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Rial C, Hussain I, Hoff R, Tompkins S, Erickson D, Branen J, Giordano JO. Development and evaluation of a lateral flow-based portable optical system for determination of the pregnancy status of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00874-9. [PMID: 38825130 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Our objectives were to develop and evaluate an integrated system consisting of a lateral-flow immunoassay (LFIA) and an electronic portable imaging device for determination of pregnancy status of cows based on plasma concentrations of pregnancy-specific protein B (PSPB). Experiment 1 was conducted to test the performance of the LFIA for PSPB (PSPB-LFIA) whereas experiment 2 was conducted to evaluate the performance of the integrated system including both the LFIA and imaging device. The PSPB-LFIA strips were made of nitrocellulose membrane with polystreptavidin, anti-mouse antibody, Europium-anti-PSPB conjugates, and biotin-PSPB. After adding buffer and plasma in a 96-well plate, strips were dipped to initiate flow and were read in a fluorescence microscope to estimate PSPB concentrations based on the test-to-control line signal (T/C ratio). The T/C ratio of standards was linearly associated with PSPB (R2 = 0.99 in both experiments) concentrations. To test the ability to identify pregnant cows of the PSPB-LFIA only or the integrated system, plasma samples were collected and transrectal ultrasonography (TUS) was conducted 29 to 35 d post AI in lactating Holstein cows (Experiment 1: n = 83; Experiment 2: n = 205). A cow was considered pregnant (Preg) if concentrations of PSPB in plasma obtained by ELISA were ≥2 ng/mL or if an embryo was visible by TUS. In Experiment 1, the accuracy of the PSPB-LFIA compared with ELISA was 92.7% (91.2% Se; 96.1% Sp; 98.1% PPV; 83.3% NPV) and compared with TUS was 90.4% (100% Se; 78.9% Sp; 84.9% PPV; 100% NPV). The agreement between LFIA and ELISA (kappa = 0.84; 95%CI 0.71-0.96) or LFIA and TUS (kappa = 0.80; 95%CI 0.67-0.93) as methods to classify cows as Preg or Non-Preg was high. In Experiment 2, the accuracy of the PSPB-LFIA compared with ELISA was 96.1% (93.8% Se; 100% Sp; 100% PPV; 90.5% NPV) and compared with TUS was 92.2% (99.0% Se; 84.7% Sp; 87.6% PPV; 98.8% NPV). The agreement between LFIA and ELISA (kappa = 0.92; 95%CI 0.86-0.97) or LFIA and TUS (kappa = 0.84; 95%CI 0.77-0.92) as methods to classify cows as Preg or Non-Preg was high. We conclude that a system integrating a fluorescence-based LFIA and an optical reader was effective for classifying cows as pregnant or not pregnant based on estimations of plasma concentrations of PSPB. This novel system serves as a platform for further development of on-farm pregnancy testing tools based on measurement of biomarkers of pregnancy in bodily fluids of cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rial
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - I Hussain
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - R Hoff
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - S Tompkins
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - D Erickson
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | | | - J O Giordano
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
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Yang MK, Yeh RH, Lee CJ, Yeh YH, Chen YH, Banhazi T, Tu PA. Pregnancy maintenance and fetal loss assessment in Holstein cows through analyzing pregnancy-associated glycoproteins in milk. Theriogenology 2024; 217:11-17. [PMID: 38219409 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Fetal loss (FL) from the 45th day of gestation until calving can impose a significant economic burden on dairy farmers, resulting in lost profits and increased production costs. Pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) is commonly used for detecting pregnancy in cows. PAG is secreted by binucleated trophoblast cells of the placenta and regulated by more than 24 genes. The purpose of this study was to determine the PAG threshold for FL and a probability of pregnancy maintenance until calving based on milk PAG levels. Our results reveal that primiparous and multiparous cows that maintained pregnancy until the 40th week exhibited higher PAG sample-negative (SN) values in their milk in the 6th week of gestation than did those that experienced FL later in gestation. Pregnant cows with higher PAG SN values in the 6th week of gestation were more likely to maintain their pregnancies. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for predicting the probability of pregnancy maintenance was 0.722 for our prediction model. On the other hand, a milk PAG SN value of <0.192 indicated 95 % confidence that FL would occur between the 7th and 40th weeks of gestation. Milk PAG testing is a noninvasive sampling technique that does not induce additional stress in lactating cows. The study reveals that PAG SN values increase significantly in Holstein cows during the 6th week of gestation. The predictive model developed was effective in forecasting pregnancy outcomes up to the 40th week of gestation or calving. The model's performance is moderately good for field application and could be a useful tool for dairy producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Kuew Yang
- Northern Region Branch, Taiwan Livestock Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Miaoli, 368, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Han Yeh
- Animal Products Processing Division, Taiwan Livestock Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tainan, 71246, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Lee
- Livestock Management Division, Taiwan Livestock Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tainan, 71246, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Yeh
- Northern Region Branch, Taiwan Livestock Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Miaoli, 368, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Chen
- Northern Region Branch, Taiwan Livestock Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Miaoli, 368, Taiwan
| | - Thomas Banhazi
- National Taiwan University, International College, Changxing st, Da'an, Taipei, 10672, Taiwan
| | - Po-An Tu
- Northern Region Branch, Taiwan Livestock Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Miaoli, 368, Taiwan.
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Annandale A, Fosgate GT, Eksteen CA, Kremer WDJ, Bok HGJ, Holm DE. Influence of an Exercise Program, Muscle Strength, Proprioception, and Arm Length on Veterinary Students' Bovine Pregnancy Diagnosis Accuracy. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 48:196-210. [PMID: 32758090 DOI: 10.3138/jvme.2019-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bovine pregnancy diagnosis (PD) by transrectal palpation (TRP) is an important skill for veterinary graduates. Factors influencing students' PD accuracy were investigated to optimize bovine PD by TRP training without increasing live animal exposure. The objective was to determine whether arm length and strength, proprioception, and exposure to a 6-week exercise training program were significantly associated with students' PD accuracy. Veterinary students (n = 128) who had previously received formal theoretical and practical training in bovine TRP and PD (live cows and TRP simulators) were assessed for PD accuracy on live cows. Prior to assessment, arm muscle strength measurement, an exercise program, and additional TRP sessions on Breed'n Betsy® simulators and live cows were offered to the students. Seventy-eight students volunteered to participate in the arm length measurement, muscle strength, and proprioception testing. Of these, 35 randomly allocated students completed a 6-week exercise program, after which muscle strength was reassessed. Each student performed PDs on six cows of which the pregnancy status, ranging from 6 weeks to 9 months pregnant or not pregnant, was predetermined by an experienced veterinarian. PD accuracy was measured as sensitivity and specificity, being defined as the proportion of pregnant or nonpregnant cows, respectively, correctly identified by the student. It is concluded that hand grip strength and participation in an exercise program are significant predictors of veterinary students' PD accuracy. Implementation of an exercise program aimed at improving grip strength in the veterinary curriculum is a novel approach to improve bovine TRP and PD training.
