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Cruickshank KM, Hatew B, Gehman AM, Koenig KM, Ribeiro ES, McBride BW, Steele MA. The effect of supplementary selenium source on apparent and true absorption, retention, performance, and selenium status in lactating Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00528-9. [PMID: 38460879 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Selenium is an essential trace mineral for dairy cattle and can be provided in the diet in various forms that may differ in bioavailability. The objective of this study was to determine how source of Se affects animal performance, Se status, retention, and apparent and true absorption. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 24; 597 ± 49 kg body weight) were blocked by days in milk (DIM; 161 ± 18) and randomly assigned to receive 0.3 mg Se/kg of dry matter (100% of NASEM requirements) of either organic Se (ORG; selenized yeast) or inorganic Se (INO; sodium selenite). The Se premix was top-dressed on a common total mixed ration fed daily and mixed into the top 15 cm directly before feeding. Following an 11-wk adaptation period, cows received simultaneous infusions of an intraruminal isotope dose of 77Se in the same chemical form as the premix, and an intravenous dose of 82Se in an inorganic form. Infusions were followed by a 4-d period of blood and rumen fluid sampling, and total collection of feces, urine, and milk. Daily dry matter intake (23 ± 0.6 kg), milk yield (35 ± 1.2 kg), and serum Se (0.11 ± 0.003 µg/g) were not different between treatments during the adaptation period, but milk Se concentrations were greater for ORG compared with INO. Serum 77Se maximum concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC) were not different between treatments for 72 h following infusion, but rumen fluid 77Se AUC was higher for ORG than INO. Apparent absorption (64 ± 1.4%), and retention (44 ± 1.5%) of the 77Se dose did not differ between treatments. True absorption was calculated using 82Se enrichment in serum and feces and was determined to be 69 ± 1.3% and did not differ between treatments. Fecal excretion of the 77Se dose was not different between treatments (36 ± 1.4%), but ORG had lower urinary excretion and higher milk excretion compared with INO. These results indicate that organic Se resulted in greater Se concentration of milk and lower urinary Se excretion into the environment, but absorption, Se status, and performance of the cow were not affected by Se source at this supplementation level.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Cruickshank
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph ON
| | - B Hatew
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB
| | | | - K M Koenig
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB
| | - E S Ribeiro
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph ON
| | - B W McBride
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph ON
| | - M A Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph ON.
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2
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Crump ZC, Alberto AF, Brown BL, Roholt BW, Okamoto LL, Sego ML, Spurling RA, Ward RE, Blackett BM, Harding RL, Ranathunga SD, Thornton KJ. The effects of including sprouted barley with alfalfa hay in the diet on ruminal health and performance of cow-calf pairs. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae074. [PMID: 38502875 PMCID: PMC10983780 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The world population is growing exponentially, increasing demand to produce high-quality protein for human consumption. Changes in weather patterns, drought, and decreased land resources due to urbanization have increased the strain on the agriculture sector to meet world demands. An alternative method to combat these issues and continue to produce high-quality livestock feed would be through a controlled environment vertical farming system. Commonly, cereal grains, such as barley, are used in these systems to produce livestock feed. However, there is little information on the viability of feeding sprouted grains to beef cattle. Two diets of either feeder-quality alfalfa hay (n = 10 pairs; ALF) or the same alfalfa hay and sprouted barley (SB; 12.6% dry matter [DM]; n = 10 pairs) were fed for 90 d to Angus pairs with a steer calf during mid to late lactation. On days 0 and 90, body weight (BW), milk, rumen fluid, and body condition score were collected from cows and hip height and BW were recorded for calves. On day 10, BW was recorded for cows and calves and rumen fluid was collected from cows. Rumen fluid was also collected from cows on day 45. On day 55, BW was collected for both cows and calves and milk from cows. Intake was recorded throughout the trial via bunks with Vytelle technology. The PROC MIXED procedure of SAS was used to analyze all data with the day as a repeated measure to determine the main effect of diet. Individual volatile fatty acids (VFA) were measured as a percent of total VFA. No differences (P ≥ 0.16) were observed in calf BW, hip height, milk protein, fat, lactose, calf DM intake (DMI), or cow DMI. Cows fed SB tended (P = 0.08) to have a decreased somatic cell count compared to ALF. Percent butyrate was impacted by diet × day (P = 0.02), but no difference (P > 0.09) at any time points were detected. Additionally, a diet × day effect (P = 0.001) on rumen pH demonstrated that both groups stayed consistent until day 45 and then SB pH decreased the last 45 d. There was a day effect for total VFA (P = 0.0009), acetate:propionate (Ac:Pr; P < 0.0001), acetate (P < 0.0001), and propionate (P < 0.0001) demonstrating that total VFA, acetate, and Ac:Pr all increased throughout the trial, while propionate decreased. These results indicate that SB can be a potential alternative feed at this stage of production as it does not negatively impact health or production, but does affect the rumen pH and proportion of some VFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Cal Crump
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Anthony Fernando Alberto
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Bailee Lynn Brown
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Bryce Wayne Roholt
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Lillian Lelehua Okamoto
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Mia Lynn Sego
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Ryan Arthur Spurling
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Robert Edward Ward
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kara Jean Thornton
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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3
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Corbett RB. Trace Mineral Nutrition in Confinement Dairy Cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2023; 39:425-438. [PMID: 37587002 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Veterinarians are often called upon to diagnose health-related issues on the farm that may be related to trace mineral deficiencies or toxicities. Trace mineral feeding rates are often not available due to the proprietary nature of the trace mineral premixes provided by nutritional consultants. The veterinarian needs to be aware of the common clinical signs of trace mineral deficiencies and toxicities, interactions between trace minerals that may result in deficiencies, clinical samples that are necessary for the proper diagnosis, and the recommended normal ranges of each trace mineral depending on the age of the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Corbett
- Dairy Health Consultation, PO Box 100, Spring City, UT 84662, USA.
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4
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Preventive Supplementation of Vitamin E and Selenium as a Factor in Improving the Success Rate of Embryo Transfer in Cattle. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2023. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2023-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The effects of stress on processes in the body are becoming an increasingly relevant research subject. The reproductive ability of bovine animals largely depends on these effects, whilst embryo transfer is increasingly being used as a reproduction method. In this study, we established the differences in the implantation ability of heifers that were treated (N=17) with selenium (Se) and vitamins AD3E, and non-treated heifers. Upon transfer, we took blood samples from both groups and used the total antioxidant status (TAS) value to analyze the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and the levels of vitamin E and Se in blood plasma. In the study, we were able to demonstrate that preventive measures in the form of supplementation of vitamin E and Se, mitigate the effects of oxidative stress, strengthen the ability of an organism to improve the dynamic relationship between free radicals and antioxidants, improve the energy status of cattle, positively impact reproductive parameters and increase the success rate of embryo transfer. The difference in the number of successful embryo implantations between the control and treated group was statistically significant, with 64.7% of treated heifers being pregnant after embryo transfer and giving birth to healthy calves. In the control group, the implantation success rate was 41.2%. The supplementation of antioxidants in the form of a combination of vitamin AD3E and Se, proved to be a good method for strengthening the defense of an organism and an effective mean of preventive clinical approach for improving fertility parameters.
