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Bayoumi YH, Behairy A, Abdallah AA, Attia NE. Peri-parturient hypocalcemia in goats: Clinical, hematobiochemical profiles and ultrasonographic measurements of postpartum uterine involution. Vet World 2021; 14:558-568. [PMID: 33935398 PMCID: PMC8076444 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.558-568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Hypocalcemia in goats occurs around the time of parturition and is caused by decreasing level of calcium less than 10 mg/dL. This investigation characterized the hematological and biochemical profiles of peri-parturient hypocalcemia in goats and study the effects of hypocalcemia on uterine involution during the postpartum period on day 0 and then weekly postpartum (day +7, +14, +21, +28, +35, till +42). Materials and Methods: Forty-five polyparous native breed does age 3-5 years and weighing 40–60 kg were assigned to control and hypocalcemia groups based on their health history, clinical and biochemical findings. The control group included 10 clinically healthy pregnant does, and the hypocalcemia group included 35 late pregnant does that suffered from anorexia, weakness, muscle tremors of the hind limbs, and an inability to stand. Clinical examination and blood sampling in both groups were performed approximately 14 days before the expected time of kidding (day −14), at kidding day (day 0), on day +21, and +42 postpartum. Sonographic measurements were used to monitor uterine involution on day 0 and then weekly once the animal was postpartum (day +7, +14, +21, +28, +35, till +42) in both groups. Results: Results of sonographic measurement revealed that the hypocalcemia group had a greater (p<0.05) size of the uterus as assessed transrectally and retarded uterine involution when compared with the control group. Laboratory findings revealed that does in both groups showed lower red blood cells, packed cell volume%, and hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations on day −14 before kidding and day 0 when compared with postpartum measurements. A significant increase (p<0.05) in total leukocyte counts, neutrophil, serum glucose, and cortisol levels with a significant decrease (p<0.05) in lymphocytes. Significant decreases (p<,0.05) in serum calcium, phosphorous, vitamin D, and total antioxidant capacity levels with significant (p<,0.05) increases in serum malondialdehyde were recorded on day 0 and day −14 in the hypocalcemia group when compared with the control group. Conclusion: This investigation provides evidence that hypocalcemia in does causes both metabolic and oxidative stress during peri-parturient periods while also retarding uterine involution during postpartum periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin H Bayoumi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Amany Behairy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A Abdallah
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Noura E Attia
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
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Bates AJ, Saldias B. Effect of using an internal teat sealant at drying-off in cows wintered on forage crops in New Zealand on culling in the dry period and early lactation. N Z Vet J 2017; 66:72-78. [PMID: 29129139 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2017.1402716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the impact of treatment with internal teat sealant (ITS) compared to no treatment at drying-off on culling during the dry period and 90 days after calving, for cows wintered on forage crops. METHODS In four dairy herds in the South Island of New Zealand, cows with no history of clinical mastitis or somatic cell counts >100,000 cells/mL during the 2015-16 season were randomly assigned to treatment with ITS in each quarter (ITS group) or no treatment (Control group). Cows were otherwise treated similarly, wintered on forage crops and transferred to pasture for calving and lactation. Culling was defined as an unplanned exit from the herd, including cows sold for slaughter, cows slaughtered for salvage value and cows that died on farm. Culls and cull dates were recorded between drying-off and 90 days after calving. RESULTS Between drying-off and 90 days after calving 24/491 (4.9%) cows in the ITS group and 45/473 (9.5%) cows in the Control group were culled (RR=0.51; 95% CI=0.75-0.83), and between 30 days before calving and 90 days after calving 20/491 (4.1%) cows in the ITS group and 40/473 (8.5%) cows in the Control group were culled (RR=0.48; 95% CI=0.29-0.81). In the final multivariable logistic regression model, adjusting for dry-period length, cow age, breed and farm, the OR for culling in the study period was 0.43 (95% CI=0.23-0.81) for cows in the ITS compared with the Control group. For a Friesian/Jersey cow, aged 4-8 years, with a dry period of 30-80 days, dried-off without ITS, the probability of culling in the study period was 0.10 (95% CI=0.06-0.16), and for such a cow treated with ITS the probability was 0.05 (95% CI=0.03-0.08). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In these four herds, the use of ITS at drying-off reduced the incidence of culling between drying-off and 90 days after calving. The use of ITS at drying-off in cows prior to wintering on forage crops may provide additional benefit to farmers through reduced incidence of culling and should be considered in any cost-benefit analysis of its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Bates
- a Centre for Dairy Excellence , 20 Wilson Street, Geraldine 7930 , New Zealand
| | - B Saldias
- a Centre for Dairy Excellence , 20 Wilson Street, Geraldine 7930 , New Zealand
