 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used with main effects of corn grain endosperm type (floury or vitreous) conserved as high-moisture corn (HMC) or dry ground corn (DGC). Rations were formulated to contain 27.0% starch, 26.6% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 19.1% forage NDF, and 16.5% crude protein. Corn grain treatments supplied 86.6% of dietary starch and contained alfalfa silage as the sole forage. Dry matter intake was increased 1.3 kg/d by DGC compared with HMC. The increase in DMI by DGC was related to a shorter intermeal interval (104.4 vs. 118.2 min/d), and meal size was not affected by treatment. Dry ground corn decreased rumination bout length and number of chews per bout compared with HMC. No differences were detected between endosperm treatments for DMI, yields of milk, 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM), milk fat, protein, lactose, or solids-not-fat (SNF). Mean yield of 3.5% FCM across treatments was 47.5 kg/d. However, a tendency for an interaction was observed for feed efficiency; floury endosperm increased efficiency 0.05 kg 3.5% FCM per kg of DMI for DGC but decreased it by 0.14 kg 3.5% FCM per kg of DMI for HMC relative to vitreous endosperm. Vitreous compared with floury corn tended to increase true protein concentration in milk when conserved as DGC (2.68% vs. 2.62%) but not as HMC. Concentration of SNF was increased by DGC compared with HMC (8.45 vs. 8.37%) due, in part, to the effect of treatment on milk protein concentration. Body weight was not affected by treatment, but vitreous endosperm tended to increase loss of body condition compared with floury endosperm. Corn endosperm type and conservation method had little effect on productive performance of high-producing cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Allen
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
| | - Yun Ying
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Allen MS, Longuski RA, Ying Y. Effects of corn grain endosperm type and fineness of grind on feed intake, feeding behavior, and productive performance of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:7630-7640. [PMID: 33865593 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate effects of corn grain endosperm type and fineness of grind on feed intake, feeding behavior, ruminal fermentation, and productive performance of lactating cows. Eight ruminally and duodenally cannulated Holstein cows in mid lactation (130 ± 42 d in milk; mean ± standard deviation) were used in a duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21-d periods. A 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used with main effects of corn grain endosperm type (floury or vitreous) and fineness of grind of corn grain (fine or medium). Rations were formulated to contain 29% starch, 27% neutral detergent fiber, 18.2% forage neutral detergent fiber, and 18% crude protein. Corn grain treatments supplied 86.2% of dietary starch. Endosperm was 25% vitreous for floury corn and 66% vitreous for vitreous corn. Fineness of grind did not affect dry matter intake (DMI), but floury corn tended to reduce DMI (23.8 vs. 25.1 kg/d) compared with vitreous corn. Floury corn increased meal frequency more for fine grind size (9.57 vs. 9.41 meals/d) than medium grind size (9.78 vs. 9.75 meals/d). However, there were no effects of treatment on any other measure of feeding behavior. Endosperm type did not affect yields of milk or milk components or milk composition except that vitreous corn tended to decrease milk lactose concentration compared with floury corn. Finely ground corn decreased yields of milk (31.1 vs. 33.1 kg/d), 3.5% fat-corrected milk (33.1 vs. 35.1 kg/d), milk fat (1.22 vs. 1.32 kg/d), milk lactose (1.48 vs. 1.59 kg/d), and solids not fat (2.46 vs. 2.63 kg/d) compared with medium grind size. However, fineness of grind did not affect milk composition. Treatments had no effect on change in body weight or body condition score or efficiency of milk production (kg of 3.5% fat-corrected milk/kg of DMI). Mean ruminal pH was not affected by treatment, but pH variance was decreased by vitreous compared with floury corn. Total volatile fatty acids and propionate concentrations in the rumen were increased by floury compared with vitreous corn but were not affected by fineness of grind. Effects of fineness of grind on yield of milk and milk components were greater than the effects of corn grain vitreousness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Allen
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
| | - Richard A Longuski
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - Yun Ying
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Salvador-Reyes R, Rebellato AP, Lima Pallone JA, Ferrari RA, Clerici MTPS. Kernel characterization and starch morphology in five varieties of Peruvian Andean maize. Food Res Int 2021; 140:110044. [PMID: 33648270 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Peruvian Andean maize (PAM) has been commonly used as an ingredient that confers color, flavor, and texture in culinary. Nevertheless, no studies are focusing on agro-industrial interest characteristics to develop new products. This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical, nutritional, and technological characteristics of kernels and the starch granule morphology of the five main PAM varieties: Chullpi, Piscorunto, Giant Cuzco, Sacsa, and Purple. PAM's characterization was performed according to the official methods, and its morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Physically, the varieties of larger kernels (Giant Cuzco and Sacsa) presented a higher 1000-kernel weight and a lower hectoliter weight than those of smaller size (Piscorunto, Purple, and Chullpi). Nutritionally, PAM had higher ether extract (5%) and ash (2%) contents than other pigmented maizes. Likewise, they presented more significant amounts of essential amino acids, as leucine (10 mg/g protein) and tryptophan (up to 2 mg/g protein); unsaturated fatty acids, oleic (30%) and linoleic (53%); and minerals, as magnesium (104 mg/100 g). SEM showed that endosperm structure and starch morphology vary according to maize types and their grain location. Starch granules of floury PAM varieties were small and polyhedral in the sub-aleurone endosperm, whereas those of the central area were bigger and spherical. In Chullpi, it was observed a portion of vitreous endosperm with a compact structure. The low protein content (8.3%) and the endosperm structure of floury varieties of PAM influenced their pasting properties. Their pasting temperature was <69 to 71 °C>, peak viscosity < 3200 to 4400 cP>, and seatback <1250 to 1706 cP>; therefore, they do not retrograde easily. The results suggest that PAM has characteristics that would help elaborate regional products with added value, such as soups, willows, beverages, and porridges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Salvador-Reyes
- Department of Food Tecnology, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, CEP: 13083-862 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Rebellato
- Department of Food Tecnology, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, CEP: 13083-862 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Azevedo Lima Pallone
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, CEP: 13083-862 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roseli Aparecida Ferrari
- Institute of Food Technology (ITAL), Food Science and Quality Center (CCQA), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Teresa Pedrosa Silva Clerici
- Department of Food Tecnology, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, CEP: 13083-862 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Characterization of a recombinant zein-degrading protease from Zea mays by Pichia pastoris and its effects on enzymatic hydrolysis of corn starch. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:3287-3293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
14
|
Mensching A, Hummel J, Sharifi AR. Statistical modeling of ruminal pH parameters from dairy cows based on a meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:750-767. [PMID: 31704012 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adequate feeding of high-performance dairy cows is extremely important to avoid the digestive disorder subacute ruminal acidosis. Subacute ruminal acidosis is defined as a status with a below-average ruminal pH that does not cause direct clinical symptoms at the individual level but is relevant for animal welfare due to a higher risk of secondary health problems at the herd level. The main objective of this study was to apply meta-analytical methods in an exploratory approach to investigate the association between pH parameters of the ventral rumen with milk and diet parameters. Data from 32 studies using continuous pH measurement in the ventral rumen of lactating cows were included in the meta-analysis. Available information extracted from all studies was categorized into parameters associated with management, cow, diet, milk, and pH. The statistical analysis was divided into 4 sections. First, a multiple imputation procedure based on a principal component model was applied, since approximately 19% of the data set consisted of missing values due to heterogeneity in provided information between the studies included in the analysis. In a second step, all potential predictors for the pH parameters, including the daily mean pH, the time with a pH below 5.8, and the pH range, were examined for their prediction suitability using multi-level mixed effects meta-regression models. These analyses were performed on the raw and the imputed data. Because the results of both approaches were consistent, the imputing procedure was considered to be appropriate. Third, automated variable selection was applied to all 3 pH parameters separately for the predictor groups milk and diet using the imputed data set. Thereby, multi-model inference was used to estimate the relative importance of the selected variables. Finally, a functional relationship between the 3 pH parameters was established. The fat to protein ratio of milk, milk fat, and milk protein showed significant associations in meta-regression analysis for all 3 pH parameters when used as a single predictor. Out of the group of diet-specific variables, the acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, nonfiber carbohydrate, starch content, as well as the forage to concentrate ratio, showed the highest significance in the models. In particular, the multi-model inference showed that the protein, fat, and lactose content of the milk can best quantify the association to the daily mean pH and the time with a pH below 5.8 in a multiple regression model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Mensching
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Integrated Breeding Research, University of Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - J Hummel
- Ruminant Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - A R Sharifi
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Integrated Breeding Research, University of Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hollis M, Pate R, Mideros S, Fellows G, Akins M, Murphy M, Cardoso F. Foliar fungicide application effects on whole plant BMR and floury corn varieties, and whole plant corn silage composition. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
16
|