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Suresh S, Sankar P, Kalaivanan R, Telang AG. Ameliorative effect of nanocurcumin on Staphylococcus aureus-induced mouse mastitis by oxidative stress suppression. INORG NANO-MET CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/24701556.2022.2026384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniyam Suresh
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Palanisamy Sankar
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramya Kalaivanan
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Avinash Gopal Telang
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Insoongnern H, Srakaew W, Prapaiwong T, Suphrap N, Potirahong S, Wachirapakorn C. Effect of Mineral Salt Blocks Containing Sodium Bicarbonate or Selenium on Ruminal pH, Rumen Fermentation and Milk Production and Composition in Crossbred Dairy Cows. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8120322. [PMID: 34941849 PMCID: PMC8707673 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8120322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruminal pH is an important physiological parameter that regulates microbe activity; optimizing ruminal pH may improve rumen fermentation and milk production. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) or selenium (Se) in mineral salt block (MSB) supplementation on ruminal pH, rumen fermentation, milk yield and composition in Holstein Friesian crossbred dairy cows. Four crossbred dairy cows with an initial weight of 456 ± 6 kg in mid-lactation were assigned at random using a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The experiments were divided into four periods, each lasting 21 days. Each cow was fed a basal diet supplemented with a different type of mineral salt block: a control with no MSB supplementation, and MSB groups with MSB containing NaHCO3 (MSB-Na), MSB containing Se (MSB-Se), and conventional commercial MSB (MSB-Com). MSB-Na contained NaHCO3 (500 g/kg) to prevent acidosis, MSB-Se contained organic Se (15 mg/kg) as an antioxidant, and MSB-Com was a positive control mineral salt block. The results show that there was no significant difference in feed intake between treatments, but there was a significant difference in mineral salt intake between treatments (p < 0.05). Supplementing mineral blocks had no effect on nutrient intake or apparent digestibility (p > 0.05). Ruminal pH was not different between treatments at 0 and 1 h post-feeding, but at 2 and 4 h post-feeding, ruminal pH in cows fed MSB-Na and MSB-Se was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than it was in cows fed MSB-Com and the control. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA), acetic, propionic, butyric, and ammonia nitrogen and blood urea nitrogen were not influenced by mineral blocks supplementation. Milk yield, milk composition and energy-corrected milk (ECM) were not affected by supplementing mineral blocks. However, compared with the control, the somatic cell count (SCC) in the milk was reduced (p < 0.05) by supplementation with the mineral salt block. Based on the results of the experiments, it was concluded that MSB-Na or MSB-Se supplementation improved ruminal pH while having no effect on feed intake, rumen fermentation, milk yield, or composition, though it did reduce SCC in milk. However, additional research should be conducted to investigate the effect of MSB on rumen ecology and milk production in dairy cows fed a high-concentrate diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hathaichanok Insoongnern
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok, Chonburi 20110, Thailand;
| | - Wuttikorn Srakaew
- Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nan Campus, Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna, Nan 55000, Thailand;
| | - Tipwadee Prapaiwong
- Department of Animal Production Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Chantaburi Campus, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok, Chantaburi 22210, Thailand;
| | | | | | - Chalong Wachirapakorn
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-61-965-6414
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Libera K, Konieczny K, Witkowska K, Żurek K, Szumacher-Strabel M, Cieslak A, Smulski S. The Association between Selected Dietary Minerals and Mastitis in Dairy Cows-A Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2330. [PMID: 34438787 PMCID: PMC8388399 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to describe the association between selected dietary minerals and mastitis in dairy cows. Minerals are a group of nutrients with a proven effect on production and reproductive performance. They also strongly affect immune system function. In particular their deficiencies may result in immunosuppression, which is a predisposing factor for udder inflammation occurrence. The role of selected dietary minerals (including calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, selenium, copper and zinc) has been reviewed. Generally, minerals form structural parts of the body; as cofactors of various enzymes they are involved in nerve signaling, muscle contraction and proper keratosis. Their deficiencies lead to reduced activity of immune cells or malfunction of teat innate defense mechanisms, which in turn promote the development of mastitis. Special attention was also paid to minerals applied as nanoparticles, which in the future may turn out to be an effective tool against animal diseases, including mastitis. To conclude, minerals are an important group of nutrients, which should be taken into account on dairy farms when aiming to achieve high udder health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacper Libera
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infection Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (K.L.); (K.W.); (K.Ż.)
| | - Kacper Konieczny
- Department of Internal Diseases and Diagnostics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Witkowska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infection Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (K.L.); (K.W.); (K.Ż.)
| | - Katarzyna Żurek
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infection Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (K.L.); (K.W.); (K.Ż.)
| | - Małgorzata Szumacher-Strabel
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 33, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (M.S.-S.); (A.C.)
| | - Adam Cieslak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 33, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (M.S.-S.); (A.C.)
| | - Sebastian Smulski
- Department of Internal Diseases and Diagnostics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland;
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Keller M, Manzocchi E, Rentsch D, Lugarà R, Giller K. Antioxidant and Inflammatory Gene Expression Profiles of Bovine Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Response to Arthrospira platensis before and after LPS Challenge. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050814. [PMID: 34065248 PMCID: PMC8161185 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammatory diseases are closely related processes that need to be controlled to ensure the desirable high performance of livestock. The microalga spirulina has shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in monogastric species. To investigate potential beneficial effects in ruminants, we replaced soybean meal (SOY) in the diets of dairy cows and fattening bulls by spirulina (SPI) and analyzed plasma concentrations of antioxidants (β-carotene, α-tocopherol, polyphenols) and serum total antioxidant capacity. Following in vitro stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated for expression analysis of inflammation- and antioxidant-defense-related genes. Plasma β-carotene concentration was higher in SPI, compared to SOY cows, but did not differ in bulls. Plasma total phenol concentration was significantly higher in SPI, compared to SOY bulls, but not in cows. Stimulation of bovine PBMCs with LPS increased the expression of most cytokines and some antioxidant enzymes. Gene expression of PBMCs derived from SPI animals, compared to SOY animals, hardly differed. Our results indicate that in ruminants, spirulina might not have potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Future studies should evaluate the microbial degradation of spirulina and its bioactive compounds in the rumen to provide further data on potential beneficial health effects in ruminants.
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Faccenda A, Zambom MA, de Avila AS, Schneider CR, Werle CH, Anschau FA, Almeida ARE, Lange MJ, dos Santos GT. Performance and milk composition of Holstein cows fed with dried malt bagasse and selenium-enriched Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Gundelach Y, Streuff B, Franczyk M, Kankofer M, Hoedemaker M. Influence of two different feeding strategies in the dry period on dry matter intake and plasma protein peroxidative and antioxidative profile during dry period and early lactation. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:134. [PMID: 32404087 PMCID: PMC7222456 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dairy cows undergo dramatic changes in endocrine and metabolic status around parturition and in early lactation. Meeting the nutritional requirements of transition dairy cows is important for animal health, production and animal wellbeing. Dry cow feeding and managing play an essential role in this. The changes in metabolism of periparturient cows also lead to a rise in the production of oxidising agents, leading to oxidative stress. The relationship between dry cow diet composition and oxidative stress has received little research attention so far. In the present study, the influence of two different dry cow feedings (single diet with medium energy content over the whole dry period versus traditional two-phase diet with a low-energy “far-off” ration and a high energy “close-up” ration) on dry matter intake, energy intake and plasma protein peroxidative and antioxidative profile was investigated. Results The examined parameters revealed a dynamic profile within the experimental period. Dry matter intake (DMI) did not differ between groups. However, there was a time and a group x time interaction effect: Group 1 (“one-phase”) had a very constant DMI with a slow and even decrease until calving. In Group 2 (“two-phase”), an initial increase in DMI two weeks antepartum (a.p.) was followed by a sharp drop at week 1 a.p.. The highest total antioxidant capacity and sulfhydryl residue concentration was noted at partus. In contrast, concentration of formylokinurenine and bityrosine bridges as representatives of protein peroxidation were lowest at parturition. The time course of formylokinurenine and bityrosine bridges showed parallels to the DMI. The contents of sulfhydryl groups, formylokinurenine and total antixoxidant capacity did not differ between groups. In contrast, concentration of bityrosine bridges was always higher in Group 2 compared with Group 1 and these differences were statistically significant at week 3 a.p., week 2 a.p., week 1 a.p. and at parturition. Conclusion The results of our study suggest time-related changes of pro- and antioxidative plasma parameters. Different dry cow feeding affected antepartal DMI. Furthermore, DMI and diet compositions seemed to have an influence on plasma protein peroxidative profile and activity of antioxidative defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Gundelach
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Beate Streuff
- Present Address: Educational and Research Centre for Agriculture, Haus Düsse, Ostinghausen, 59505, Bad Sassendorf, Germany
| | - Monika Franczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marta Kankofer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Martina Hoedemaker
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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Samuel TM, De Castro CA, Dubascoux S, Affolter M, Giuffrida F, Billeaud C, Picaud JC, Agosti M, Al-Jashi I, Pereira AB, Costeira MJ, Silva MG, Marchini G, Rakza T, Haaland K, Stiris T, Stoicescu SM, Martínez-Costa C, Vanpee M, Domellöf M, Castañeda-Gutiérrez E, Thakkar SK, Silva-Zolezzi I. Subclinical Mastitis in a European Multicenter Cohort: Prevalence, Impact on Human Milk (HM) Composition, and Association with Infant HM Intake and Growth. Nutrients 2019; 12:nu12010105. [PMID: 31905959 PMCID: PMC7019749 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is an inflammatory condition of the mammary gland. We examined the effects of SCM on human milk (HM) composition, infant growth, and HM intake in a mother–infant cohort from seven European countries. Methods: HM samples were obtained from 305 mothers at 2, 17, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days postpartum. SCM status was assessed using HM Sodium (Na): Potassium (K) ratio >0.6. Levels of different macro- and micronutrients were analyzed in HM. Results: SCM prevalence in the first month of lactation was 35.4%. Mean gestational age at delivery was lower and birth by C-section higher in SCM mothers (p ≤ 0.001). HM concentrations of lactose, DHA, linolenic acid, calcium, and phosphorous (p < 0.05 for all) was lower, while total protein, alpha-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, albumin, arachidonic acid to DHA ratio, n-6 to n-3 ratio and minerals (iron, selenium, manganese, zinc, and copper) were higher (p < 0.001 for all) in mothers with SCM. There were no differences in infant growth and HM intake between non-SCM and SCM groups. Conclusion: We document, for the first time, in a large European standardized and longitudinal study, a high prevalence of SCM in early lactation and demonstrate that SCM is associated with significant changes in the macro- and micronutrient composition of HM. Future studies exploring the relation of SCM with breastfeeding behaviors and developmental outcomes are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinu Mary Samuel
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (S.D.); (M.A.); (F.G.); (E.C.-G.)
