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Insulin, Testosterone, and Albumin in Term and Preterm Breast Milk, Donor Milk, and Infant Formula. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061476. [PMID: 36986206 PMCID: PMC10051190 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Infants have three options for feeding: their own mother’s breast milk, donor milk, or infant formula. Insulin, testosterone, total protein, and albumin levels were measured in breast milk samples from the first 6 months of lactation, in donor milk samples, and in different infant formulas. Methods: Mothers who gave birth to term (n = 19) or preterm (n = 19) infants were recruited to collect breast milk samples during the first 6 months of lactation. The Breast Milk Collection Center (Unified Health Institution, Pécs, Hungary) provided 96 donor milk (DM) samples for analysis in our study. Insulin, testosterone, total protein, and albumin levels were measured in breast milk, donor milk, and infant formulas. Results: During the first 2 months of lactation, the concentration of insulin was lower (−27.4%) while the testosterone concentration was higher (+20.8%) compared to the period between the 3rd and 6th months only in the preterm breast milk samples. The infant formulas examined did not contain insulin or testosterone. Holder pasteurization (HoP) did not influence the level of testosterone in human milk, although HoP decreased the insulin (−53.6%) and albumin (−38.6%) concentrations. Conclusions: Diet impacts the hormone intake of infants, underlining the importance of breastfeeding and the possible supplementation of formula-fed infants.
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Vass RA, Kiss G, Bell EF, Miseta A, Bódis J, Funke S, Bokor S, Molnár D, Kósa B, Kiss AA, Takács T, Dombai F, Ertl T. Thyroxine and Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone in Own Mother’s Milk, Donor Milk, and Infant Formula. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12040584. [PMID: 35455075 PMCID: PMC9025043 DOI: 10.3390/life12040584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding is widely supported in clinical and home practices, and it is known that different forms of infant feeding differ in hormone content. Thyroid hormones have essential physiological roles. In our study, we examined thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine, and albumin levels in breast milk produced for term (n = 16) or preterm (n = 15) infants throughout the first 6 months of lactation. Moreover, we analyzed these components in donor human milk and in three different infant formulas. Term and preterm breast milk samples were collected monthly. The two groups had similar levels of TSH (18.4 ± 1.4 vs. 24.7 ± 2.9 nU/L), but term milk contained higher amounts of thyroxine (11,245.5 ± 73.8 vs. 671.6 ± 61.2 nmol/L) during the examination period. The albumin level was significantly higher in preterm breast milk than in term breast milk (328.6 ± 17.1 vs. 264.2 ± 6.8 mg/L). In preterm breast milk we detected downward trends in the levels of TSH (−30.2%) and thyroxine (−29.2%) in the 3rd through 6th month compared to the first 2 months of lactation. Microbiological safety of donor milk was ensured by Holder pasteurization (HoP). From the Breast Milk Collection Center of Pécs, Hungary, we enrolled 44 donor mothers into the study. HoP decreased TSH (−73.8%), thyroxine (−22.4%), and albumin (−20.9%) concentrations. Infant formulas used by the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the University of Pécs were found to not contain the investigated hormones, but their albumin levels were similar to the breast milk samples. The present study shows the lack of thyroid hormones in infant formulas compared to human milk and raises the question of whether formula-fed infants should be supplemented with thyroid hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka A. Vass
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pécs Medical School, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (J.B.); (S.F.); (A.A.K.); (T.T.); (F.D.); (T.E.)
- National Laboratory for Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (S.B.); (D.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-30-253-2000
| | - Gabriella Kiss
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Pécs Medical School, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (G.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Edward F. Bell
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Attila Miseta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Pécs Medical School, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (G.K.); (A.M.)
| | - József Bódis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pécs Medical School, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (J.B.); (S.F.); (A.A.K.); (T.T.); (F.D.); (T.E.)
- National Laboratory for Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (S.B.); (D.M.)
| | - Simone Funke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pécs Medical School, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (J.B.); (S.F.); (A.A.K.); (T.T.); (F.D.); (T.E.)