Castro LP, Pereira MN, Dias JDL, Lage DVD, Barbosa EF, Melo RP, Ferreira K, Carvalho JTR, Cardoso FF, Pereira RAN. Lactation performance of dairy cows fed rehydrated and ensiled corn grain differing in particle size and proportion in the diet. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:9857-9869. [PMID: 31521352 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rehydrated and ensiled mature ground corn has high ruminal starch digestibility, but particle size (PS) and dietary starch proportion (ST) can affect starch digestion and lactating cow performance. We evaluated the effect of rehydrated and ensiled corn (REC), PS, and ST on intake, lactation performance, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation profile, and chewing behavior of dairy cows. Kernels from an 84% vitreousness hybrid were finely (FN) or coarsely (CS) ground, yielding geometric mean particle sizes of 1,591 and 2,185 µm, respectively. Ground kernels were rehydrated [60% dry matter (DM)] and ensiled in 200-L buckets for ≥205 d. The grinding rate (t/h) was 3.9 for FN and 11.7 for CS. The PS did not affect DM loss (11.3% of ensiled) or silage pH (3.8). Samples of each bucket (n = 15/PS) before and after silage fermentation were incubated in situ for 0, 3, 6, 18, and 48 h in 4 rumen-cannulated lactating cows. Ensiling increased the effective ruminal in situ DM degradation (63.7 vs. 34.1%), regardless of PS. Sixteen Holstein cows (152 ± 96 d in milk) in 4 × 4 Latin squares (21-d periods) were individually fed a 2 × 2 factorial combination of low (LO) or high (HI) starch diets with FN or CS. Cows were fed the same REC incubated in situ. Varied concentration of starch in the diet (29.2 vs. 23.5% of DM) was achieved by partial replacement of REC (22.0 vs. 14.2% of DM) with citrus pulp (0 vs. 8.2% of DM). Milk, protein, fat, and lactose yields did not differ. Milk fat percentage was reduced and protein percentage was increased by HI. Treatment FN increased feed efficiency (energy-corrected milk/digestible organic matter intake) when fed with HI. Total-tract starch digestibility tended to be reduced by CS (96.4 vs. 97.2% of starch intake). Serum β-hydroxybutyrate was increased by LO. High-starch diet reduced the molar proportions of acetate and butyrate in ruminal fluid and increased propionate and isoacids. Particle size did not affect ruminal fermentation profile. Coarse grinding reduced plasma d-lactate concentration with HI. Diet HI reduced the proportion of daily intake from 1900 to 0700 h and induced preferential intake of feed particles <8 mm and greater refusal of particles >19 mm in the morning. Fine REC reduced rumination time per day and increased eating time per DM intake. Milk and plasma urea-N did not differ. Ensiling of mature flint corn for >200 d largely eliminated the effect of the PS of REC on the studied outcomes. The proportion of REC in the diet affected ruminal fermentation profile and milk solids concentration, but did not affect short-term performance and digestibility. Coarse grinding of REC may allow increasing the grinding rate and thus save labor and energy during ensiling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas P Castro
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Marcos N Pereira
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG 37200-000, Brazil; Better Nature Research Center, Ijaci, MG 37218-000, Brazil.
| | - Julia D L Dias
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG 37200-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ricardo P Melo
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Karla Ferreira
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG 37200-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Renata A N Pereira
- Better Nature Research Center, Ijaci, MG 37218-000, Brazil; Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Lavras, MG 37200-000, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Coons EM, Fredin SM, Cotanch KW, Dann HM, Ballard CS, Brouillette JP, Grant RJ. Influence of a novel bm3 corn silage hybrid with floury kernel genetics on lactational performance and feed efficiency of Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:9814-9826. [PMID: 31447165 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dry matter intake, lactation performance, and chewing behavior of multiparous Holstein cows (n = 15) fed diets containing a novel bm3 corn silage hybrid with floury kernel genetics were compared with cows fed diets containing commercially available conventional and bm3 hybrids using a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 28-d periods. Cows were housed in tiestalls, milked 3 times/d, and fed a total mixed ration containing 49.0% (dry matter basis) of (1) a conventional corn silage hybrid (CONV); (2) a brown midrib bm3 hybrid (BMR); or (3) a bm3 hybrid with floury kernel genetics (BMRFL). All diets contained 6.3% hay crop silage and 44.7% concentrate. Dietary nutrient composition averaged 32.7% neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and 26.3 starch (% of dry matter). Data were analyzed by ANOVA using the MIXED procedure in SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). The dry matter intake was greater for cows fed BMR (28.0 kg/d) compared with CONV (26.8 kg/d), whereas dry matter intake for cows fed BMRFL was intermediate (27.6 kg/d). Energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield was greater for cows fed BMR (50.3 kg/d) and BMRFL (51.8 kg/d) compared with CONV (47.2 kg/d). Milk fat yield was higher for cows fed BMRFL (1.87 kg/d) compared with CONV (1.74 kg/d) and BMR (1.80 kg/d). Milk protein yield was greater for cows fed BMR (1.49 kg/d) and BMRFL (1.54 kg/d) compared with CONV (1.36 kg/d). Milk urea-N was reduced for cows fed BMR (11.61 mg/dL) and BMRFL (11.16 mg/dL) compared with CONV (13.60 mg/dL). Feed efficiency (ECM/dry matter intake) was higher for cows fed BMRFL (1.87) compared with CONV (1.76) and BMR (1.79). Milk N efficiency was greatest for cows fed BMRFL (40.4%) followed by BMR (38.1%) and finally CONV (35.3%). Cows fed CONV chewed 5 min more per kilograms of NDF consumed than cows fed either of the BMR hybrids. No differences were observed among diets in apparent total-tract digestibility of NDF (58.1%) or starch (99.3%). Overall lactational performance was enhanced for cows fed diets containing both BMR and BMRFL hybrids versus CONV. In addition, feeding the BMRFL corn silage improved efficiency of component-corrected milk production and milk N efficiency compared with the CONV and BMR silages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E M Coons