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Stephane Dubascoux
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (S.D.); (M.A.); (F.G.); (E.C.-G.)
| | - Michael Affolter
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (S.D.); (M.A.); (F.G.); (E.C.-G.)
| | - Francesca Giuffrida
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (S.D.); (M.A.); (F.G.); (E.C.-G.)
| | | | - Jean-Charles Picaud
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Neonatal intensive care unit, Hôpital Croix Rousse, 69004 Lyon, France;
- Univ. Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, INRA U1397, INSA Lyon, Universite Claude Bernard, 69221 Lyon 1, France
| | | | - Isam Al-Jashi
- Medical School, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Titu Maiorescu Medicine University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania;
| | | | - Maria Jose Costeira
- Instituto de Investigação em Ciências da Vida e Saúde, 4720-011 Braga, Portugal;
| | | | - Giovanna Marchini
- Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; (G.M.); (M.V.)
| | - Thameur Rakza
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique de Lille, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, 59777 Lille, France;
| | - Kirsti Haaland
- Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (K.H.); (T.S.)
| | - Tom Stiris
- Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (K.H.); (T.S.)
| | | | | | - Mireilla Vanpee
- Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; (G.M.); (M.V.)
| | - Magnus Domellöf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umea University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Eurídice Castañeda-Gutiérrez
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (S.D.); (M.A.); (F.G.); (E.C.-G.)
| | - Sagar Kiran Thakkar
- Nestle Research, Singapore 618802, Singapore; (C.A.D.C.); (S.K.T.); (I.S.-Z.)
| | - Irma Silva-Zolezzi
- Nestle Research, Singapore 618802, Singapore; (C.A.D.C.); (S.K.T.); (I.S.-Z.)
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Abstract
In New Zealand, the recommended intake of Se for dairy cattle (0.03 mg/kg dry matter (DM)) is lower than in the United Kingdom and Australia (0.1 and 0.04 mg/kg DM, respectively), and much lower than in the United States of America (0.3 mg/kg DM). Advisors in New Zealand often suggest that New Zealand intake recommendations are far too low and that recommendations from the United States of America should be used. This has created confusion as farmers are given very different advice depending on which recommendations their advisor uses. In this review, we assess whether the published evidence supports the existing dietary requirements and associated Se status thresholds, or if change is required. We focus particularly on the evidence-base in cattle fed a primarily pasture-based diet, as it is critical that dietary recommendations are derived from data created using cows fed similar diets. Accordingly, we also consider whether the increased use of fodder crops, especially during the dry period, is likely to have altered the Se requirements of dairy cows in New Zealand. We report that the science behind the dietary requirements for Se is robust, being supported by factorial models validated using New Zealand data, and on-farm experimental studies. Published nutritional data suggest that the increased use of fodder crops is unlikely to have altered the dietary balance of pro- and antioxidant factors in New Zealand dairy cows in a way that would meaningfully affect Se requirements. However, the lack of specific data on the vitamin E and fatty acid content of the crops being fed in New Zealand means that more information is needed to confirm this conclusion. In general, the existing New Zealand recommendations for Se-status thresholds are supported, although studies are still lacking to properly characterise the upper threshold of the marginal range. Nevertheless many studies in New Zealand, of herds with marginal or low adequate Se status (using New Zealand recommendations), have failed to show an effect of Se supplementation on milk production, intramammary infection or reproductive performance, so it is highly unlikely that the upper threshold of the range is much higher than the current recommendation. Proponents of the hypothesis that Se intakes in New Zealand dairy cattle should be increased by at least 10 times the current recommendations are therefore not using the evidence base correctly.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Hendriks
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - R A Laven
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Keshri A, Bashir Z, Kumari V, Prasad K, Joysowal M, Singh M, Singh D, Tarun A, Shukla S. Role of micronutrients during peri-parturient period of dairy animals – a review. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2019.1613793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anchal Keshri
- Animal Nutrition Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Zahid Bashir
- Animal Nutrition Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Vandana Kumari
- Animal Nutrition Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Kotresh Prasad
- Livestock Production Management Section, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Mamata Joysowal
- Animal Nutrition Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Man Singh
- Livestock Production Management Section, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Digvijay Singh
- Animal Nutrition Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Anupama Tarun
- Animal Nutrition Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Smriti Shukla
- Animal Physiology, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
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14
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High contamination levels of deoxynivalenol-induced erythrocyte damage in different models. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Keane OM. Symposium review: Intramammary infections-Major pathogens and strain-associated complexity. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:4713-4726. [PMID: 30827546 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Intramammary infection (IMI) is one of the most costly diseases to the dairy industry. It is primarily due to bacterial infection and the major intramammary pathogens include Escherichia coli, Streptococcus uberis, and Staphylococcus aureus. The severity and outcome of IMI is dependent on several host factors including innate host resistance, energy balance, immune status, parity, and stage of lactation. Additionally, the infecting organism can influence the host immune response and progression of disease. It is increasingly recognized that not only the infecting pathogen species, but also the strain, can affect the transmission, severity, and outcome of IMI. For each of 3 major IMI-associated pathogens, S. aureus, Strep. uberis, and E. coli, specific strains have been identified that are adapted to the intramammary environment. Strain-dependent variation in the host immune response to infection has also been reported. The diversity of strains associated with IMI must be considered if vaccines effective against the full repertoire of mammary pathogenic strains are to be developed. Although important advances have been made recently in understanding the molecular mechanism underpinning strain-specific virulence, further research is required to fully elucidate the cellular and molecular pathogenesis of mammary adapted strains and the role of the strain in influencing the pathophysiology of infection. Improved understanding of molecular pathogenesis of strains associated with bovine IMI will contribute to the development of new control strategies, therapies, and vaccines. The development of enabling technologies such as pathogenomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics can facilitate system-level studies of strain-specific molecular pathogenesis and the identification of key mediators of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Keane
- Animal and Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland C15 PW93.
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16
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Sordillo LM. Mammary Gland Immunobiology and Resistance to Mastitis. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2019; 34:507-523. [PMID: 30316507 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of dairy cattle to prevent infectious pathogens from causing mastitis is related to the efficiency of the mammary immune system. The primary roles of the bovine immune system are to prevent bacterial invasion of the mammary gland, eliminate existing infections, and restore mammary tissues to normal function. Mammary gland immunity uses a multifaceted network of physical, cellular, and soluble factors to protect the cow from the diverse array of mastitis-causing pathogens. Strategies to optimize mammary gland defenses can be an effective way to prevent the establishment of new intramammary infections and limit the use of antimicrobials to treat mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine M Sordillo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, G300 Veterinary Medical Center, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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17
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Biazus AH, Cazarotto CJ, Machado G, Bottari NB, Alves MS, Morsch VM, Schetinger MRC, Leal MLR, Fernandes NF, Moresco RN, Baldissera MD, Da Silva AS. Diphenyl diselenide subcutaneous supplementation of dairy sheep: effects on oxidant and antioxidant status, inflammatory response and milk composition. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an17374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Diphenyl diselenide ((PhSe)2) is a organoselenium compound with potent antioxidant properties. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate whether subcutaneous supplementation of (PhSe)2 in dairy sheep has positive effects on milk composition, as well as on the prevention of oxidative stress and exacerbated inflammatory response. For this, 16 primiparous recently calved sheep were divided into the following two groups, with eight animals in each: Group A, the control group; and Group B, the group subcutaneously supplemented with five doses of (PhSe)2 of 3.0µmol/kg each every 7 days. Blood samples from supplemented animals showed increased concentration of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase), and reduced reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation, which prevented oxidative damage in the lactation period, as well as increased seric interleukin-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine. In the sera, supplemented animals showed increased total antioxidant capacity and ferric-reducing ability of plasma compared with the control group. As a consequence, supplemented animals showed increased antioxidant variables, as well as reduced protein oxidation in milk samples. Moreover, milk from supplemented sheep showed a higher fat content, and lower total protein and lactose contents in some periods in the study, than did not-supplemented ewes. Seric concentrations of interleukin-1 were lower on Days 30 and 45 in supplemented animals, as well as the concentrations of tumour necrosis factor α in all periods, than were those in the control group, whereas the interleukin-10 concentrations were higher. Thus, dairy sheep supplementation of (PhSe)2 activated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses, and increased milk fat content. Moreover, this protocol increased the antioxidant and, consequently, reduced the oxidant concentration in milk, which is desirable for product quality.