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Annandale A, May CE, van der Leek ML, Fosgate GT, Kremer WD, Bok HG, Holm DE. Effect of a high-intensity one-week training programme and student-level variables on the bovine transrectal palpation and pregnancy diagnosis skills of final-year veterinary students. Vet Rec 2020; 187:e99. [PMID: 32978275 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To improve bovine transrectal palpation (TRP) and pregnancy diagnosis (PD) training, the effect of a high-intensity one-week training programme for veterinary elective students (N=59) with an interest in production animal practice was evaluated. METHODS Training consisted of exposure to rectal examination simulators, abattoir organs, theory materials and live cow PDs supervised by experienced large animal practitioners. Palpation skills were assessed before and after training using a validated TRP Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) in non-pregnant cows. Each student then performed PDs (n=12) on cows of known pregnancy status. Students' PD accuracy was measured as sensitivity and specificity, being respectively defined as the proportion of pregnant and non-pregnant cows correctly identified. RESULTS Students' scores improved from the first to the second OSCE (P=0.03), mostly as a result of improved ability to identify uterine symmetry/asymmetry and the presence/absence of a corpus luteum on the right ovary (P<0.01 and P=0.03, respectively). Overall student sensitivity and specificity of PD were 89.1 per cent (95 per cent CI 78.1-92.2 per cent) and 67.7 per cent (95 per cent CI 60.1-74.5 per cent), respectively. CONCLUSION This prospective cohort study describes a strategy to improve students' TRP skills with the potential to reduce training time and animal use at teaching institutions by outsourcing student training to private practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annett Annandale
- Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Catherine E May
- Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Martin L van der Leek
- Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Geoffrey T Fosgate
- Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Wim Dj Kremer
- Utrecht University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Gj Bok
- Utrecht University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dietmar E Holm
- Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Annandale A, Fosgate GT, Bok H, Holm DE. Ability of a bovine transrectal palpation objective structured clinical examination to predict veterinary students' pregnancy diagnosis accuracy. Vet Rec 2019; 185:171. [PMID: 31175221 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Bovine pregnancy diagnosis (PD) by transrectal palpation (TRP) is one of the most frequently performed procedures in bovine practice, and an important competency for veterinary graduates. It is currently not known if pre-existing TRP skills on non-pregnant cows can be used to predict students' future PD accuracy. The study objective was to evaluate if TRP objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) scores can predict students' future PD accuracy.Fourth year (of a six-year programme) veterinary students (n=128) received TRP and PD training on Breed'n Betsy (BB) simulators and live cows. Students' TRP skills were assessed using a live cow TRP OSCE after completion of the fourth year training. The same students received additional TRP (BB and live cows) and PD (BB) training sessions in the first semester of their fifth year. PD accuracy was assessed after the additional TRP and PD training, five months after the TRP OSCE assessment and measured as sensitivity and specificity (the ability to correctly identify the presence and absence of pregnancy, respectively). Each student palpated six cows transrectally to diagnose pregnancy status and stage for the PD assessment. The TRP OSCE results were analysed as predictors for students' PD accuracy.Students with 'competent palpation skills' on the TRP OSCE had higher PD specificity. The individual OSCE components that were predictive of higher PD accuracy were students' ability to estimate ovarian size, identify uterine position and exclude intrauterine fluid. It was concluded that a TRP OSCE has the ability to predict students' future PD accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annett Annandale
- Teaching and Learning, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Geoffrey T Fosgate
- Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Harold Bok
- Faculty Office: Educational and Student Affairs, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dietmar E Holm
- Teaching and Learning, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Hassan M, Arshad U, Bilal M, Sattar A, Avais M, Bollwein H, Ahmad N. Luteal blood flow measured by Doppler ultrasonography during the first three weeks after artificial insemination in pregnant and non-pregnant Bos indicus dairy cows. J Reprod Dev 2018; 65:29-36. [PMID: 30393273 PMCID: PMC6379759 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2018-084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if there are differences in luteal size (LS), progesterone (P4), and luteal blood flow (LBF) between pregnant and non-pregnant Bos
indicus dairy cows during the first three weeks after insemination, and whether these parameters are related to each other. Lactating cows (n = 13) of mixed parity with a body
weight of 430 ± 18 kg (mean ± SD), showing regular estrous cycle were used in the study. All cows were artificially inseminated and were classified as pregnant (embryonic heartbeat on day
30; n = 8) or non-pregnant (inter-estrus interval 17 to 21 days, n = 5). In order to compare the LS and LBF after artificial insemination, B-mode and color Doppler ultrasonography of ovaries
were performed on days 4, 5, 6, 7 (first week), 8, 10, 12, 14, (second week), and 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 (third week) in pregnant and non-pregnant cows. Results revealed that the mean LBF
was consistently higher (P < 0.05) during days 7 through 21 in pregnant cows than in non-pregnant cows. The mean LS was higher (P < 0.05) on days 6 and 7, and from day 17 onwards, and
the mean concentration of P4 was higher (P < 0.05) on days 19, 20, and 21 in pregnant cows. In conclusion, LBF is a more sensitive parameter than LS and P4 for detection of differences in
luteal function between pregnant and non-pregnant Bos indicus dairy cows during the first three weeks after AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubbashar Hassan
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.,Present: Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Usman Arshad
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Department of Statistics and Computer Science, Faculty of Life Sciences and Business Management, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Sattar
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Avais
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Heinrich Bollwein
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Nasim Ahmad
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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7
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Sheikh AA, Hooda OK, Dang AK. Interferon tau stimulated gene expression and proinflammatory cytokine profile relative to insemination in dairy cows. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2018.1440777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aasif Ahmad Sheikh
- Lactation and Immuno-Physiology Laboratory, Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Om Kanwar Hooda
- Lactation and Immuno-Physiology Laboratory, Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Dang
- Lactation and Immuno-Physiology Laboratory, Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