- William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY 12921
| | - S M Fredin
- William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY 12921
| | - K W Cotanch
- William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY 12921
| | - H M Dann
- William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY 12921
| | - C S Ballard
- William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY 12921
| | | | - R J Grant
- William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY 12921.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Xu N, Liu J, Yu P. Using vibrational molecular spectroscopy with chemometrics as an analytical method to investigate association of degradation with inherent molecular structures in grain. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 208:331-338. [PMID: 30342343 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Corn starch played a critical role in maintaining energy supply for high milk yield. The objectives of this research were to disclose the starch and carbohydrate-related biopolymers degradation in three newly developed corn lines (LM10, LM01 and LD999) during rumen incubation, and detect relationships between molecular structures and starch degradation. Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier-transform Vibrational Molecular Spectroscopy (ATR-Ft/VMS) was applied to reveal molecular structure conformations that were associated with major nutrients macro-biopolymers. Line LM01 was greater (P < 0.01) in peak heights and areas of carbohydrate (CHO) related spectral than LM10 and LD999 (P < 0.01). Line LM01 had greater rumen degradable dry matter and starch than LM10 and LD999 (P < 0.05). During 48 h rumen incubation, absorbance intensities of CHO peak 1 and peak 3 decreased linearly (P < 0.01), but absorbance intensities of CHO peak 2 increased, non-structural CHO related spectral absorbance intensities decreased linearly (P < 0.01). Correlation analysis showed that CHO associated spectral were positively correlated to ruminal dry matter and starch degradability (P < 0.10). The results inferred that the molecular spectral features of newly developed corn lines played a more important role in determining starch degradability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Xu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada; Institute of Dairy Science, MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science, MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada; College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Allen MS. Do more mechanistic models increase accuracy of prediction of metabolisable protein supply in ruminants? ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an19337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ruminal microbes partially degrade dietary protein and synthesise microbial protein, which, along with undegraded true protein, contributes to metabolisable protein for the animal. Rumen models have been developed over the past several decades in an effort to better predict metabolisable protein supply for ration formulation for ruminants. These models have both empirical and mechanistic components. Separation of dietary protein into fractions that include non-protein nitrogen, true protein and unavailable protein has been a fundamental element of these models. Ruminal degradation of one or more true protein fractions is then estimated on the basis of the kinetics of digestion and passage. Some models use the same method to predict substrate supply for microbial protein production. Although mechanistic models have been extensively used in diet-formulation programs worldwide, their ability to improve accuracy of prediction of metabolisable protein over simpler empirical models is questionable. This article will address the potential of mechanistic models to better predict metabolisable protein supply in ruminants as well as their limitations.
Collapse
|
20
|
Spetter MJ, Ramiro FA, Della Rosa MM, Maglietti CS, Depetris JG, Santini FJ, Raimondi JP, Roig JM, Pavan E. Brown-midrib corn silage in finishing steer diet: effects on animal performance, in vivo digestibility and ruminal kinetics disappearance. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an17585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lower lignin content in brown-midrib corn silage (BMRCS) than in conventional corn silage results in greater digestibility and dry-matter intake. Despite this advantage, the use of BMRCS has not been widely evaluated in beef cattle. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of BMRCS chopped at 22-mm as the main component (79% DM basis) for finishing steer diet on digestion, animal performance and ruminal kinetics disappearance. In a first trial, 56 Angus and crossbred steers (339 ± 18 kg initial bodyweight) were divided into 14 pens that were randomly assigned to one of the following two treatments: BMR total mixed ration (BMRT) or conventional total mixed ration. Data were analysed under a completely randomised design using pen as the experimental unit (n = 7). In a second trial, BMRCS and conventional corn silage were incubated (0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 72 and 120 h) in the rumen of three ruminally cannulated cows. Data were analysed under a completely randomised block (cow) design. The inclusion of BMRCS in 79% corn silage diet for finishing steers improved total diet neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre digestibility, but did not improve DM digestibility. While there was no significant improvement in animal performance, carcass yield was improved in BMRT. Future studies are needed to evaluate the improvement of carcass weight in steers fed BMRT.