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18
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Cazarotto CJ, Boito JP, Gebert RR, Reis JH, Machado G, Bottari NB, Morsch VM, Schetinger MR, Doleski PH, Leal ML, Baldissera MD, Da Silva AS. Metaphylactic effect of minerals on immunological and antioxidant responses, weight gain and minimization of coccidiosis of newborn lambs. Res Vet Sci 2018; 121:46-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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19
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Lee GY, Han SN. The Role of Vitamin E in Immunity. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111614. [PMID: 30388871 PMCID: PMC6266234 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that can protect the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the membrane from oxidation, regulate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and modulate signal transduction. Immunomodulatory effects of vitamin E have been observed in animal and human models under normal and disease conditions. With advances in understating of the development, function, and regulation of dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, T cells, and B cells, recent studies have focused on vitamin E’s effects on specific immune cells. This review will summarize the immunological changes observed with vitamin E intervention in animals and humans, and then describe the cell-specific effects of vitamin E in order to understand the mechanisms of immunomodulation and implications of vitamin E for immunological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga Young Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Sung Nim Han
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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20
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McGuffey RK. A 100-Year Review: Metabolic modifiers in dairy cattle nutrition. J Dairy Sci 2018; 100:10113-10142. [PMID: 29153158 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The first issue of the Journal of Dairy Science in 1917 opened with the text of the speech by Raymond A. Pearson, president of the Iowa State College of Agriculture, at the dedication of the new dairy building at the University of Nebraska (J. Dairy Sci. 1:4-18, 1917). Fittingly, this was the birth of a new research facility and more importantly, the beginning of a new journal devoted to the sciences of milk production and manufacture of products from milk. Metabolic modifiers of dairy cow metabolism enhance, change, or interfere with normal metabolic processes in the ruminant digestive tract or alter postabsorption partitioning of nutrients among body tissues. Papers on metabolic modifiers became more frequent in the journal around 1950. Dairy farming changed radically between 1955 and 1965. Changes in housing and feeding moved more cows outside, and cows and heifers in all stages of lactation, including the dry period, were fed as a single group. Rations became wetter with the shift to corn silage as the major forage in many rations. Liberal grain feeding met the requirements of high-producing cows and increased production per cow but introduced new challenges; for example, managing and feeding cows as a group. These changes led to the introduction of new strategies that identified and expanded the use of metabolic modifiers. Research was directed at characterizing the new problems for the dairy cow created by group feeding. Metabolic modifiers went beyond feeding the cow and included environmental and housing factors and additives to reduce the incidence and severity of many new conditions and pathologies. New collaborations began among dairy cattle specialties that broadened our understanding of the workings of the cow. The Journal of Dairy Science then and now plays an enormously important role in dissemination of the findings of dairy scientists worldwide that address existing and new technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K McGuffey
- McGuffey Dairy Consulting, Indianapolis, IN 46202.
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21
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Weiss WP. A 100-Year Review: From ascorbic acid to zinc-Mineral and vitamin nutrition of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 100:10045-10060. [PMID: 29153154 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mineral and vitamin nutrition of dairy cows was studied before the first volume of the Journal of Dairy Science was published and is still actively researched today. The initial studies on mineral nutrition of dairy cows were simple balance experiments (although the methods available at the time for measuring minerals were anything but simple). Output of Ca and P in feces, urine, and milk was subtracted from intake of Ca and P, and if values were negative it was often assumed that cows were lacking in the particular mineral. As analytical methods improved, more minerals were found to be required by dairy cows, and blood and tissue concentrations became primary response variables. Those measures often were poorly related to cow health, leading to the use of disease prevalence and immune function as a measure of mineral adequacy. As data were generated, mineral requirements became more accurate and included more sources of variation. In addition to milk yield and body weight inputs, bioavailability coefficients of minerals from different sources are used to formulate diets that can meet the needs of the cow without excessive excretion of minerals in manure, which negatively affects the environment. Milk, or more accurately the lack of milk in human diets, was central to the discovery of vitamins, but research into vitamin nutrition of cows developed slowly. For many decades bioassays were the only available method for measuring vitamin concentrations, which greatly limited research. The history of vitamin nutrition mirrors that of mineral nutrition. Among the first experiments conducted on vitamin nutrition of cows were those examining the factors affecting vitamin concentrations of milk. This was followed by determining the amount of vitamins needed to prevent deficiency diseases, which evolved into research to determine the amount of vitamins required to promote overall good health. The majority of research was conducted on vitamins A, D, and E because these vitamins have a dietary requirement, and clinical and marginal deficiencies became common as diets for cows changed from pasture and full exposure to the sun to stored forage and limited sun exposure. As researchers learned new functions of fat-soluble vitamins, requirements generally increased over time. Diets generally contain substantial amounts of B vitamins, and rumen bacteria can synthesize large quantities of many B vitamins; hence, research on water-soluble vitamins lagged behind. We now know that supplementation of specific water-soluble vitamins can enhance cow health and increase milk production in certain situations. Additional research is needed to define specific requirements for many water-soluble vitamins. Both mineral and vitamin research is hampered by the lack of sensitive biomarkers of status, but advanced molecular techniques may provide measures that respond to altered supply of minerals and vitamins and that are related to health or productive responses of the cow. The overall importance of proper mineral and vitamin nutrition is known, but as we discover new and more diverse functions, better supplementation strategies should lead to even better cow health and higher production.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Weiss
- Department of Animal Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691.
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22
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Nutritional strategies in ruminants: A lifetime approach. Res Vet Sci 2017; 116:28-39. [PMID: 28943061 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the role of nutritional strategies to improve lifetime performance in ruminants. Strategies to increase ruminants' productive longevity by means of nutritional interventions provide the opportunity not only to increase their lifetime performances and their welfare, but also to decrease their environmental impact. This paper will also address how such nutritional interventions can increase herd efficiency and farm profitability. The key competencies reviewed in this article are redox balance, skeletal development and health, nutrient utilization and sustainability, which includes rearing ruminants without antibiotics and methane mitigation. While the relationships between these areas are extremely complex, a multidisciplinary approach is needed to develop nutritional strategies that would allow ruminants to become more resilient to the environmental and physiological challenges that they will have to endure during their productive career. As the demand of ruminant products from the rapidly growing human world population is ever-increasing, the aim of this review is to present animal and veterinary scientists as well as nutritionists a multidisciplinary approach towards a sustainable ruminant production, while improving their nutrient utilization, health and welfare, and mitigation of their carbon footprint at the same time.
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23
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Kontturi M, Kujala M, Junni R, Malinen E, Seuna E, Pelkonen S, Soveri T, Simojoki H. Survey of interdigital phlegmon outbreaks and their risk factors in free stall dairy herds in Finland. Acta Vet Scand 2017; 59:46. [PMID: 28701213 PMCID: PMC5508700 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-017-0313-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe outbreaks of interdigital phlegmon (IP) associated with a high morbidity and major economic losses have occurred in Finland in the past decade. A survey was performed to indicate the current occurrence of infectious hoof diseases and to identify herd level risk factors predisposing to an outbreak of IP. Results Responses to a questionnaire revealed that an outbreak of IP defined as morbidity ≥5% within the 1st month of the outbreak, had occurred in 18.0% of the respondent study farms. Risk factors for an outbreak included animal transport between herds, i.e. either animal purchase or contract heifer rearing, enlargement or renovation of the barn, and if the fields of the farm had been organically cultivated. Having any kind of mechanical ventilation in comparison to natural ventilation seemed to lower the risk of IP. Additionally, the farms that had experienced an outbreak of IP often had other infectious hoof diseases. However, it was unclear which disease appeared first. Conclusions More attention is needed before and during enlargement or renovation of the barn and substantial planning is crucial for every part of the enlargement process in dairy farms.