- National Laboratory for Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (S.B.); (D.M.)
| | - Szilvia Bokor
- National Laboratory for Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (S.B.); (D.M.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pécs Medical School, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Dénes Molnár
- National Laboratory for Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (S.B.); (D.M.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pécs Medical School, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Balázs Kósa
- Department of Interior, Applied and Creative Design, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary;
| | - Anna A. Kiss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pécs Medical School, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (J.B.); (S.F.); (A.A.K.); (T.T.); (F.D.); (T.E.)
| | - Timea Takács
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pécs Medical School, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (J.B.); (S.F.); (A.A.K.); (T.T.); (F.D.); (T.E.)
| | - Flóra Dombai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pécs Medical School, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (J.B.); (S.F.); (A.A.K.); (T.T.); (F.D.); (T.E.)
| | - Tibor Ertl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pécs Medical School, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (J.B.); (S.F.); (A.A.K.); (T.T.); (F.D.); (T.E.)
- National Laboratory for Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (S.B.); (D.M.)
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Hollanders JJ, Kouwenhoven SMP, van der Voorn B, van Goudoever JB, Rotteveel J, Finken MJJ. The Association between Breastmilk Glucocorticoid Concentrations and Macronutrient Contents Throughout the Day. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020259. [PMID: 30682836 PMCID: PMC6412799 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Glucocorticoids (GCs) in breastmilk follow the maternal hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis activity and may affect the offspring’s growth and neurodevelopment. There is some evidence suggesting that macronutrients in breastmilk also fluctuate throughout the day. We aimed to research whether GCs and macronutrients are correlated in multiple breastmilk samples obtained over a 24-h period. Methods: A total of 10 mothers provided 45 breastmilk samples collected over a 24-h period. Cortisol and cortisone levels were determined by LC–MS/MS, and macronutrients were measured with mid-infrared spectroscopy. Correlations between breastmilk GCs and macronutrients were assessed with Pearson correlations and linear mixed models. Results: No associations were found between breastmilk GCs and macronutrients (cortisol: β-0.1 (95% confidence interval: −1.0 to 0.7), −4.9 (−12.9 to 3.1) for fat, protein, and carbohydrates, respectively; and −0.3 (−5.6 to 5.0) and cortisone: 0.0 (−2.5 to 2.5), −17.4 (−39.8 to 5.0), and −2.7 (−17.7 to 12.3)) for fat, protein, and carbohydrates, respectively. Adjusting for the time of collection to account for GC rhythmicity did not change the results. Conclusion: We found no associations between GCs and macronutrients in human breastmilk. The excretion of GCs in breastmilk and the effects of breastmilk GCs on offspring are, therefore, likely independent of the excretion and effects of the macronutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonneke J Hollanders
- Room ZH 9 D 36, Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Stefanie M P Kouwenhoven
- Room ZH 9 D 36, Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Bibian van der Voorn
- Room ZH 9 D 36, Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2060, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Johannes B van Goudoever
- Room ZH 9 D 36, Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Joost Rotteveel
- Room ZH 9 D 36, Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Martijn J J Finken
- Room ZH 9 D 36, Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Lönnerdal B, Erdmann P, Thakkar SK, Sauser J, Destaillats F. Longitudinal evolution of true protein, amino acids and bioactive proteins in breast milk: a developmental perspective. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 41:1-11. [PMID: 27771491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The protein content of breast milk provides a foundation for estimating protein requirements of infants. Because it serves as a guideline for regulatory agencies issuing regulations for infant formula composition, it is critical that information on the protein content of breast milk is reliable. We have therefore carried out a meta-analysis of the protein and amino acid contents of breast milk and how they evolve during lactation. As several bioactive proteins are not completely digested in the infant and therefore represent "non-utilizable" protein, we evaluated the quantity, mechanism of action and digestive fate of several major breast milk proteins. A better knowledge of the development of the protein contents of breast milk and to what extent protein utilization changes with age of the infant will help improve understanding of protein needs in infancy. It is also essential when designing the composition of infant formulas, particularly when the formula uses a "staging" approach in which the composition of the formula is modified in stages to reflect changes in breast milk and changing requirements as the infant ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA.