Collapse
|
21
|
Castagnino DS, Seck M, Longuski RA, Ying Y, Allen MS, Gervais R, Chouinard PY, Girard CL. Particle size and endosperm type of dry corn grain altered duodenal flow of B vitamins in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:9841-9846. [PMID: 30197133 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the experiment was to determine if factors such as endosperm type (floury vs. vitreous) and particle size (fine vs. medium) of dry corn grain, known to affect starch digestibility in the rumen, modify apparent ruminal synthesis and duodenal flow of B vitamins in lactating dairy cows. Eight lactating multiparous Holstein cows equipped with rumen and duodenal cannulas were assigned randomly to a treatment sequence according to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement in duplicate 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment. Duration of each experimental period was 21 d. When expressed per unit of dry matter intake (DMI), floury treatments increased duodenal flow and apparent ruminal synthesis of niacin and folates but tended to increase apparent degradation of thiamin in the rumen. Duodenal flow of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folates, and vitamin B12, expressed per unit of DMI, decreased with an increase in particle size. Similarly, apparent degradation of thiamin and riboflavin was greater and apparent synthesis of niacin, folates, and vitamin B12 was reduced when cows were fed coarser dry corn grain particles. Neither endosperm type nor particle size had an effect on duodenal flow and apparent ruminal synthesis of vitamin B6. Apparent ruminal syntheses, expressed per unit of DMI, of all studied B vitamins but thiamin were negatively correlated with apparent ruminal digestibility of neutral detergent fiber. Duodenal flow of microbial N was positively correlated with apparent ruminal synthesis of riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, and folates. Under the conditions of the present experiment, except for thiamin, the effects of factors increasing starch digestibility of dry corn grain in the rumen on the amounts of B vitamins available for absorption by the dairy cow seem to be mediated through differences on ruminal digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and, to a lesser extent, on duodenal microbial N flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D S Castagnino
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, 2000 College, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, J1M 0C8; Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - M Seck
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, 2000 College, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, J1M 0C8; Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - R A Longuski
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1225
| | - Y Ying
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1225
| | - M S Allen
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1225
| | - R Gervais
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - P Y Chouinard
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - C L Girard
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, 2000 College, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, J1M 0C8.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bajramaj DL, Curtis RV, Kim JJM, Corredig M, Doelman J, Wright TC, Osborne VR, Cant JP. Addition of glycerol to lactating cow diets stimulates dry matter intake and milk protein yield to a greater extent than addition of corn grain. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:6139-6150. [PMID: 28601462 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if the addition of glycerol to the diet of dairy cows would stimulate milk protein yield in the same manner as the addition of corn grain. Twelve multiparous lactating dairy cows at 81 ± 5 d in milk were subjected to 3 dietary treatments in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design for 28-d periods. The diets were a 70% forage diet considered the basal diet, the basal diet with 19% ground and high-moisture corn replacing forages, and the basal diet with 15% refined glycerol and 4% added protein supplements to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous with the corn diet. Cows were milked twice a day and samples were collected on the last 7 d of each period for compositional analysis. Within each period, blood samples were collected on d 26 and 27, and mammary tissue was collected by biopsy on d 28 for Western blot analysis. Dry matter intake increased from 23.7 kg/d on the basal diet to 25.8 kg/d on the corn diet and 27.2 kg/d on the glycerol diet. Dry matter intake tended to be higher with glycerol than corn. Milk production increased from 39.2 kg/d on the basal diet to 43.8 kg/d on the corn diet and 44.2 kg/d on the glycerol diet. However, milk yield did not differ between corn and glycerol diets. Milk lactose yields were higher on the corn and glycerol diets than the basal diet. Milk fat yield significantly decreased on the glycerol diet compared with the basal diet and tended to decrease in comparison with the corn diet. Mean milk fat globule size was reduced by glycerol feeding. Milk protein yield increased 197 g/d with addition of corn to the basal diet and 263 g/d with addition of glycerol, and the glycerol effect was larger than the corn effect. The dietary treatments had no effects on plasma glucose concentration, but plasma acetate levels decreased 27% on the glycerol diet. Amino acid concentrations were not affected by dietary treatments, except for branched-chain amino acids, which decreased 22% on the glycerol diet compared with the corn diet. The decreases in plasma acetate and branched-chain amino acid concentrations with glycerol and the larger effects of glycerol than corn on milk protein and fat yields suggest that glycerol is more glucogenic for cows than corn grain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D L Bajramaj
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - R V Curtis
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - J J M Kim
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - M Corredig
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - J Doelman
- Nutreco Canada Agresearch, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 4T2 Canada
| | - T C Wright
- Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 4Y2 Canada
| | - V R Osborne
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - J P Cant
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bello NM, Kramer M, Tempelman RJ, Stroup WW, St-Pierre NR, Craig BA, Young LJ, Gbur EE. Short communication: On recognizing the proper experimental unit in animal studies in the dairy sciences. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:8871-8879. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
24
|
Mathematical linkage of total-tract digestion of starch and neutral detergent fiber to their fecal concentrations and the effect of site of starch digestion on extent of digestion and energetic efficiency of cattle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.15232/pas.2016-01510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
25
|
Importance of NDF digestibility of whole crop maize silage for dry matter intake and milk production in dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
26
|
Genero GA, Cangiano CA, Raimondi JP, Roig JM, Gagliostro GA. Replacing conventional with brown midrib corn silage in a total mixed ration: the impact on early and late lactation dairy cow intake, milk yield and composition, and milk fatty acids profile. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/an14030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Brown midrib corn silage (BMRS) is used as an alternative to conventional corn silage (CS) to increase milk yield because of its higher neutral detergent fibre digestibility (NDFD) and DM intake (DMI). Forty Holstein dairy cows were used in a completely randomised design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Two groups of 13 cows in early lactation (EL) and 7 in late lactation (LL) were fed with a total mixed ration including brown midrib (BMR) or conventional corn silage (C), for a period of 42 days. The cows were milked twice a day, milk yield and DMI were recorded, and NDFD was estimated. Milk composition was measured twice a week and milk fatty acid profile was quantified on the final week of the experiment. In EL, BMR diet increased DMI, NDFD, milk and protein yield whereas milk fat content and yield were decreased. Concentrations of trans-10 C18:1 and trans-10, cis-12 C18:2 in milk were higher in BMR. In LL cows DMI was similar between BMR and C whereas milk and fat yields tended to be higher in C. Fat-corrected milk yield was greater in the C diet. The effect of the BMRS on DMI and milk yield depended on stage of lactation, justifying its use in early lactation. The lower milk fat concentration, observed when BMRS was included in the diets, could be explained in part by an increased concentration of trans-10 C18:1 and trans-10, cis-12 C18:2.