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24
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Kegley EB, Ball JJ, Beck PA. BILL E. KUNKLE INTERDISCIPLINARY BEEF SYMPOSIUM: Impact of mineral and vitamin status on beef cattle immune function and health. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:5401-5413. [PMID: 28046179 PMCID: PMC7109838 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of optimal mineral and vitamin nutrition on improving immune function and health has been recognized in the preceding decades. In the southeast, beef cattle are raised predominantly on forages that may be limiting in nutrients for optimal health, especially trace minerals such as Cu, Zn, and Se. Clinical deficiencies of these nutrients produce classic symptoms that are common to several nutrient deficiencies (e.g., slow growth and unthrifty appearance); however, subclinical deficiencies are more widespread and more difficult to detect, yet may result in broader economic losses. Dietary mineral concentrations often considered adequate for maximum growth, reproductive performance, or optimal immune function have been found to be insufficient at times of physiological stress (weaning, transport, comingling, etc.), when feed intake is reduced. The impacts of these deficiencies on beef cattle health are not apparent until calves have been subjected to these stressors. Health problems that are exacerbated by mineral or vitamin deficiencies include bovine respiratory disease, footrot, retained placenta, metritis, and mastitis. Many micronutrients have antioxidant properties through being components of enzymes and proteins that benefit animal health. In dairy cattle, high levels of supplemental Zn are generally associated with reduced somatic cell counts and improved foot health, possibly reflecting the importance of Zn in maintaining effective epithelial barriers. Neutrophils isolated from ruminants deficient in Cu or Se have reduced ability to kill ingested bacteria in vitro. Supplemental vitamin E, in its role as an intracellular antioxidant has been shown to decrease morbidity in stressed calves. There is more understanding of the important biological role that these nutrients play in the functioning of the complex and multifaceted immune system. However, there is still much to be learned about determining the micronutrient status of herds (and hence when supplementation will be beneficial), requirements for different genetic and environmental conditions, understanding the bioavailability of these nutrients from feedstuffs and forages, quantifying the bioavailability of different supplemental sources of these nutrients, and identifying the impact of dietary antagonists on these nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. B. Kegley
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701
| | - J. J. Ball
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701
| | - P. A. Beck
- Southwest Research and Extension Center, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Hope 71801
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25
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Bradford BJ, Yuan K, Ylioja C. Managing complexity: Dealing with systemic crosstalk in bovine physiology. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:4983-4996. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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26
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Gong J, Xiao M. Selenium and Antioxidant Status in Dairy Cows at Different Stages of Lactation. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 171:89-93. [PMID: 26384688 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0513-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-five multiparous Holstein cows averaging 550 ± 50 kg of body weight and in 2 to 4 parity were divided into three groups according to lactation stage (group A: nine cows from 4 to 1 weeks prepartum; group B: 11 cows from 1 to 30 days postpartum; group C: 15 cows from 30 to 100 days postpartum). Selenium concentration, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activity, and total antioxidant status (TAS) in serum were determined to evaluate selenium and antioxidant status in dairy cows at different stages of lactation. The results showed that mean serum selenium concentration, MDA level, and GSH-Px activity of cows in early lactation increased significantly (P < 0.05) when compared with cows in the dry period and peak lactation. Conversely, serum TrxR activity and TAS declined during this period (P < 0.05). The increase of serum MDA level during early lactation indicate that the reactive oxygen species, including lipid hydroperoxides, increase in this period, thus placing the cows at a greater risk of oxidative stress. The significant decrease in TrxR activity that is accompanied with a decrease in TAS during early lactation suggests that dairy cows have low antioxidant defense in this period and TrxR may be an important antioxidant defense mechanism in transition dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China.
| | - Min Xiao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China
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27
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Séboussi R, Tremblay GF, Ouellet V, Chouinard PY, Chorfi Y, Bélanger G, Charbonneau É. Selenium-fertilized forage as a way to supplement lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:5358-5369. [PMID: 27085399 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fertilization with Se improves forage organic Se concentration, but comparisons with other forms of Se supplementation in feeding lactating dairy cows are scarce. Our objective was to compare the effect of Se-enriched forages to dietary sources of inorganic and organic Se. Digestibility, retention, and balance were assessed by measuring Se concentrations in feces, urine, milk, and blood. The resulting effect on antioxidant status and lactation performance of dairy cows was also determined. High-Se silages [1.72 mg of Se/kg of dry matter (DM)] were produced following a spring application of 2.5 kg/ha of Selcote Ultra, whereas low-Se silages (0.05 mg of Se/kg of DM) were produced in the Se-unfertilized portion of the same fields. After a 77±17 d period of Se depletion, 33 late-lactation primiparous Holstein cows were blocked and randomly assigned for 43 d to 1 of 4 experimental total mixed rations fed for ad libitum intake in an unbalanced randomized block design. Treatments consisted of 4 diets: control with low-Se silages, without Se supplement (0.12±0.04 mg of Se/kg of DM); ISe with low-Se silages and inorganic Se (0.80±0.14 mg of Se/kg of DM); YSe with low-Se silages and organic Se from yeast (0.70±0.11 mg of Se/kg of DM); and FSe with high-Se silages, without Se supplement (0.79±0.14 mg of Se/kg of DM). Organic Se, either as YSe or FSe, was more available and more effective to increase blood and milk Se concentrations than ISe. Moreover, FSe was more available than YSe, as cows fed FSe excreted 16 and 22% less Se (as percentage of intake) in feces and urine, respectively, had higher Se apparent absorption (17%), retention (37%), and balance (45%), and had greater concentration of Se in serum (16%) and milk (11%) than cows fed YSe. Antioxidant status (whole blood and plasma glutathione peroxidase, and milk thioredoxin reductase and malondialdehyde) was not affected by treatments. Dry matter intake, yield of actual, energy-corrected, and fat-corrected milk, as well as milk fat and lactose concentrations, were not affected by the dietary treatments. Cows fed ISe had lower milk protein concentration (3.44%) than cows fed YSe (3.58%) or FSe (3.51%). Cows fed Se-supplemented diets had a lower milk somatic cell count than cows fed the control diet. Results from the current study showed that the production of Se-enriched forages is an effective method to supplement dairy cows in Se as it was more available than YSe, and did not alter antioxidant status and performances of lactating dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Séboussi
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - G F Tremblay
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Québec Research and Development Centre, Québec, Canada GIV 2J3
| | - V Ouellet
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - P Y Chouinard
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Y Chorfi
- Université de Montréal, Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - G Bélanger
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Québec Research and Development Centre, Québec, Canada GIV 2J3
| | - É Charbonneau
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6.