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Annandale A, Annandale CH, Fosgate GT, Holm DE. Training Method and Other Factors Affecting Student Accuracy in Bovine Pregnancy Diagnosis. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION 2017; 45:224-231. [PMID: 29185895 DOI: 10.3138/jvme.1016-166r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To optimize bovine pregnancy diagnosis (PD) training, factors influencing student performance were investigated. The objective was to determine whether training method, gender, background (farm, urban, or mixed), previous experience in bovine PD, and current career interest influenced the accuracy of bovine PD by trans-rectal palpation (TRP). Fourth-year (of a 6-year program) veterinary students (n=138) received one PD training session in groups using either simulator training on Breed'n Betsy (BB) or training on live cows (C). Students completed a questionnaire on gender, background, and career interest. Students' PD accuracy (pregnancy status and stage) was determined after training when each student palpated six cows with known pregnancy status. Students' accuracy in determining pregnancy status was measured as sensitivity and specificity (the ability to correctly identify the presence and absence of pregnancy respectively). Factors that influenced overall accuracy with a higher student sensitivity of bovine PD by TRP were training method, farming background, an interest in a mixed animal career, and stage of gestation. Gender of students and previous experience in bovine PD did not have an influence. Training on BB simulators was associated with lower student sensitivity for pregnancy detection in cows <6 months pregnant. Student sensitivity for pregnancy detection in cows >6 months pregnant was similar for training on BB simulators and live cows. No evaluated factors were significantly associated with specificity of PD. Teaching efforts focusing on specificity of PD and repeated simulator-based training in conjunction with live cow exposure are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annett Annandale
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
| | - C Henry Annandale
- Department of Production Animal Studies and Director Clinical Services, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
| | - Geoffrey T Fosgate
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
| | - Dietmar E Holm
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
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Thakur N, Singh G, Paul A, Bharati J, Rajesh G, GM V, Chouhan V, Bhure S, Maurya V, Singh G, Sarkar M. Expression and molecular cloning of interferon stimulated genes in buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis ). Theriogenology 2017; 100:50-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Fosgate GT, Motimele B, Ganswindt A, Irons PC. A Bayesian latent class model to estimate the accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis by transrectal ultrasonography and laboratory detection of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins in dairy cows. Prev Vet Med 2017; 145:100-109. [PMID: 28903866 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Accurate diagnosis of pregnancy is an essential component of an effective reproductive management plan for dairy cattle. Indirect methods of pregnancy detection can be performed soon after breeding and offer an advantage over traditional direct methods in not requiring an experienced veterinarian and having potential for automation. The objective of this study was to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) detection ELISA and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) in dairy cows of South Africa using a Bayesian latent class approach. Commercial dairy cattle from the five important dairy regions in South Africa were enrolled in a short-term prospective cohort study. Cattle were examined at 28-35days after artificial insemination (AI) and then followed up 14days later. At both sampling times, TRUS was performed to detect pregnancy and commercially available PAG detection ELISAs were performed on collected serum and milk. A total of 1236 cows were sampled and 1006 had complete test information for use in the Bayesian latent class model. The estimated sensitivity (95% probability interval) and specificity for PAG detection serum ELISA were 99.4% (98.5, 99.9) and 97.4% (94.7, 99.2), respectively. The estimated sensitivity and specificity for PAG detection milk ELISA were 99.2% (98.2, 99.8) and 93.4% (89.7, 96.1), respectively. Sensitivity of veterinarian performed TRUS at 28-35days post-AI varied between 77.8% and 90.5% and specificity varied between 94.7% and 99.8%. In summary, indirect detection of pregnancy using PAG ELISA is an accurate method for use in dairy cattle. The method is descriptively more sensitive than veterinarian-performed TRUS and therefore could be an economically viable addition to a reproductive management plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Fosgate
- University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Production Animal Studies, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | - B Motimele
- University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Production Animal Studies, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Agricultural Research Council-Animal Production Institute, Irene 0062, South Africa
| | - A Ganswindt
- University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Endocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - P C Irons
- University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Production Animal Studies, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Murdoch University, College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
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Bayesian estimation of sensitivity and specificity of a milk pregnancy-associated glycoprotein-based ELISA and of transrectal ultrasonographic exam for diagnosis of pregnancy at 28–45 days following breeding in dairy cows. Prev Vet Med 2017; 140:122-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Romano JE, Pinedo P, Bryan K, Ramos RS, Solano KG, Merchan D, Velez J. Comparison between allantochorion membrane and amniotic sac detection by per rectal palpation for pregnancy diagnosis on pregnancy loss, calving rates, and abnormalities in newborn calves. Theriogenology 2016; 90:219-227. [PMID: 28166972 PMCID: PMC7125832 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the present investigation were to evaluate the pregnancy diagnosis by detection of either the allantochorion membrane (FMS) or amniotic sac (ASP) by per rectum palpation (PRP) during late embryonic or early fetal period on pregnancy loss (PRL) at reexamination, calving rates, and abnormalities in newborn calves. A controlled randomized blind design with 800 lactating dairy pregnant cows diagnosed by transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) between Days 35 and 57 of gestation from one dairy farm were included. The cows were randomly divided according to detection of allantochorion membrane (FMS group; n = 264), detection of amniotic sac (ASP group; n = 266), and TRUS (control [CON] group; n = 270). TRUS was considered as the criterion standard method of comparison. The entire PRP was performed by one experienced veterinarian. Then, all the cows were reexamined only by TRUS between 2 and 4 weeks later by two independent veterinarians to assess PRL. The calving rate one (number of cows calved divided by the number of cows initially pregnant) and calving rate two (number of cows calved divided by the number of cows pregnant at reexamination) for each group was calculated. All abortions and stillborns were necropsied, and calves alive were followed for 5 days. The overall initial PRL (between initial pregnant cows and reexamination) for FMS, ASP, and CON groups was 7.4% (19/258), 8.8% (23/262), and 9.2% (24/260), respectively (P = 0.75). The overall late PRL (between reexamination and calving) for FMS, ASP, and CON groups was 4.2% (9/213), 5.7% (12/209), and 4.2% (9/216), respectively (P = 0.71). The calving rate one for FMS, ASP, and TRUS groups was 79.1% (204/258), 75.2% (197/262), and 79.6% (207/260), respectively (P = 0.63). The calving rate two for the same groups was 85.4% (204/239), 82.4% (197/239), and 87.7% (207/236), respectively (P = 0.27). The number of fetuses aborted late, premature, and mature dead from FMS, ASP, and CON groups was 6, 4, and 5, respectively (P = 0.85), and no abnormalities at necropsy were detected. One stillborn male calf with atresia coli after 281 days of gestation from a cow examined by ASP at Day 51 was diagnosed. It was concluded that the use of either FMS or ASP for pregnancy diagnosis during late embryonic or early fetal period did not increase the PRL, affect calving rates, or produce calves with congenital abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan E Romano