Collapse
|
27
|
Ferraretto L, Shaver R. Effects of whole-plant corn silage hybrid type on intake, digestion, ruminal fermentation, and lactation performance by dairy cows through a meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:2662-75. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
28
|
Lopes F, Cook D, Combs D. Validation of an in vitro model for predicting rumen and total-tract fiber digestibility in dairy cows fed corn silages with different in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibilities at 2 levels of dry matter intake. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:574-85. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
29
|
Gorniak T, Hüther L, Meyer U, Lebzien P, Breves G, Südekum KH, Dänicke S. Digestibility, ruminal fermentation, ingesta kinetics and nitrogen utilisation in dairy cows fed diets based on silage of a brown midrib or a standard maize hybrid. Arch Anim Nutr 2014; 68:143-58. [DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2014.897531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
30
|
Castillo-Lopez E, Ramirez Ramirez H, Klopfenstein T, Hostetler D, Karges K, Fernando S, Kononoff P. Ration formulations containing reduced-fat dried distillers grains with solubles and their effect on lactation performance, rumen fermentation, and intestinal flow of microbial nitrogen in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:1578-93. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
31
|
Fredin S, Ferraretto L, Akins M, Hoffman P, Shaver R. Fecal starch as an indicator of total-tract starch digestibility by lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:1862-71. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
32
|
Giuberti G, Gallo A, Masoero F, Ferraretto LF, Hoffman PC, Shaver RD. Factors affecting starch utilization in large animal food production system: A review. STARCH-STARKE 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201300177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Giuberti
- Institute of Feed and Food Science and Nutrition; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Piacenza Italy
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Institute of Feed and Food Science and Nutrition; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Piacenza Italy
| | - Francesco Masoero
- Institute of Feed and Food Science and Nutrition; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Piacenza Italy
| | | | | | - Randy D. Shaver
- Department of Dairy Science; University of Wisconsin; Madison WI USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Giuberti G, Gallo A, Moschini M, Cerioli C, Masoero F. Evaluation of the impact of maize endosperm vitreousness on in vitro starch digestion, dry matter digestibility and fermentation characteristics for pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
34
|
Holt M, Neal K, Eun JS, Young A, Hall J, Nestor K. Corn silage hybrid type and quality of alfalfa hay affect dietary nitrogen utilization by early lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:6564-76. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
35
|
Gorniak T, Meyer U, Hackelsperger F, Dänicke S. Effects of a Brown-midrib corn hybrid on nutrient digestibility in wethers and on dry matter intake, performance, rumen and blood variables in dairy cows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2013; 98:300-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Gorniak
- Institute of Animal Nutrition; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI); Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Braunschweig Germany
| | - U. Meyer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI); Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Braunschweig Germany
| | - F. Hackelsperger
- Institute of Animal Nutrition; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI); Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Braunschweig Germany
| | - S. Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI); Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Braunschweig Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Castillo-Lopez E, Klopfenstein TJ, Fernando SC, Kononoff PJ. In vivo determination of rumen undegradable protein of dried distillers grains with solubles and evaluation of duodenal microbial crude protein flow. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:924-34. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E. Castillo-Lopez
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583-0908
| | - T. J. Klopfenstein
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583-0908
| | - S. C. Fernando
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583-0908
| | - P. J. Kononoff
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583-0908
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Holt M, Eun JS, Thacker C, Young A, Dai X, Nestor K. Effects of feeding brown midrib corn silage with a high dietary concentration of alfalfa hay on lactational performance of Holstein dairy cows for the first 180 days of lactation. J Dairy Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
38
|
Ferraretto L, Crump P, Shaver R. Effect of cereal grain type and corn grain harvesting and processing methods on intake, digestion, and milk production by dairy cows through a meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:533-50. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
39
|