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Asher A, Shabtay A, Brosh A, Eitam H, Agmon R, Cohen-Zinder M, Zubidat AE, Haim A. "Chrono-functional milk": The difference between melatonin concentrations in night-milk versus day-milk under different night illumination conditions. Chronobiol Int 2015; 32:1409-16. [PMID: 26588495 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2015.1102149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Pineal melatonin (MLT) is produced at highest levels during the night, under dark conditions. We evaluated differences in MLT-concentration by comparing daytime versus night time milk samples, from two dairy farms with different night illumination conditions: (1) natural dark (Dark-Night); (2) short wavelength Artificial Light at Night (ALAN, Night-Illuminated). Samples were collected from 14 Israeli Holstein cows from each commercial dairy farm at 04:30 h ("Night-milk") 12:30 h ("Day-milk") and analyzed for MLT-concentration. In order to study the effects of night illumination conditions on cows circadian rhythms, Heart Rate (HR) daily rhythms were recorded. MLT-concentrations of Night-milk samples from the dark-night group were significantly (p < 0.001) higher than those of Night-illuminated conditions (30.70 ± 1.79 and 17.81 ± 0.33 pg/ml, respectively). Interestingly, night illumination conditions also affected melatonin concentrations at daytime where under Dark-Night conditions values are significantly (p < 0.001) higher than Night-Illuminated conditions, (5.36 ± 0.33 and 3.30 ± 0.18 pg/ml, respectively). There were no significant differences between the two treatments in the milk yield and milk composition except somatic cell count (SCC), which was significantly lower (p = 0.02) in the Dark-Night group compared with the Night-Illuminated group. Cows in both groups presented a significant (p < 0.01) HR daily rhythm, therefore we assume that in the night illuminated cows feeding and milking time are the "time keeper", while in the Dark-night cows, HR rhythms were entrained by the light/dark cycle. The higher MLT-concentration in Dark-night cows with the lower SCC values calls upon farmers to avoid exposure of cows to ALAN. Therefore, under Dark-night conditions milk quality will improve by lowering SCC values where separation between night and day of such milk can produce chrono-functional milk, naturally rich with MLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Asher
- a Agricultural Research Organization , Newe Ya'ar, Ramat Yishay , Israel and.,b Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology , Faculty of Natural Sciences, The Israeli Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Chronobiology, University of Haifa , Mount Carmel , Haifa , Israel
| | - A Shabtay
- a Agricultural Research Organization , Newe Ya'ar, Ramat Yishay , Israel and
| | - A Brosh
- a Agricultural Research Organization , Newe Ya'ar, Ramat Yishay , Israel and
| | - H Eitam
- a Agricultural Research Organization , Newe Ya'ar, Ramat Yishay , Israel and
| | - R Agmon
- a Agricultural Research Organization , Newe Ya'ar, Ramat Yishay , Israel and
| | - M Cohen-Zinder
- a Agricultural Research Organization , Newe Ya'ar, Ramat Yishay , Israel and
| | - A E Zubidat
- b Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology , Faculty of Natural Sciences, The Israeli Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Chronobiology, University of Haifa , Mount Carmel , Haifa , Israel
| | - A Haim
- b Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology , Faculty of Natural Sciences, The Israeli Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Chronobiology, University of Haifa , Mount Carmel , Haifa , Israel
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Mavangira V, Mangual MJ, Gandy JC, Sordillo LM. 15-F2t-Isoprostane Concentrations and Oxidant Status in Lactating Dairy Cattle with Acute Coliform Mastitis. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 30:339-47. [PMID: 26566597 PMCID: PMC4913657 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe mammary tissue damage during acute coliform mastitis in cattle is partially caused by oxidative stress. Although considered a gold standard biomarker in some human conditions, the utility of 15‐F2t‐Isoprostanes (15‐F2t‐Isop) in detecting oxidative stress in dairy cattle has not been validated. Hypothesis Concentrations of 15‐F2t‐Isop in plasma, urine, and milk correlate with changes in oxidant status during severe coliform mastitis in cattle. Animals Eleven lactating Holstein‐Friesian dairy cows in their 3rd–6th lactation. Methods A case–control study using cows with acute coliform mastitis and matched healthy controls were enrolled into this study. Measures of inflammation, oxidant status, and redox status in plasma and milk samples were quantified using commercial assays. Plasma, urine, and milk 15‐F2t‐Isop were quantified by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) and ELISA assays. Data were analyzed by Wilcoxon rank sum tests (α = 0.05). Results Plasma 15‐F2t‐Isop quantified by LC‐MS/MS was positively correlated with systemic oxidant status (r = 0.83; P = .01). Urine 15‐F2t‐Isop quantified by LC‐MS/MS did not correlate with systemic oxidant status, but was negatively correlated with redox status variables (r = −0.83; P = .01). Milk 15‐F2t‐Isop quantified by LC‐MS/MS was negatively correlated (r = −0.86; P = .007) with local oxidant status. Total 15‐F2t‐Isop in milk quantified by a commercial ELISA (cbELISA) was positively correlated with oxidant status in milk (r = 0.98; P < .001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Free plasma 15‐F2t‐Isop quantified by LC‐MS/MS and total milk 15‐F2t‐Isop quantified by cbELISA are accurate biomarkers of systemic and mammary gland oxidant status, respectively. Establishing reference intervals for free and total 15‐F2t‐Isops for evaluating oxidative stress in dairy cows should currently be based on the LC‐MS/MS method.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mavangira
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - M J Mangual
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - J C Gandy
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - L M Sordillo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry W. Spears
- Dep. of Animal Science; North Carolina State Univ; Box 7621 Raleigh NC 27695
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Genualdo V, Perucatti A, Pauciullo A, Iannuzzi A, Incarnato D, Spagnuolo MS, Solinas N, Bullitta S, Iannuzzi L. Analysis of chromosome damage by sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and redox homeostasis characterization on sheep flocks from Sardinian pasturelands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 527-528:393-400. [PMID: 25984702 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, an increase of pollutants of diverse origin (industrial, military, mining, etc.) was recorded in several areas of Sardinia Island. We report the results of a multidisciplinary and complementary study based on cytogenetic and physiological analyses. The data obtained show the effects of the environmental impact on six sheep flocks (Sardinian breed) grazing on natural pasturelands next to possible polluted areas and compared to three herds grazing in different areas far from those potentially contaminated and used as control. Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) test was used as cytogenetic test to analyze chromosomal damages and it was performed on peripheral blood samples collected from 129 adult sheep (age > 4 years) randomly selected from polluted (92 animals) and control (37 animals) areas. Two types of cell cultures were performed: without (normal cultures) and with the addition of 5-BrdU. SCE-mean values estimated over 35 cells counted for each animal were 8.65 ± 3.40, 8.10 ± 3.50, 8.05 ± 3.08, 7.42 ± 3.34, 9.28 ± 3.56 and 8.38 ± 3.29 in the exposed areas, whereas the average values were 7.86 ± 3.31 in the control group. Significant increases (P < 0.01) of SCEs were found in three investigated areas of Southern Sardinia. Furthermore, sheep of the same flocks were characterized for blood redox homeostasis in order to define the potential targets of oxidative damage and to identify biomarkers of the extent of animal exposure to environmental contaminants. The plasma levels of Asc, Toc and Ret were found to be significantly lower (P < 0.001) in exposed sheep (I, II, IV and V) than in the control group. TAC as well as GPx and SOD activities were higher in control than in the exposed groups (P < 0.001). Finally, plasma levels of N-Tyr, PC, and LPO were significantly lower (P < 0.001) in the control group than in the exposed groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Genualdo
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Animal Production Systems in Mediterranean Environments (ISPAAM), Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Gene Mapping, via Argine, 1085, 80147 Naples, Italy.
| | - Angela Perucatti
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Animal Production Systems in Mediterranean Environments (ISPAAM), Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Gene Mapping, via Argine, 1085, 80147 Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pauciullo
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Animal Production Systems in Mediterranean Environments (ISPAAM), Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Gene Mapping, via Argine, 1085, 80147 Naples, Italy; University of Torino, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), Largo P. Braccini, 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Alessandra Iannuzzi
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Animal Production Systems in Mediterranean Environments (ISPAAM), Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Gene Mapping, via Argine, 1085, 80147 Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Incarnato
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Animal Production Systems in Mediterranean Environments (ISPAAM), Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Gene Mapping, via Argine, 1085, 80147 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Stefania Spagnuolo
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Animal Production Systems in Mediterranean Environments (ISPAAM), Laboratory of Animal Physiology, via Argine, 1085, 80147 Naples, Italy
| | - Nicolina Solinas
- Italian Local Health Authority (ASL) n. 1, Ospedale di Thiesi, viale Madonna di Seunis, 07047 Thiesi, Sassari, Italy
| | - Simonetta Bullitta
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Animal Production Systems in Mediterranean Environments (ISPAAM), Traversa La Crucca, 3, Località Baldinca, 07040 Li Punti, Sassari, Italy
| | - Leopoldo Iannuzzi
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Animal Production Systems in Mediterranean Environments (ISPAAM), Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Gene Mapping, via Argine, 1085, 80147 Naples, Italy
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Sadri H, Dänicke S, Meyer U, Rehage J, Frank J, Sauerwein H. Tocopherols and tocotrienols in serum and liver of dairy cows receiving conjugated linoleic acids or a control fat supplement during early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2015. [PMID: 26210275 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The fat-soluble vitamin E comprises the 8 structurally related compounds (congeners) α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol (with a saturated side chain) and α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocotrienol (with a 3-fold unsaturated side chain). Little is known regarding the blood and liver concentrations of the 8 vitamin E congeners during the transition from pregnancy to lactation in dairy cows. We thus quantified tocopherols (T) and tocotrienols (T3) in serum and liver and hepatic expression of genes involved in vitamin E metabolism in pluriparous German Holstein cows during late gestation and early lactation and investigated whether dietary supplementation (from d 1 in milk) with conjugated linoleic acids (CLA; 100g/d; each 12% of trans-10,cis-12 and cis-9,trans-11 CLA; n=11) altered these compared with control-fat supplemented cows (CTR; n=10). Blood samples and liver biopsies were collected on d -21, 1, 21, 70, and 105 (liver only) relative to calving. In both groups, the serum concentrations of αT, γT, βT3, and δT3 increased from d -21 to d 21 and remained unchanged between d 21 and 70, but were unaffected by CLA. The concentrations of the different congeners of vitamin E in liver did not differ between the CTR and the CLA groups. In both groups, the concentrations of the vitamin E forms in liver changed during the course of the study. The hepatic mRNA abundance of genes controlling vitamin E status did not differ between groups, but α-tocopherol transfer protein and tocopherol-associated protein mRNA increased with time of lactation in both. In conclusion, the concentrations of vitamin E congeners and the expression of genes related to vitamin E status follow characteristic time-related changes during the transition from late gestation to early lactation but are unaffected by CLA supplementation at the dosage used.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sadri
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology and Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, 5166616471 Tabriz, Iran
| | - S Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Meyer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - J Rehage
- University for Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - J Frank
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - H Sauerwein
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology and Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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Bradford BJ, Yuan K, Farney JK, Mamedova LK, Carpenter AJ. Invited review: Inflammation during the transition to lactation: New adventures with an old flame. J Dairy Sci 2015. [PMID: 26210279 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
For dairy cattle, the first several weeks of lactation represent the highest-risk period in their lives after their own neonatal period. Although more than 50% of cows during this period are estimated to suffer from at least one subclinical disorder, the complicated admixture of normal adaptations to lactation, infectious challenges, and metabolic disorders has made it difficult to determine which physiological processes are adaptive and which are pathological during this time. Subacute inflammation, a condition that has been well documented in obesity, has been a subject of great interest among dairy cattle physiologists in the past decade. Many studies have now clearly shown that essentially all cows experience some degree of systemic inflammation in the several days after parturition. The magnitude and likely persistence of the inflammatory state varies widely among cows, and several studies have linked the degree of postpartum inflammation to increased disease risk and decreased whole-lactation milk production. In addition to these associations, enhancing postpartum inflammation with repeated subacute administration of cytokines has impaired productivity and markers of health, whereas targeted use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during this window of time has enhanced whole-lactation productivity in several studies. Despite these findings, many questions remain about postpartum inflammation, including which organs are key initiators of this state and what signaling molecules are responsible for systemic and tissue-specific inflammatory states. Continued in vivo work should help clarify the degree to which mild postpartum inflammation is adaptive and whether the targeted use of anti-inflammatory drugs or nutrients can improve the health and productivity of dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Bradford
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506.