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Haine D, Delgado H, Cue R, Sewalem A, Wade K, Lacroix R, Lefebvre D, Arsenault J, Bouchard É, Dubuc J. Culling from the herd's perspective-Exploring herd-level management factors and culling rates in Québec dairy herds. Prev Vet Med 2017; 147:132-141. [PMID: 29254711 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between cows' health, reproductive performance or disorders and their longevity is well demonstrated in the literature. However these associations at the cow level might not hold true at the herd level, and herd-level variables can modify cow-level outcomes independently of the cows' characteristics. The interaction between cow-level and herd-level variables is a relevant issue for understanding the culling of dairy cows. However it requires the appropriate group-level variables to assess any contextual effect. Based on 10 years of health and production data, the objectives of this paper are:(a) to quantify the culling rates of dairy herds in Québec; (b) to determine the profiles of the herds based on herd-level factors, such as demographics, reproduction, production and health indicators, and whether these profiles can be related to herd culling rates for use as potential contextual variables in multilevel modelling of culling risk. A retrospective longitudinal study was conducted on data from dairy herds in Québec, Canada, by extracting health information events from the dairy herd health management software used by most Québec producers and their veterinarians. Data were extracted for all lactations taking place between January 1st, 2001 and December 31st, 2010. A total of 432,733 lactations from 156,409 cows out of 763 herds were available for analysis. Thirty cow-level variables were aggregated for each herd and years of follow-up, and their relationship was investigated by Multiple Factor Analysis (MFA). The overall annual culling rate was 32%, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of [31.6%,32.5%]. The dairy sale rate by 60 days in milk (DIM) was 3.2% [2.8%,3.6%]. The annual culling rate within 60 DIM was 8.2% [7.9%,8.4%]. The explained variance for each axis from the MFA was very low: 14.8% for the first axis and 13.1% for the second. From the MFA results, we conclude there is no relationship between the groups of herd-level indicators, demonstrating the heterogeneity among herds for their demographics, reproduction and production performance, and health status. However, based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the profiles of herds could be determined according to specific, single, herd-level indicators independently. The relationships between culling rates and specific herd-level variables within factors were limited to livestock sales, proportion of first lactation cows, herd size, proportion of calvings occurring in the fall, longer calving intervals and reduced 21-day pregnancy rates, increased days to first service, average age at first calving, and reduced milk fever incidence. The indicators found could be considered as contextual variables in multilevel model-building strategies to investigate cow culling risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Haine
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2.
| | - Hector Delgado
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, 21111, Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - Roger Cue
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, 21111, Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - Asheber Sewalem
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Kevin Wade
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, 21111, Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - René Lacroix
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, 21111, Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada H9X 3V9; Valacta Inc., 555 boul. des Anciens-Combattants, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada H9X 3R4
| | - Daniel Lefebvre
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, 21111, Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada H9X 3V9; Valacta Inc., 555 boul. des Anciens-Combattants, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada H9X 3R4
| | - Julie Arsenault
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - Émile Bouchard
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - Jocelyn Dubuc
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
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Haine D, Delgado H, Cue R, Sewalem A, Wade K, Lacroix R, Lefebvre D, Arsenault J, Bouchard É, Dubuc J. Contextual herd factors associated with cow culling risk in Québec dairy herds: A multilevel analysis. Prev Vet Med 2017; 144:7-12. [PMID: 28716206 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Several health disorders, such as milk fever, displaced abomasum, and mastitis, as well as impaired reproductive performance, are known risk factors for the removal of affected cows from a dairy herd. While cow-level risk factors are well documented in the literature, herd-level associations have been less frequently investigated. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of cow- and herd-level determinants on variations in culling risk in Québec dairy herds: whether herd influences a cow's culling risk. For this, we assessed the influence of herd membership on cow culling risk according to displaced abomasum, milk fever, and retained placenta. A retrospective longitudinal study was conducted on data from dairy herds in the Province of Québec, Canada, by extracting health information events from the dairy herd health management software used by most Québec dairy producers and their veterinarians. Data were extracted for all lactations starting between January 1st and December 31st, 2010. Using multilevel logistic regression, we analysed a total of 10,529 cows from 201 herds that met the inclusion criteria. Milk fever and displaced abomasum were demonstrated to increase the cow culling risk. A minor general herd effect was found for the culling risk (i.e. an intra-class correlation of 1.0% and median odds ratio [MOR] of 1.20). The proportion of first lactation cows was responsible for this significant, but weak herd effect on individual cow culling risk, after taking into account the cow-level factors. On the other hand, the herd's average milk production was a protective factor. The planning and management of forthcoming replacement animals has to be taken into consideration when assessing cow culling risks and herd culling rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Haine
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, C.P.5000, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 7C6.