Zebeli Q, Aschenbach JR, Tafaj M, Boguhn J, Ametaj BN, Drochner W. Invited review: Role of physically effective fiber and estimation of dietary fiber adequacy in high-producing dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:1041-56. [PMID: 22365188 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Highly fermentable diets require the inclusion of adequate amounts of fiber to reduce the risk of subacute rumen acidosis (SARA). To assess the adequacy of dietary fiber in dairy cattle, the concept of physically effective neutral detergent fiber (peNDF) has received increasing attention because it amalgamates information on both chemical fiber content and particle size (PS) of the feedstuffs. The nutritional effects of dietary PS and peNDF are complex and involve feed intake behavior (absolute intake and sorting behavior), ruminal mat formation, rumination and salivation, and ruminal motility. Other effects include fermentation characteristics, digesta passage, and nutrient intake and absorption. Moreover, peNDF requirements depend on the fermentability of the starch source (i.e., starch type and endosperm structure). To date, the incomplete understanding of these complex interactions has prevented the establishment of peNDF as a routine method to determine dietary fiber adequacy so far. Therefore, this review is intended to analyze the quantitative effects of and interactions among forage PS, peNDF, and diet fermentability with regard to rumen metabolism and prevention of SARA, and aims to give an overview of the latest achievements in the estimation of dietary fiber adequacy in high-producing dairy cattle. Recently developed models that synthesize the effects of both peNDF and fermentable starch on rumen metabolism appear to provide an appropriate basis for estimation of dietary fiber adequacy in high-producing dairy cows. Data suggest that a period lasting more than 5 to 6h/d during which ruminal pH is <5.8 should be avoided to minimize health disturbances due to SARA. The knowledge generated from these modeling approaches recommends that average amounts of 31.2% peNDF inclusive particles >1.18mm (i.e., peNDF(>1.18)) or 18.5% peNDF inclusive particles >8mm (i.e., peNDF(>8)) in the diet (DM basis) are required. However, inclusion of a concentration of peNDF(>8) in the diet beyond 14.9% of diet DM may lower DM intake level. As such, more research is warranted to develop efficient feeding strategies that encourage inclusion of energy-dense diets without the need to increase their content in peNDF above the threshold that leads to lower DM intake. The latter would require strategies that modulate the fermentability characteristics of the diet and promote absorption and metabolic capacity of ruminal epithelia of dairy cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Meta-analysis: Effect of corn silage harvest practices on intake, digestion, and milk production by dairy cows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30334-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
41
|
Aschenbach JR, Kristensen NB, Donkin SS, Hammon HM, Penner GB. Gluconeogenesis in dairy cows: the secret of making sweet milk from sour dough. IUBMB Life 2011; 62:869-77. [PMID: 21171012 DOI: 10.1002/iub.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Gluconeogenesis is a crucial process to support glucose homeostasis when nutritional supply with glucose is insufficient. Because ingested carbohydrates are efficiently fermented to short-chain fatty acids in the rumen, ruminants are required to meet the largest part of their glucose demand by de novo genesis after weaning. The qualitative difference to nonruminant species is that propionate originating from ruminal metabolism is the major substrate for gluconeogenesis. Disposal of propionate into gluconeogenesis via propionyl-CoA carboxylase, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, and the cytosolic form of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) has a high metabolic priority and continues even if glucose is exogenously supplied. Gluconeogenesis is regulated at the transcriptional and several posttranscriptional levels and is under hormonal control (primarily insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone). Transcriptional regulation is relevant for regulating precursor entry into gluconeogenesis (propionate, alanine and other amino acids, lactate, and glycerol). Promoters of the bovine pyruvate carboxylase (PC) and PEPCK genes are directly controlled by metabolic products. The final steps decisive for glucose release (fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and glucose 6-phosphatase) appear to be highly dependent on posttranscriptional regulation according to actual glucose status. Glucogenic precursor entry, together with hepatic glycogen dynamics, is mostly sufficient to meet the needs for hepatic glucose output except in high-producing dairy cows during the transition from the dry period to peak lactation. Lactating cows adapt to the increased glucose requirement for lactose production by mobilization of endogenous glucogenic substrates and increased hepatic PC expression. If these adaptations fail, lipid metabolism may be altered leading to fatty liver and ketosis. Increasing feed intake and provision of glucogenic precursors from the diet are important to ameliorate these disturbances. An improved understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying gluconeogenesis may further improve our options to enhance the postpartum health status of dairy cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg R Aschenbach
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Alemu AW, Dijkstra J, Bannink A, France J, Kebreab E. Rumen stoichiometric models and their contribution and challenges in predicting enteric methane production. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
43
|
Mullins CR, Bradford BJ. Effects of a molasses-coated cottonseed product on diet digestibility, performance, and milk fatty acid profile of lactating dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:3128-35. [PMID: 20630230 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of a molasses-coated cottonseed product on nutrient digestibility and milk fatty acid (FA) composition of lactating dairy cattle. The effect of a direct-fed microbial (DFM) product was also examined. Twelve Holstein cows (693+/-85kg of body weight, 127+/-39 d in milk, 2.08+/-0.29 lactations; mean +/- SD) were randomly assigned to sequence in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design balanced for carryover effects. Cows were fed 1 of 4 treatments during each of the four 14-d periods: a control diet including 11.4% (dry matter basis) reginned cottonseed (CON), a diet with 14.4% molasses-coated cottonseed to match the cottonseed inclusion rate of the control diet (TC), the control diet with the addition of a liquid form of the cotton coating used to produce molasses-coated cottonseed (LC), and the LC diet with the addition of a