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
| | - Pablo Pinedo
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Amarillo, Texas, USA
| | - Kelsey Bryan
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Amarillo, Texas, USA
| | | | - Karol G Solano
- Aurora Organic Dairy, Cold Water Farm, Stratford, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel Merchan
- Aurora Organic Dairy, Cold Water Farm, Stratford, Texas, USA
| | - Juan Velez
- Aurora Organic Dairy, Cold Water Farm, Stratford, Texas, USA
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Barbato O, Guelfi G, Barile VL, Menchetti L, Tortiello C, Canali C, Brecchia G, Traina G, Beckers JF, Melo de Sousa N. Using real-time PCR to identify pregnancy-associated glycoprotein 2 (PAG-2) in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) blood in early pregnancy. Theriogenology 2016; 89:106-113. [PMID: 28043340 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates for the first time mRNA pregnancy-associated glycoprotein 2 (PAG-2) expression in blood cells during early pregnancy in water buffalo. The PAGs constitute a large family of glycoproteins expressed in the outer epithelial layer of the placenta in eutherian species. All PAGs are not concomitantly expressed throughout pregnancy; some of them are expressed in the earlier phases, whereas others appear later and are expressed over a shorter period. Twenty-one lactating buffaloes were analyzed-17 females were synchronized with PRID and artificially inseminated (AI), whereas four females were synchronized but not inseminated (control group). Blood was collected at Days 0, 18, 28, 40, and 75 from AI (AI = Day 0). Expression of PAG-2 mRNA in blood samples was measured with real-time polymerase chain reaction. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed on Day 28 (D28) and Day 40 (D40) after AI by ultrasonography (US) and by PAG-1 RIA method. The females diagnosed pregnant at D28 and confirmed pregnant at D40 were defined as D28(+)D40(+) group; the females diagnosed pregnant at D28 but not confirmed pregnant at D40 were defined as D28(+)D40(-) group; and the females that were diagnosed as nonpregnant on either days were defined as D28(-)D40(-) group. PAG-2 mRNA at Day 0 was not observed in any groups. The D28(+)D40(+) group showed the highest expression, starting on Day 18 and increasing progressively up to Day 75. PAG-2 mRNA was also expressed on Day 18 in both D28(+)D40(-) and D28(-)D40(-) groups, but their levels were lower than those of D28(+)D40(+) group and almost constant over time. PAG-2 mRNA was never detected in the control group. The significant difference in the expression of PAG-2 mRNA between the D28(+)D40(+) group and the D28(-)D40(-) group, starting from Day 18, suggests that these animals might have conceived, but have experienced early embryonic loss; therefore, the PAG-2 mRNA was still present in blood circulation although at lower levels, as found in the D28(+)D40(-) group. In conclusion, this study shows that PAG-2 mRNA can be detected in peripheral maternal blood cells earlier than circulating PAG-1 molecules and could be useful for studies on early pregnancy and embryonic mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Barbato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - G Guelfi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - V L Barile
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA) - Animal Production Research Centre, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - L Menchetti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - C Tortiello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - C Canali
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - G Brecchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - G Traina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - J F Beckers
- Laboratory of Animal Endocrinology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - N Melo de Sousa
- Laboratory of Animal Endocrinology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
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Verma A, Ambatipudi K. Challenges and opportunities of bovine milk analysis by mass spectrometry. Clin Proteomics 2016; 13:8. [PMID: 27095950 PMCID: PMC4836106 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-016-9110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine milk and its products (e.g. cheese, yoghurt) are an important part of human diet with beneficial effects for all ages. Although analyses of different milk components (e.g. proteins, lipids) pose huge challenges, the use of mass spectrometric (MS)-based techniques is steadily improving our understanding of the complexity of the biological traits that effect milk yield and its components to meet the global demand arising from population growth. In addition, different milk constituents have various applications in veterinary research and medicine, including early disease diagnosis. The aim of the review is to present an overview of the progress made in MS-based analysis of milk, and suggest a multi-pronged MS strategy to better explore different milk components for translational and clinical utilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Verma
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667 India
| | - Kiran Ambatipudi
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667 India
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15
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Lee JE, Lee JY, Kim HR, Shin HY, Lin T, Jin DI. Proteomic Analysis of Bovine Pregnancy-specific Serum Proteins by 2D Fluorescence Difference Gel Electrophoresis. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 28:788-95. [PMID: 25925056 PMCID: PMC4412975 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.14.0790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Two dimensional-fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2D DIGE) is an emerging technique for comparative proteomics, which improves the reproducibility and reliability of differential protein expression analysis between samples. The purpose of this study was to investigate bovine pregnancy-specific proteins in the proteome between bovine pregnant and non-pregnant serum using DIGE technique. Serums of 2 pregnant Holstein dairy cattle at day 21 after artificial insemination and those of 2 non-pregnant were used in this study. The pre-electrophoretic labeling of pregnant and non-pregnant serum proteins were mixed with Cy3 and Cy5 fluorescent dyes, respectively, and an internal standard was labeled with Cy2. Labeled proteins with Cy2, Cy3, and Cy5 were separated together in a single gel, and then were detected by fluorescence image analyzer. The 2D DIGE method using fluorescence CyDye DIGE flour had higher sensitivity than conventional 2D gel electrophoresis, and showed reproducible results. Approximately 1,500 protein spots were detected by 2D DIGE. Several proteins showed a more than 1.5-fold up and down regulation between non-pregnant and pregnant serum proteins. The differentially expressed proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer. A total 16 protein spots were detected to regulate differentially in the pregnant serum, among which 7 spots were up-regulated proteins such as conglutinin precursor, modified bovine fibrinogen and IgG1, and 6 spots were down-regulated proteins such as hemoglobin, complement component 3, bovine fibrinogen and IgG2a three spots were not identified. The identified proteins demonstrate that early pregnant bovine serum may have several pregnancy-specific proteins, and these could be a valuable information for the development of pregnancy-diagnostic markers in early pregnancy bovine serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Eun Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Jae Young Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Hong Rye Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Hyun Young Shin