| | - K Yuan
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - J K Farney
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - L K Mamedova
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - A J Carpenter
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
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Bayril T, Yildiz AS, Akdemir F, Yalcin C, Köse M, Yilmaz O. The Technical and Financial Effects of Parenteral Supplementation with Selenium and Vitamin E during Late Pregnancy and the Early Lactation Period on the Productivity of Dairy Cattle. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 28:1133-9. [PMID: 26104521 PMCID: PMC4478481 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.14.0960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of parenteral selenium (Se) and vitamin E supplementation on economic impact, milk yield, and some reproductive parameters in high-yield dairy cows in the dry period and in those at the beginning of lactation. At the beginning of the dry period, cows (n = 323) were randomly divided into three groups as follows: Treatment 1 (T1), Treatment 2 (T2), and Control (C). Cows in group T1 received this preparation 21 days before calving and on calving day, and cows in group T2 received it only on calving day. The cows in the control group did not receive this preparation. Supplementation with Se increased Se serum levels of cows treated at calving day (p<0.05). Differences in milk yield at all weeks and the electrical conductivity values at the 8th and 12th weeks were significant (p<0.05). Supplementation with Se and Vitamin E decreased the incidence of metritis, the number of services per conception and the service period, but had no effects on the incidence of retained fetal membrane. A partial budgeting analysis indicated that Se supplementation was economically profitable; cows in group T1 averaged 240.6$ per cow, those in group T2 averaged 224.6$ per cow. Supplementation with Se and Vitamin E has been found to increase serum Se levels, milk yield, and has positive effects on udder health by decreasing milk conductivity values and incidence of sub-clinical mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bayril
- Department of Animal Health Economics and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakir 21280, Turkey
| | - A S Yildiz
- Department of Animal Health Economics and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakir 21280, Turkey
| | - F Akdemir
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Inonu University, Malatya 44280, Turkey
| | - C Yalcin
- Department of Animal Health Economics and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakir 21280, Turkey
| | - M Köse
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakir 21280, Turkey
| | - O Yilmaz
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van 65280, Turkey
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Gong J, Ni L, Wang D, Shi B, Yan S. Effect of dietary organic selenium on milk selenium concentration and antioxidant and immune status in midlactation dairy cows. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Kimura K, Goff JP, Canning P, Wang C, Roth JA. Effect of recombinant bovine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor covalently bound to polyethylene glycol injection on neutrophil number and function in periparturient dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:4842-51. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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37
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Comparing the effect of oral supplementation of vitamin E, injective vitamin E and selenium or both during late pregnancy on production and reproductive performance and immune function of dairy cows and calves. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:165841. [PMID: 25045726 PMCID: PMC4090490 DOI: 10.1155/2014/165841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The object of this study was to determine the effect of prepartum supplementation of vitamin E with or without injective vitamin E and selenium (Se) on productive and reproductive performances and immune function in dairy cows. Sixty multiparous Holstein dairy cows were divided randomly into three groups at the end of gestation. Cows in each group received one of three treatments: (1) a single intramuscular (im) injection of vit. E + selenium 3 weeks prepartum; (2) daily supplementation of oral vit. E given from 3 weeks prepartum to parturition; (3) injective vit. E + Se with daily supplementation of oral vit. E. Blood samples were collected from cows at calving and from calves at 0 and 7 days of age. Concentration of IgG in serum of cows and calves as well as in colostrum was determined. No significant differences among treatments occurred in the concentrations of IgG, animal, and calf production and reproduction performance. Due to the lack of significant difference between injection and oral supplementation, it is recommended to replace the injection with oral supplementation.
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Machado V, Oikonomou G, Lima S, Bicalho M, Kacar C, Foditsch C, Felippe M, Gilbert R, Bicalho R. The effect of injectable trace minerals (selenium, copper, zinc, and manganese) on peripheral blood leukocyte activity and serum superoxide dismutase activity of lactating Holstein cows. Vet J 2014; 200:299-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Trace minerals have critical roles in the key interrelated systems of immune function, oxidative metabolism, and energy metabolism in ruminants. To date, the primary trace elements of interest in diets for dairy cattle have included Zn, Cu, Mn, and Se although data also support potentially important roles of Cr, Co, and Fe in diets. Trace minerals such as Zn, Cu, Mn, and Se are essential with classically defined roles as components of key antioxidant enzymes and proteins. Available evidence indicates that these trace minerals can modulate aspects of oxidative metabolism and immune function in dairy cattle, particularly during the transition period and early lactation. Chromium has been shown to influence both immune function and energy metabolism of cattle; dairy cows fed Cr during the transition period and early lactation have evidence of improved immune function, increased milk production, and decreased cytological endometritis. Factors that complicate trace mineral nutrition at the farm level include the existence of a large number of antagonisms affecting bioavailability of individual trace minerals and uncertainty in terms of requirements under all physiological and management conditions; therefore, determining the optimum level and source of trace minerals under each specific situation continues to be a challenge. Typical factorial approaches to determine requirements for dairy cattle do not account for nuances in biological function observed with supplementation with various forms and amounts of trace minerals. Trace mineral nutrition modulates production, health, and reproduction in cattle although both formal meta-analysis and informal survey of the literature reveal substantial heterogeneity of response in these outcome variables. The industry has largely moved away from oxide-based programs toward sulfate-based programs; however, some evidence favors shifting supplementation strategies further toward more bioavailable forms of inorganic and organic trace minerals. Furthermore, opportunities for specific modulation of aspects of health, milk production, and reproduction through supplementation strategies for diets of transition dairy cows are attractive because of the known dynamics of energy metabolism, immune function, and oxidative metabolism during this timeframe.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Overton
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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Microencapsulated sodium selenite supplementation in dairy cows: effects on selenium status. Animal 2013; 7:1944-9. [PMID: 24016452 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731113001547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the efficiency of transfer of selenium (Se) to plasma and milk from inorganic sodium selenite, either free or microencapsulated, and from selenized yeast in dairy cows. The study consisted of an in situ-nylon bags incubation, and in an in vivo experiment to compare the Se status of cows supplemented with either sodium selenite, microencapsulated sodium selenite, or Se yeast. Thirty dairy cows, divided in five groups, were fed the following diets: the control group (CTR) received a total mixed ration supplemented with sodium selenite in order to have 0.3 mg/kg DM of total Se; 0.3M and 0.5M groups received the same control diet supplemented with lipid microencapsulated sodium selenite to provide 0.3 and 0.5 mg/kg DM of total Se, respectively; 0.3Y and 0.5Y groups received selenized yeast to provide 0.3 and 0.5 mg/kg of total Se, respectively. Cows were fed the supplements for 56 days during which milk, blood, and fecal samples were collected weekly to conduct analysis of Se and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) activity. Se concentration in the nylon bags was assessed to 72%, 64%, and 40% of the initial value (time 0) after 4, 8, and 24 h of incubation, respectively. In vivo, cows supplemented with 0.3 mg/kg of microencapsulated Se had higher milk Se concentration compared to CTR. The increment was more pronounced at the highest inclusion rate (0.5 mg/kg, 0.5M group). GSH-px activity was not significantly affected by treatments. The results indicate that lipid microencapsulation has the potential to protect nutrients from complete rumen reduction and that Se from microencapsulated selenite is incorporated in milk more efficiently than the free form. Microencapsulated sodium selenite was shown to be comparable to Se-yeast in terms of availability and incorporation in milk when fed at 0.3 mg/kg DM, whereas the inclusion in the diet at 0.5 mg/kg DM resulted in higher plasma and milk concentrations than selenized yeast.