| | - Peter Erdmann
- Nestlé Nutrition, Rue Entre-Deux-Villes 10, CH-1814, La Tour-de-Peilz, Switzerland
| | - Sagar K Thakkar
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, P.O. Box 44, CH-1000, Lausanne, 26, Switzerland
| | - Julien Sauser
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, P.O. Box 44, CH-1000, Lausanne, 26, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Destaillats
- Nestlé Nutrition, Rue Entre-Deux-Villes 10, CH-1814, La Tour-de-Peilz, Switzerland
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Sousa SG, Delgadillo I, Saraiva JA. Human Milk Composition and Preservation: Evaluation of High-pressure Processing as a Nonthermal Pasteurization Technology. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 56:1043-60. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.753402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Shi YD, Sun GQ, Zhang ZG, Deng X, Kang XH, Liu ZD, Ma Y, Sheng QH. The chemical composition of human milk from Inner Mongolia of China. Food Chem 2011; 127:1193-8. [PMID: 25214113 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.01.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In Inner Mongolia, China, the chemical composition of 66 breast milk samples at three lactation stages was analysed. Except for total nitrogen content, the contents of total solid, fat, NPN, lactose and ash were not significantly different between colostral, transitional and mature milk. Fatty acids did not vary over the three lactation stages, while unsaturated fatty acids accounted for 59.95-63.22% of the total fatty acids. Relatively low contents of vitamins were in the milk because the volunteer mothers did not take any vitamin supplementation over the entire lactation period. Besides sodium and phosphate, the concentrations of most minerals in the breast milk remained fairly constant across the three lactation stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Dong Shi
- R&D Center, Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co. Ltd., Huhhot 011500, China
| | - Guo-Qing Sun
- R&D Center, Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co. Ltd., Huhhot 011500, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Zhang
- R&D Center, Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co. Ltd., Huhhot 011500, China
| | - Xin Deng
- Mengniu Arla (Inner Mongolia) Dairy Products Co. Ltd., Huhhot 011500, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Kang
- R&D Center, Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co. Ltd., Huhhot 011500, China
| | - Zhen-Dong Liu
- Mengniu Arla (Inner Mongolia) Dairy Products Co. Ltd., Huhhot 011500, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Qing-Hai Sheng
- R&D Center, Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co. Ltd., Huhhot 011500, China.
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Montagne PM, Cuillière ML, Molé CM, Béné MC, Faure GC. Dynamics of the Main Immunologically and Nutritionally Available Proteins of Human Milk during Lactation. J Food Compost Anal 2000. [DOI: 10.1006/jfca.1999.0861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Montagne PM, Trégoat VS, Cuillière ML, Béné MC, Faure GC. Measurement of nine human milk proteins by nephelometric immunoassays: application to the determination of mature milk protein profile. Clin Biochem 2000; 33:181-6. [PMID: 10913515 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9120(00)00059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Microparticle-enhanced nephelometric immunoassays for six human milk proteins (beta-casein, kappa-casein, alpha-lactalbumin, serum albumin, lactoferrin, and lysozyme) and conventional immunonephelometry assays for immunoglobulin A, C3, and C4 complement proteins were developed and characterized. DESIGN AND METHODS Microparticle-enhanced nephelometric immunoassays are competitive assays based on the nephelometric quantification of the inhibition of microparticle-protein conjugates immunoagglutination by the proteins to be assayed. RESULTS High precision (CVs ranged from 1% to 14% in within- and between-assays) and recovery (linear recovery in dilution-overloading assay) ensure a reliable determination of the main human milk proteins by single-step homogeneous nephelometric immunoassays, accurate over wide ranges of concentration. These immunoassays were easily applied to a large number of mature human milk samples (between 373 and 503 according to the proteins tested). CONCLUSIONS The immunoassays developed could be applied to the fast determination of human milk protein profile usable for nursery milk bank and fortification.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Montagne
- GRIP, Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Nancy, France.