- Department of Animal Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Animal Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Dong Il Jin
- Department of Animal Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
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Scully S, Butler S, Kelly A, Evans A, Lonergan P, Crowe M. Early pregnancy diagnosis on days 18 to 21 postinsemination using high-resolution imaging in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:3542-57. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kizaki K, Shichijo-Kizaki A, Furusawa T, Takahashi T, Hosoe M, Hashizume K. Differential neutrophil gene expression in early bovine pregnancy. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2013; 11:6. [PMID: 23384108 PMCID: PMC3570308 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-11-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In food production animals, especially cattle, the diagnosis of gestation is important because the timing of gestation directly affects the running of farms. Various methods have been used to detect gestation, but none of them are ideal because of problems with the timing of detection or the accuracy, simplicity, or cost of the method. A new method for detecting gestation, which involves assessing interferon-tau (IFNT)-stimulated gene expression in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL), was recently proposed. PBL fractionation methods were used to examine whether the expression profiles of various PBL populations could be used as reliable diagnostic markers of bovine gestation. METHODS PBL were collected on days 0 (just before artificial insemination), 7, 14, 17, 21, and 28 of gestation. The gene expression levels of the PBL were assessed with microarray analysis and/or quantitative real-time reverse transcription (q) PCR. PBL fractions were collected by flow cytometry or density gradient cell separation using Histopaque 1083 or Ficoll-Conray solutions. The expression levels of four IFNT-stimulated genes, interferon-stimulated protein 15 kDa (ISG15), myxovirus-resistance (MX) 1 and 2, and 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS1), were then analyzed in each fraction through day 28 of gestation using qPCR. RESULTS Microarray analysis detected 72 and 28 genes in whole PBL that were significantly higher on days 14 and 21 of gestation, respectively, than on day 0. The upregulated genes included IFNT-stimulated genes. The expression levels of these genes increased with the progression of gestation until day 21. In flow cytometry experiments, on day 14 the expression levels of all of the genes were significantly higher in the granulocyte fraction than in the other fractions. Their expression gradually decreased through day 28 of gestation. Strong correlations were observed between the expression levels of the four genes in the granulocyte fractions obtained with flow cytometry and with density gradient separation. CONCLUSIONS The expression profiles of ISG15, MX1, MX2, and OAS1 could be a useful diagnostic biomarker of bovine gestation. Assessing the expression levels of these genes in a granulocyte fraction obtained with density gradient separation is a practical way of detecting gestation in cows within three weeks of insemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Kizaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Ayumi Shichijo-Kizaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Tadashi Furusawa
- Reproductive Biology Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ikenodai 2, Tsukuba, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Toru Takahashi
- Reproductive Biology Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ikenodai 2, Tsukuba, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Misa Hosoe
- Reproductive Biology Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ikenodai 2, Tsukuba, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Hashizume
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
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Giordano J, Fricke P, Cabrera V. Economics of resynchronization strategies including chemical tests to identify nonpregnant cows. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:949-61. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Romano JE, Thompson JA, Kraemer DC, Westhusin ME, Tomaszweski MA, Forrest DW. Effects of early pregnancy diagnosis by palpation per rectum on pregnancy loss in dairy cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 239:668-73. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.239.5.668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Abdulkareem TA, Al-Sharifi SAM, Ishak MA, Eidan SM, Alnimr MA, Passavant CW, Branen JR, Sasser RG. Early Pregnancy Detection of Iraqi Riverine Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Using the BioPRYN Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for PSPB and the Progesterone Assay. Reprod Domest Anim 2010; 46:455-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2010.01689.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Romano JE, Larson JE. Accuracy of pregnancy specific protein-B test for early pregnancy diagnosis in dairy cattle. Theriogenology 2010; 74:932-9. [PMID: 20580072 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the accuracy of an ELISA for pregnancy specific protein B (PSP-B) for early pregnancy diagnosis in dairy cattle. Blood from lactating (>100 d postpartum) dairy cows (n = 738), was collected on Days 28, 30, and 35 (Day 0 = estrus), analyzed with an ELISA for PSP-B, and the cows designated as pregnant, probable, unlikely, or non-pregnant. Immediately after blood collection, transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) was done for pregnancy diagnosis, and the results used as a criterion standard test for comparison with PSP-B. At Day 28, 46.3% were diagnosed by TRUS as pregnant. The PSP-B sensitivity was 93.9% on Day 28 and similar on Days 30 and 35. The PSP-B specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy were all >94% on Day 28 and similar on Days 30 and 35. However, the accuracy was significantly less compared to TRUS (P < 0.01). The percentage of all samples from cows that were probably pregnant or unlikely to be pregnant was 5.6%. At Days 28, 30, and 35, percentages of uncertain samples were 8.5, 4.8, and 3.3%, respectively (P < 0.01), and Kappa values were 0.92, 0.92, and 0.95. False negative and false positive results were attributed to low concentrations of PSP-B in pregnant animals and to persistence of pregnant concentrations of PSP-B in females with pregnancy loss, respectively. In conclusion, PSP-B ELISA was a sensitive, specific, and accurate test for pregnancy diagnosis (relative to TRUS) at Days 28, 30, and 35 after breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan E Romano
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4475, USA.