DFM (LC+DFM). Diets were formulated for equal concentrations of neutral detergent fiber, crude protein, ether extract, and macrominerals. Treatments had no effect on dry matter intake, apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility, or milk production. The molasses coat, in either form, tended to decrease concentrations of odd-chain FA (2.25 and 2.31 vs. 2.35 g/100g of FA for TC, LC, and CON, respectively) and unsaturated FA (31.4 and 31.1 vs. 32.1 g/100g of FA) in milk. This could be indicative of a mild shift in ruminal fermentation away from propionate-producing bacteria toward fiber-digesting bacteria responsible for biohydrogenation of FA. The form of the molasses coating had few effects, but LC significantly decreased concentrations of total trans-C18:1 (2.04 vs. 2.30+/-0.13 g/100g of FA) and polyunsaturated FA (4.81 vs. 5.01+/-0.17) compared with TC, implying that the liquid form slightly enhanced ruminal FA biohydrogenation. Furthermore, adding the DFM to the LC diet tended to increase the proportion of long-chain FA (FA >C16) and significantly increased the proportions of trans-C18:1 (2.22 vs. 2.04+/-0.13 g/100g of FA) and unsaturated FA (32.4 vs. 31.1+/-0.7 g/100g of FA), suggesting an inhibitory effect on ruminal biohydrogenation. Results suggest that coating cottonseed with a hardened molasses product does not significantly depress nutrient digestibility and may provide a convenient method of incorporating these ingredients into dairy rations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C R Mullins
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Holt M, Williams C, Dschaak C, Eun JS, Young A. Effects of corn silage hybrids and dietary nonforage fiber sources on feed intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and productive performance of lactating Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:5397-407. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
45
|
Huhtanen P, Ahvenjärvi S, Broderick G, Reynal S, Shingfield K. Quantifying ruminal digestion of organic matter and neutral detergent fiber using the omasal sampling technique in cattle—A meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:3203-15. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
46
|
Al-Trad B, Wittek T, Penner GB, Reisberg K, Gäbel G, Fürll M, Aschenbach JR. Expression and activity of key hepatic gluconeogenesis enzymes in response to increasing intravenous infusions of glucose in dairy cows. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:2998-3008. [PMID: 20495114 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed at investigating whether increasing concentrations of glucose supply have a depressive effect on the mRNA abundance and activity of key gluconeogenic enzymes in dairy cows. Twelve Holstein-Friesian dairy cows in mid-lactation were intravenously infused with saline (SI; n = 6) or a 40% glucose solution (GI; n = 6). For GI cows, the infusion dose increased by 1.25%/d relative to the initial NE(l) requirement until a maximum dose equating to surplus 30% NE(l) was reached on d 24. Cows receiving SI received an equivalent volume of 0.9% saline solution. Blood samples were taken every 2 d, and liver biopsies were collected every 8 d. A treatment x quadratic dose interaction (P < 0.01) was observed for the concentration of plasma glucose and serum insulin. The interactions were due to positive quadratic responses of the concentrations of glucose and insulin for GI cows, whereas the concentrations of glucose and insulin did not change over time for SI cows. The concentration of beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) and serum urea nitrogen (BUN) responded in a treatment x quadratic dose manner, such that greater decreases (P < 0.01) in BHBA and BUN concentrations were observed for cows receiving GI than SI as the dosage increased. Serum NEFA concentration tended to follow a similar pattern as serum BHBA and BUN; however, the interaction was not significant (P = 0.07). The mRNA abundance of gluconeogenesis enzymes followed a linear treatment x dose interaction (P < 0.05) for only pyruvate carboxylase (PC), which was paralleled by a trend for a linear treatment x dose interaction (P = 0.13) for PC enzyme activity. The least PC expression and activity were observed at the largest glucose dosage. The activity, but not mRNA abundance, of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) showed treatment x quadratic dose interactions (P < 0.05) with decreasing activity at increasing glucose dose. Activities and expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose 6-phosphatase were not affected (P > 0.25) by treatment. In conclusion, hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes are only moderately affected by slowly increasing glucose supply, including a translational or posttranslational downregulation of FBPase activity and a decrease in the mRNA abundance of PC with possible consequences for PC enzyme activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Al-Trad
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Castro J, Bernard J, Mullis N, Eggleston R. Brown midrib corn silage and Tifton 85 bermudagrass in rations for early-lactation cows. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:2143-52. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
48
|
Hoffman P, Ngonyamo-Majee D, Shaver R. Technical note: Determination of corn hardness in diverse corn germplasm using near-infrared reflectance baseline shift as a measure of grinding resistance. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:1685-9. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
49
|
Gencoglu H, Shaver R, Steinberg W, Ensink J, Ferraretto L, Bertics S, Lopes J, Akins M. Effect of feeding a reduced-starch diet with or without amylase addition on lactation performance in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:723-32. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
50
|
Carbohydrate quantitative digestion and absorption in ruminants: from feed starch and fibre to nutrients available for tissues. Animal 2010; 4:1057-74. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731110000844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
|