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Montagne P, Cuillière ML, Molé C, Béné MC, Faure G. Immunological and nutritional composition of human milk in relation to prematurity and mother's parity during the first 2 weeks of lactation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1999; 29:75-80. [PMID: 10400108 DOI: 10.1097/00005176-199907000-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the effect of prematurity and parity on the dynamics of the major immunologic and nutritional proteins of human milk over the first 2 weeks of lactation. METHODS Microparticle-enhanced nephelometric immunoassays were developed for the quantification of alpha-lactalbumin, beta-casein, serum albumin, lactoferrin, and lysozyme in human milk. These components, immunoglobulin A, and total proteins were assayed in 368 individual samples collected from 74 mothers. RESULTS The dynamics of the major immunologic and nutritional proteins in early lactation presented similar patterns in preterm and term human milks. In comparison with term milk, preterm milk was globally characterized by higher concentrations of immune proteins and lower concentrations of nutritive proteins. These differences were increased by the degree of prematurity, which, however, influenced the absolute and relative protein concentrations differently, depending on the stage of lactation. The protein composition of term milk was similar, whatever the mother's parity. Conversely, the influence of prematurity on the levels of milk proteins during the first days of lactation was even greater in primiparous mothers. CONCLUSIONS This precise description of the composition of preterm and term milk, regarding the main nutritional and immunologic proteins, confirms the influence of both prematurity and parity on milk components and demonstrates the combined effect of these two conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Montagne
- Groupe de Recherche en Immunopathology, Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Nancy, France
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Cuillière ML, Abbadi M, Molé C, Montagne P, Béné MC, Faure G. Microparticle-enhanced nephelometric immunoassay of alpha-lactalbumin in human milk. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOASSAY 1997; 18:97-109. [PMID: 9139050 DOI: 10.1080/01971529708005806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A microparticle-enhanced nephelometric immunoassay was developed for alpha-lactalbumin quantitation in human milk. It is based on the nephelometric measurement of the light scattered during the competitive immunoagglutination of a microparticle-alpha-lactalbumin conjugate with an anti-alpha-lactalbumin antiserum. This immunoassay is sensitive (detection limit in reaction mixture, 1.5 micrograms/L) and could be performed in high dilution of milk, excluding any interference or sample pretreatment. It allowed the quantification of alpha-lactalbumin on a large range of concentrations (0.5-16.9 g/L) with accuracy (linear recovery in dilution-overloading assay) and precision (within- and between-run coefficients of variation from 1 to 7%). Changes in the alpha-lactalbumin concentration of human milk during lactation were determined in 162 samples. The concentration and ratio of alpha-lactalbumin total protein were found to be significantly lower in colostrum (4.9 g/l, 27%) than in transitional milk (5.2 g/L, 40%), then decreased in mature milk (3.4 g/L, 31%).
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Cuillière
- GRIP, Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Nancy, France
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McKenzie HA, White FH. Lysozyme and alpha-lactalbumin: structure, function, and interrelationships. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1991; 41:173-315. [PMID: 2069076 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3233(08)60198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H A McKenzie
- Department of Chemistry, University College, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Abstract
Alpha-lactalbumin is a major protein in human milk and of considerable nutritional importance to the infant. However, there are discrepancies in the literature on content of this protein in human milk, which indicate a need for a method that would permit estimation from a large number of samples. The technique of immunodiffusion was adopted for human alpha-lactalbumin. Purification of alpha-lactalbumin for production of antigen is described as is the statistical evaluation of the method. The alpha-lactalbumin contents of pooled human milk samples as well as of the milk from one mother during 2 mo of lactation were analyzed. The alpha-lactal-bumin content of human milk showed considerable variation. This variation and its relation to factors such as length of lactation, and nutritional status of the mother should be studied further.
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