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22
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DesCôteaux L, Gnemmi G, Colloton J. Ultrasonography of the Bovine Female Genital Tract. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2009; 25:733-52, Table of Contents. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Breed MW, Guard CL, White ME, Smith MC, Warnick LD. Comparison of pregnancy diagnosis in dairy cattle by use of a commercial ELISA and palpation per rectum. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009; 235:292-8. [PMID: 19650701 DOI: 10.2460/javma.235.3.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare agreement between 2 pregnancy tests in dairy cattle. DESIGN Evaluation study. ANIMALS 976 and 507 cattle for phases 1 and 2, respectively. PROCEDURES Blood samples were collected, and palpation per rectum (PPR) was performed on cattle. Blood samples for the pregnancy-specific protein B (PSPB) ELISA were sent by courier to a commercial laboratory with results returned later. Results of PPR were extracted from herd records. Statistical comparison of results was performed by use of a mixed linear model and N analysis. RESULTS Of 571 cattle classified as pregnant by the PSPB ELISA in phase 1, 30 (5%) were nonpregnant by PPR. Mean +/- SE adjusted optical density (OD) of cattle classified pregnant by both tests was significantly higher (0.31 +/- 0.01), compared with the adjusted OD of cattle classified pregnant by the PSPB ELISA and nonpregnant by PPR (0.22 +/- 0.02). Of 255 cows classified pregnant by the PSPB ELISA in phase 2, 31 (12%) were nonpregnant by PPR. Mean +/- SE adjusted OD of cattle classified pregnant by both tests was significantly higher (0.26 +/- 0.01), compared with the adjusted OD of cattle classified pregnant by the PSPB ELISA and nonpregnant by PPR (0.21 +/- 0.01). The N value was 0.82 and 0.81 for phases 1 and 2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Good agreement existed between the 2 tests, especially at longer intervals after insemination. Discrepant results appeared to be attributable to a nonviable fetus, embryonic loss, or fetal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Breed
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Gaja A, Kubota C, Kojima T. Early pregnancy diagnosis in Japanese black cows using a novel transrectal ultrasonography protocol. Vet Rec 2009; 164:659-60. [PMID: 19465756 DOI: 10.1136/vr.164.21.659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Gaja
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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El-Battawy KA, Sousa NM, Szenci O, Beckers JF. Pregnancy-associated glycoprotein profile during the first trimester of pregnancy in Egyptian buffalo cows. Reprod Domest Anim 2009; 44:161-6. [PMID: 19192213 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2007.00941.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) concentrations were measured in buffalo cows starting from day 28 after breeding. Oestrus was synchronized in 10 buffaloes using two injections of 25 mg prostraglandin (PG)F(2alpha) (Lutalyse) at a 11-day interval. Blood sampling was conducted nearly twice weekly. Results indicated that plasma PAG concentrations in non-pregnant buffaloes were low (<0.20 ng/ml) during the whole experimental period (day 28 to 103), while in pregnant animals plasma PAG levels increased from day 28 (4.48 +/- 0.92 ng/ml) until day 41 (27.27 +/- 6.74 ng/ml), remaining high (20.71 +/- 9.20 ng/ml) until day 103. Progesterone levels were significantly (p < 0.0001) higher in pregnant (3.51-4.80 ng/ml) than in non-pregnant buffaloes (0.28-1.52 ng/ml). A significant difference (p < 0.0001) in plasma PAG concentrations between pregnant and non-pregnant animals starting at day 28 after breeding suggests that PAG-radioimmunoassay could be suitable for pregnancy diagnosis in buffaloes during this period. In conclusion, PAG test offers the advantages that it requires a single plasma sample for early pregnancy diagnosis as well as the accuracy of the test for the detection of pregnancy as early as day 28.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A El-Battawy
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
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Evaluation of early embrionic development after natural mating using ultrasonography in bos indicus cows in the humid tropics of Costa Rica. Vet Res Commun 2008; 32:393-400. [PMID: 18425594 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-008-9047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Fifty-eight nursing Zebu cows averaging 5922 days postpartum were used to evaluate the early embryonic development by ultrasound under a natural mating system (bulls A to F). Three consecutive mating periods of 21 days were established. Sixty two percent of the animals were diagnosed as pregnant (36/58). During the first period (AB) 76% (27/36) of the animals become pregnant, 17% (6/36) during the second (CD) and 9% (3/36) in the last mating period (EF). Sixty two percent of the animals were true positives (animals found pregnant diagnosed by ultrasound (US), and conforming with the embryonic scale proposed by Rosiles et al. (2006); 12% (n = 7) of false negatives (pregnant cows by US but not conforming with the scale); 2% (n = 1) of false positives (pregnant cows, evaluated with US and conforming with the embryonic scale but not pregnant at the end of the study); and a 26% (n = 15) of true negatives (not pregnancy evaluated with US). The sensitivity of the test was 97%, with a specificity of 68% with a positive predictive value of 83% and a negative predictive value of 6%. Relation between the measuring scale of embryo development and the results obtained by ultrasonography was k = 0.69. No significant correlation were observed between body condition score (BCS) evaluation and body fat (BF) measurement at any of the three evaluations performed after mating, however, measurements of BCS and BF among time showed a positive correlation (0.48 P < 0.05, 0.29, P < 0.07, respectively) from the beginning of the evaluation period to the end of the trial. Ultrasonography to monitor embryonic development to determine the early establishment of pregnancy in natural mating reproductive programs can be a valuable technique to monitor reproductive efficiency.
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Romano JE, Thompson JA, Forrest DW, Westhusin ME, Tomaszweski MA, Kraemer DC. Early pregnancy diagnosis by transrectal ultrasonography in dairy cattle. Theriogenology 2006; 66:1034-41. [PMID: 16584765 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2005] [Accepted: 02/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine differences in time of detection of pregnancy between heifers and cows and the interval after insemination at which the maximum sensitivity and negative predictive value of transrectal ultrasonography were obtained. One-thousand-four-hundred transrectal ultrasonographies (TRUS-1; 1,079 in cows and 321 in heifers) were performed using a 5-MHz linear-array transducer. The cattle were randomly assigned to have TRUS performed once between days 24 and 30 (estrus=day 0) in cows or between days 21 and 27 in heifers. Every TRUS diagnosis was subsequently compared with a second TRUS diagnosis (TRUS-2), performed 3-8 days later, after day 30 (range 31-38) for cows and after day 27 (range 28-35) for heifers. The sensitivity and specificity between cows and heifers for the common days of TRUS (from 24 to 27) were compared. In cows, sensitivity increased gradually from 74.5% at day 24 to 100% at day 29 (P<0.01). Specificity increased from days 24-25 and reached a plateau of 96.6% on day 26 (P<0.01). In heifers, sensitivity increased from 50% at day 21 to 100% at day 26 (P<0.01). Specificity increased from 87.5% at day 21 and remained steady at 94% starting on day 23 (P>0.05). The sensitivity for cows and heifers was 89.2 and 96.8%, respectively (P<0.05) and the specificity was 93.0 and 93.4% (P>0.05). In this study, heifers were diagnosed pregnant earlier than cows, and the maximum sensitivity and negative predictive value were obtained 3 days earlier in heifers than cows (days 26 and 29, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan E Romano
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
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28