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Selenium-dependent regulation of oxidative stress and immunity in periparturient dairy cattle. Vet Med Int 2013; 2013:154045. [PMID: 23401850 PMCID: PMC3557619 DOI: 10.1155/2013/154045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled or impaired immune and inflammatory responses in periparturient dairy cows are associated with increased incidence and severity of infectious diseases. The progressive development of oxidative stress during the transition from late gestation to peak lactation is thought to be a significant underlying factor leading to dysfunctional immune cell responses. Certain trace minerals, such as selenium (Se), can ameliorate oxidative stress and reduce the severity of several economically important diseases in dairy cattle including mastitis and metritis. Many of the health benefits of Se can be attributed to the antioxidant functions of selenoproteins. Changes in selenoprotein activity as a consequence of Se nutritional status can directly alter a number of critical cellular functions involved in the inflammatory response. A better understanding of how Se can optimize immune cell responses may facilitate the design of nutritional regimes that will reduce health disorders during the periparturient period.
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Spagnuolo MS, Cigliano L, Nebbia C, Rossetti C, Grazioli G, Iannuzzi L. Analysis of plasma indices of redox homeostasis in dairy cows reared in polluted areas of Piedmont (northern Italy). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 433:450-455. [PMID: 22824076 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Steel manufacturing is responsible for the emission of pollutants, including dioxins and transition metals, inducing reactive oxygen species generation and DNA damage. Dioxin pollution represents the major cause of milk and dairy product contamination, in Italy, and is associated with oxidative stress-related processes, that may impair health and performance of cows. We evaluated the effect of exposure to different concentrations of pollutants derived from steel manufacturing on blood redox homeostasis of bovine cows. We analyzed two groups of dairy cows (A, B), reared in two different polluted areas, and a control group of cows bred in an industry free area. The extent of exposure to contaminants was defined by measuring dioxin level in bulk milk samples collected from animals of each farm. This level was lower in milk of group A than in group B. Plasma concentrations of retinol, alpha-tocopherol and ascorbate, the total antioxidant capacity, and the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were higher in control group than in exposed groups. In particular, retinol and tocopherol levels were higher in the group with lower milk dioxin level. Plasma titers of protein-bound carbonyls (PC), nitro-tyrosine, and hydroperoxides were lower in control group than in A or B. Hydroperoxides and PC plasma concentrations were increased in the group with higher milk concentration of dioxin. Our results demonstrate that, irrespective of the nature of chemicals inducing oxidative modifications, the extent of damage to plasma protein and lipid, is correlated with the concentration of dioxin in milk. So, the characterization of blood redox status might be a useful tool for identifying animals exposed to environmental pollutants. Plasma concentrations of retinol, alpha-tocopherol, PC and hydroperoxides could therefore represent good indices of the extent of animal exposure, as they significantly change in groups with different milk concentrations of dioxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stefania Spagnuolo
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Animal Production Systems in Mediterranean Environments (ISPAAM), via Argine 1085, 80147 Naples, Italy.
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Single intramammary infusion of recombinant bovine interleukin-8 at dry-off induces the prolonged secretion of leukocyte elastase, inflammatory lactoferrin-derived peptides, and interleukin-8 in dairy cows. Vet Med Int 2012; 2012:172072. [PMID: 22919545 PMCID: PMC3423970 DOI: 10.1155/2012/172072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A single intramammary infusion of recombinant bovine interleukin-8 (IL-8) at 50 μg/quarter/head, but not 10 μg/quarter/head, induced clinical mastitis in three of four cows during the dry-off period, resulting in an elevated rectal temperature, redness and swelling of the mammary gland, extensive polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) infiltration, and milk clot formation from 1 to 28 days post infusion (PI). In the mammary secretions of the mastitic glands, high levels of IL-8 were sustained from 8 hours to 28 days PI, peaking at 1–3 days PI. The levels of leukocyte-derived elastase and inflammatory 22 and 23 kDa lactoferrin derived peptides (LDP) were also increased in the mammary secretions from the mastitic glands. In addition to the experimentally induced mastitis, the mammary secretions from the glands of cattle with spontaneous Staphylococcus aureus dry-period mastitis displayed milk clot formations and significant increases in their levels of PMNL counts, elastase, LDP, and IL-8, compared with those of the mammary secretions from the uninfected glands. These results suggest that after an intramammary infusion of IL-8 has elicited inflammatory responses, it induces the prolonged secretion of elastase, inflammatory LDP, and IL-8, and that long-lasting IL-8-induced inflammatory reactions are involved in the pathogenesis of S. aureus dry-period mastitis.
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Soberon M, Liu R, Cherney D. Short communication: Antioxidant activity of calf milk replacers. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:2703-6. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-5099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Scaletti R, Harmon R. Effect of dietary copper source on response to coliform mastitis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:654-62. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
The objective of this study was therefore to present factors affecting somatic cell counts in bovine bulk milk as a result of intramammary infections as well as non-infectious factors. The paper presents also the impact of on-farm management practices on the level of bulk milk somatic cell counts and presents quality indicators in bulk tank milk. At the farm level bulk milk bacterial infection takes place through three main sources: bacterial contamination from the external surface of the udder and teats, from the surface of the milking equipment, and from mastitis microorganisms within the udder. The threshold of 200,000 cells/ml identifies bacteriological negative quarters of the udder. The counts of mammary pathogens in bulk tank milk are relatively low, on average not exceeding 1,000 cfu/ml. Environmental pathogens predominate in bulk tank milk samples with somatic cells count <300 × 10(3) ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Olechnowicz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 52 Wojska Polskiego, 60-625 Poznan, Poland.
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Reevaluation of vitamin E supplementation of dairy cows: bioavailability, animal health and milk quality. Animal 2012; 6:1427-34. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731112000225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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48
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Lindqvist H, Nadeau E, Persson Waller K, Jensen S, Johansson B. Effects of RRR-α-tocopheryl acetate supplementation during the transition period on vitamin status in blood and milk of organic dairy cows during lactation. Livest Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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49
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Vasconcelos J, Cooke R, Jardina D, Aragon F, Veras M, Soriano S, Sobreira N, Scarpa A. Associations among milk production and rectal temperature on pregnancy maintenance in lactating recipient dairy cows. Anim Reprod Sci 2011; 127:140-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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50
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Miranda SG, Purdie NG, Osborne VR, Coomber BL, Cant JP. Selenomethionine increases proliferation and reduces apoptosis in bovine mammary epithelial cells under oxidative stress. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:165-73. [PMID: 21183028 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The decline in mammary epithelial cell number as lactation progresses may be due, in part, to oxidative stress. Selenium is an integral component of several antioxidant enzymes. The present study was conducted to examine the effect of oxidative stress and selenomethionine (SeMet) on morphology, viability, apoptosis, and proliferation of bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC) in primary culture. Cells were isolated from mammary glands of lactating dairy cows and grown for 3 d in a low-serum gel system containing lactogenic hormones and 0 or 100 μM H2O2 with 0, 10, 20, or 50 nM SeMet. Hydrogen peroxide stress increased intracellular H2O2 to 3 times control concentrations and induced a loss of cuboidal morphology, cell-cell contact, and viability of BMEC by 25%. Apoptotic cell number more than doubled during oxidative stress, but proliferating cell number was not affected. Supplementation with SeMet increased glutathione peroxidase activity 2-fold and restored intracellular H2O2 to control levels with a concomitant return of morphology and viability to normal. Apoptotic BMEC number was decreased 76% below control levels by SeMet and proliferating cell number was increased 4.2-fold. These findings suggest that SeMet modulated apoptosis and proliferation independently of a selenoprotein-mediated reduction of H2O2. In conclusion, SeMet supplementation protects BMEC from H2O2-induced apoptosis and increased proliferation and cell viability under conditions of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Miranda
- Department of Animal Science, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela 4005
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