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Rosiles VA, Galina CS, Maquivar M, Molina R, Estrada S. Ultrasonographic screening of embryo development in cattle (Bos indicus) between days 20 and 40 of pregnancy. Anim Reprod Sci 2005; 90:31-7. [PMID: 16257595 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2005.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Revised: 12/06/2004] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Through a transrectal ultrasonography (Aloka SSD 500 microplus equipment, linear transducer of 7.5 MHz) a total of 267 observations were performed in a group of 50 females mainly Bos indicus, raised under humid tropical conditions and pregnant from day 20 every other day until day 40 post-artificial insemination (AI). The objective was to measure the size of the amniotic vesicle and the longitudinal and transversal axis of the embryo, to determine the day in which it is possible to measure this structure and detect the heart contractions in the screened embryos. The accuracy in identifying the amniotic vesicle was 60% (12/20) on day 20 of the first screening with embryos having an average length of 0.44 +/- 0.20 cm. Accuracy in detecting the embryo was 66.6 and 100% between days 20 and 24 post-breeding, respectively. The mean length of the embryos on day 20 was of 0.20 +/- 0.07 cm and the transversal shape had a mean length of 0.07 +/- 0.02 cm. The accuracy of detecting heart contractions was 50% (9/18) on day 24 post-breeding and for day 26 the accuracy was 100%. At the end of the screening (day 40), embryos had means of 1.92 +/- 0.24 (longitudinal) and 0.85 +/- 0.11 cm (transverse). The embryo can be detected from day 24 post-AI and the heart contractions from day 26 with 100% reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Rosiles
- National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics (FMVZ), Department of Reproduction, Mexico City
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Green JA, Parks TE, Avalle MP, Telugu BP, McLain AL, Peterson AJ, McMillan W, Mathialagan N, Hook RR, Xie S, Roberts RM. The establishment of an ELISA for the detection of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) in the serum of pregnant cows and heifers. Theriogenology 2005; 63:1481-503. [PMID: 15725453 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2004.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2003] [Accepted: 07/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) are a large gene family expressed in trophoblast cells of ruminant ungulates. The detection of PAGs (more specifically, PAG-1) in maternal serum has served as the basis for pregnancy detection in cattle. Unfortunately, PAG-1 and/or antigenically-related PAGs exhibit a long half-life in maternal serum (>8 d) and can be detected 80-100 d post-partum, thereby producing false positives in animals bred within 60-d of calving. The goal of the present studies was to develop a monoclonal-based assay that targeted early-pregnancy PAGs whose persistence in maternal serum post-partum might be relatively short-lived. Three anti-PAG monoclonal antibodies that recognized distinct subsets of PAGs were selected and used as trapping reagents in a 'sandwich' type of enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). A polyclonal antiserum with broad specificity was used for detecting bound PAGs. A total of 42 cows and heifers were bled daily on day 15, days 22 to 28, and then weekly throughout pregnancy and for 10 weeks (approximately 70 d) into the post-partum period. The ELISA was able to detect PAG in maternal serum of all animals unambiguously by day 28 post-insemination (PAG concentration: 8.75 +/- 3.04 ng/mL). In maternal serum, PAG concentrations peaked during the week of parturition at 588.9 +/- 249.9 ng/mL, and after calving, PAG was completely cleared (half-life: 4.3 d) by eight-week post-partum in 38 of 40 of the animals tested and was at very low concentrations in the remaining two (1.4 and 4.9 ng/mL, respectively). In summary, a monoclonal-based assay has been established that is sensitive enough to detect PAG in maternal serum by the forth week of pregnancy, but does not suffer from carry-over of antigen from a previous pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Green
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, 163 ASRC, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MS 65211, USA.
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Meadows C, Rajala-Schultz PJ, Frazer GS. A Spreadsheet-Based Model Demonstrating the Nonuniform Economic Effects of Varying Reproductive Performance in Ohio Dairy Herds. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88:1244-54. [PMID: 15738258 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72791-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A spreadsheet-based model was developed to estimate the economic effect of varying reproductive performance in dairy herds. Scenarios were created to model an average cow with respect to production, herd lifetime, and reproductive events. Average milk yield per day of life as well as lifetime calf and replacement heifer production were examined. Additional inputs representing milk, feed, semen, calf, and salvage prices were used to calculate net cash flow for each day of herd life for the average cow in a scenario. Economic comparison of different scenarios was accomplished using an equivalent annual cash flow (annuity) methodology.Herd performance measures and prices representative of Ohio dairy herds were used to establish a baseline average cow that had a 160-d calving-to-conception interval [days open (DO)]. Alternative scenarios that differed from baseline in DO, annual culling rate, and feed and milk prices were created to characterize the effects of changes. Under scenario inputs representative of typical Ohio dairy herds, the model indicated that a lower annual culling rate (25%) was preferable to higher annual culling rates (34 or 45%). The model estimated maximum average milk yield per day of life to occur at 110 DO. At 34% annual culling rate, calves and replacement heifers produced per lifetime declined as DO increased; beyond 150 DO, the modeled cow produced less than 1 replacement heifer per lifetime. The model also estimated a loss of $1.37 per cow per year for a 1-d increase in DO beyond 160 d. At 20% higher feed and milk prices, the model estimated a loss of $1.52 per cow per year; at 20% lower feed and milk prices, the model estimated a loss of $1.23 per cow per year. Furthermore, the model suggested that the loss associated with a 1-d increase in DO changed as DO changed. Using baseline inputs, the model calculated losses for a 1-d increase of $0.44 per cow per year at 130 DO and $1.71 per cow per year at 190 DO. The nonuniform nature of the cost of additional DO is important to veterinarians and producers. The implication is that inefficient reproduction becomes marginally more costly to producers as performance declines and warrants increased attention. Conversely, marginal benefits of improved reproduction decrease as performance improves. Herds with strong reproductive performance have less opportunity to capture economic benefits of improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Meadows
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Stevenson JS, Tiffany SM. Resynchronizing Estrus and Ovulation After Not-Pregnant Diagnosis and Various Ovarian States Including Cysts. J Dairy Sci 2004; 87:3658-64. [PMID: 15483149 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(04)73504-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We compared outcomes of 2 protocols used to resynchronize estrus and ovulation in dairy females after a not-pregnant diagnosis. Nulliparous heifers and lactating cows in which artificial insemination (AI) occurred 41 +/- 1 d earlier were presented every 2 to 3 wk for pregnancy diagnosis by using ultrasonography. Ovaries were scanned, follicles were mapped and sized, presence of corpus luteum was noted, and GnRH was injected (d 0). Females were assigned randomly to receive PGF(2alpha) 7 d later (d 7) and then either received estradiol cypionate (ECP) 24 h after PGF(2alpha) (d 8; Heatsynch; n = 230) or a second GnRH injection 48 h after PGF(2alpha) (d 9; Ovsynch; n = 224). Those detected in estrus since their not-pregnant diagnosis were inseminated, whereas the remainder received a timed AI (TAI) between 65 and 74 h after PGF(2alpha). Ovarian scans and blood collected before injections for progesterone analysis were used to classify 4 ovarian status groups: anestrus, follicular cysts, luteal cysts, and cycling, plus an unknown group of females in which no blood sampling or ovarian scans were made. Few females (5.1%) were inseminated between not-pregnant diagnosis and d 8. On d 10, more ECP- than GnRH-treated females were inseminated after detected estrus (24 vs. 6%). Overall, more Ovsynch than Heatsynch females received a TAI (82 vs. 62%). Conception rates tended to be greater for females inseminated after estrus (37%) than after TAI (29%), particularly for those treated with Heatsynch (41 vs. 27%) than with Ovsynch (33 vs. 31%). Those inseminated after estrus conceived 31 +/- 8 d sooner than those receiving the TAI. Conception rates for females having elevated progesterone 7 d after the not-pregnant diagnosis were greater than those having low progesterone in Heatsynch (42%; n = 133 vs. 25%; n = 55) and Ovsynch protocols (33%; n = 142 vs. 15%; n = 45), respectively. Conception rates were greater in nulliparous heifers than in lactating cows (43 vs. 28%) regardless of protocol used. Although overall pregnancy outcomes after a not-pregnant diagnosis were similar in response to either the Ovsynch and Heatsynch protocols, inseminations performed after detected estrus before the scheduled TAI reduced days to eventual conception and tended to increase conception rates, particularly after Heatsynch.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Stevenson
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506-0201, USA.
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Stevenson JS, Cartmill JA, Hensley BA, El-Zarkouny SZ. Conception rates of dairy cows following early not-pregnant diagnosis by ultrasonography and subsequent treatments with shortened Ovsynch protocol. Theriogenology 2003; 60:475-83. [PMID: 12763161 DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(03)00042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to determine the feasibility of prompt reinsemination of dairy cows when diagnosed not pregnant 27-29 days after first-service timed AI (TAI). We assumed that a first-wave dominant follicle was present at that time that would ovulate in response to GnRH once precocious luteal regression was induced after administration of PGF(2alpha). Cows that had not been detected in estrus and reinseminated by Days 27-29 after a first-service TAI were diagnosed not pregnant by ultrasonography. Nonpregnant cows from three herds were assigned randomly to receive either no further treatment until reinsemination (controls; n=189); 25mg i.m. of PGF(2alpha) and then reinsemination according to detected estrus (81 of 108) or at 72-80h after PGF(2alpha) treatment (PGF) in the absence of estrus (27 of 108); or 25mg i.m. of PGF(2alpha) followed by 100 microg i.m. of GnRH 48h later (PGF+GnRH) and then reinsemination after detection of estrus (9 of 160) or at 16-20h after GnRH (151 of 160). Blood samples were collected at the time of the not-pregnant diagnosis and again 48h later. Concentrations of progesterone before treatment with PGF(2alpha) were elevated (<1ng/ml) in 61% of the cows when PGF(2alpha) was administered and 81% of the cows given PGF(2alpha) had low (<1ng/ml) concentrations of progesterone 48h after PGF(2alpha). Treated cows were re-inseminated earlier (P<0.01; 31+/-1days) after first-service TAI than controls (55+/-1days). Conception rates after treatment were not different among treatments: PGF (22%), PGF+GnRH (23%), and control (23%). Average intervals from calving to conception were 22-23 days less (P<0.001) in treated cows than in controls. We concluded that treating nonpregnant cows with PGF(2alpha) on Days 27-29 after insemination produced acceptable conception rates when inseminations were made after detected estrus or when TAI was used after GnRH treatment. Further, both treatments reduced days between first-service TAI and second inseminations, and days from calving to conception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Stevenson
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, 232 Weber Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA.
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Abstract
Application of transrectal real-time ultrasonography as a research tool to study bovine reproduction represents a technological breakthrough that has revolutionized our understanding of reproductive biology in cattle. The widespread adoption and use of ultrasonography for routine reproductive examinations of dairy cattle by bovine practitioners is the next contribution this technology will make to the dairy industry. Assessment of pregnancy status and fetal viability early postbreeding to identify cows that fail to conceive improves reproductive efficiency by decreasing the interval between artificial insemination services and increasing artificial insemination service rate. Early identification of cows carrying twin fetuses will allow for implementation of differential management strategies to abrogate negative effects of twinning during the periparturient period once such strategies have been developed. Ovarian and uterine pathologies not accurately detected via rectal palpation can easily be visualized by ultrasound, and appropriate therapies can be implemented. Determination of fetal sex in utero is useful when coupled with a management decision that justifies the expense of fetal sexing. Development of integrated reproductive management systems that combine ultrasound with new and existing reproductive technologies will further enhance the practical applications of ultrasonography. Development of Extension education programs to train bovine practitioners to use ultrasound for routine reproductive examinations is a critical step toward rapid implementation of this technology into the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Fricke
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA.
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Abstract
Decision analysis is a process for systematically analyzing complex choices by considering all pertinent information. In this paper, we discuss how uncertainty associated with diagnostic testing can be included in a decision analysis using pay-off tables and decision trees (decision-flow diagrams). Variables associated with diagnostic test interpretation (such as pre-test and post-test probability of disease; test sensitivity, specificity and predictive values; fixed cut-offs versus continuous measurement scales; test dependence associated with the use of multiple tests) are considered. Several decision criteria and output measures are discussed (including MAXIMIN and MAXIMAX criteria, opportunity costs, expected monetary values, expected utility, sensitivity and risk-profile analysis, and threshold analysis). The application of decision analysis to diagnostic testing for Johne's disease and traumatic reticuloperitonitis of cattle, and for canine heartworm disease are used to illustrate both population- and patient-oriented applications and criteria for ranking the desirability of different outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Smith
- Division of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana 61802, USA.
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Romagnolo D, Nebel RL. The accuracy of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and latex agglutination progesterone test for the validation of estrus and early pregnancy diagnosis in dairy cattle. Theriogenology 1993; 39:1121-8. [PMID: 16727281 DOI: 10.1016/0093-691x(93)90011-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/1992] [Accepted: 12/10/1992] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The accuracy of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the latex agglutination (LA) on-farm progesterone kit for detecting estrus and diagnosing early pregnancy was investigated in this study. Italian Friesian dairy cows (n=82) from 6 dairy herds were used for the collection of foremilk samples at the time of breeding and at 19, 21, and 23 days post insemination. Pregnancy status was ascertained by uterine palpation per rectum 40 to 60 days post insemination. Progesterone levels were affected by herd, percentage of milk fat, and the day of testing x diagnosis interaction. Validation of estrus by qualitative on-farm tests was 74.6% (LA) and 100.0% (ELISA) accurate using 0.5 ng/ml of progesterone as the RIA estimate for estrus. The accuracy rate for early pregnancy diagnosis by RIA was 68.4 to 83.8% for day 19 and day 21, respectively, while the detection rate for nonpregnancy was 84.6 to 100% on day 19 and day 21, respectively, as compared with uterine palpation per rectum. The average accuracy rate for early pregnancy diagnosis ranged from 84.7 to 92.3% for the LA and ELISA tests, respectively; the nonpregnancy rate was correctly predicted 93.9% to 68.2% for the LA and ELISA tests, respectively.
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van der Lende T, Schasfoort R, van der Meer R. Monitoring reproduction using immunological techniques. Anim Reprod Sci 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-4320(92)90104-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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