| | - Hector Delgado
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - Roger Cue
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - Asheber Sewalem
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Kevin Wade
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - René Lacroix
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada H9X 3V9; Valacta Inc., 555 boul. des Anciens-Combattants, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada H9X 3R4
| | - Daniel Lefebvre
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada H9X 3V9; Valacta Inc., 555 boul. des Anciens-Combattants, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada H9X 3R4
| | - Julie Arsenault
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, C.P.5000, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 7C6
| | - Émile Bouchard
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, C.P.5000, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 7C6
| | - Jocelyn Dubuc
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, C.P.5000, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 7C6
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Tufarelli V, Lacalandra GM, Laudadio V. Reproductive and Metabolic Responses of Early-lactating Dairy Cows Fed Different Dietary Protein Sources. Reprod Domest Anim 2015; 50:735-9. [PMID: 26134899 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Optimal reproduction is very closely tied with optimal nutrition, and early-lactation diets in cows are critical to successful reproduction and monitoring is important. To evaluate the effects of different dietary protein sources on metabolic parameters and reproductive activity, a total of 36 Italian Friesian early-lactating dairy cows were assigned for 16 weeks to three dietary treatments as follow: the control diet contained soya bean meal (SBM) as the main protein source, whereas the experimental diets contained faba bean (FB) or pea seeds (PS) as alternative protein sources. Diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Cow blood samples were collected, and plasma were analysed for metabolites, biological enzymes, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). Feeding alternative protein sources had no effects on most metabolic blood profile, except for blood cholesterol, triglycerides and urea. Results from reproductive parameters indicated that cows fed FB diet had a lower insemination index, but a shorter calving to conception period and an improved conception rate and artificial insemination outcome, when compared to cows fed SBM or PS diets. It can be concluded that replacing conventional dietary SBM with alternative protein sources, especially FB, resulted in improved reproductive performances and metabolic parameters in early-lactating dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Tufarelli
- Section of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - G M Lacalandra
- Section of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - V Laudadio
- Section of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Valenzano, Bari, Italy
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Bello N, Steibel J, Erskine R, Tempelman R. Cows and herds constitute distinct hierarchical levels of heterogeneity in the variability of and association between milk yield and pregnancy outcome in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:2314-2326. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bello NM, Steibel JP, Tempelman RJ. Hierarchical Bayesian modeling of heterogeneous cluster- and subject-level associations between continuous and binary outcomes in dairy production. Biom J 2012; 54:230-48. [PMID: 22522379 DOI: 10.1002/bimj.201100055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The augmentation of categorical outcomes with underlying Gaussian variables in bivariate generalized mixed effects models has facilitated the joint modeling of continuous and binary response variables. These models typically assume that random effects and residual effects (co)variances are homogeneous across all clusters and subjects, respectively. Motivated by conflicting evidence about the association between performance outcomes in dairy production systems, we consider the situation where these (co)variance parameters may themselves be functions of systematic and/or random effects. We present a hierarchical Bayesian extension of bivariate generalized linear models whereby functions of the (co)variance matrices are specified as linear combinations of fixed and random effects following a square-root-free Cholesky reparameterization that ensures necessary positive semidefinite constraints. We test the proposed model by simulation and apply it to the analysis of a dairy cattle data set in which the random herd-level and residual cow-level effects (co)variances between a continuous production trait and binary reproduction trait are modeled as functions of fixed management effects and random cluster effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora M Bello
- Department of Statistics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Hayes EPB, Christley RM, Dobson H. Effects of periparturient events on subsequent culling and fertility in eight UK dairy herds. Vet Rec 2012; 170:540. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.100317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. P. B. Hayes
- Wright and Morten Veterinary Surgeons; The Barn, Holly Tree Farm, Lower Withington Macclesfield Cheshire SK11 9DT UK
| | | | - H. Dobson
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; Leahurst Campus Neston Cheshire CH64 7TE UK
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Djuricic D, Vince S, Ablondi M, Dobranic T, Samardzija M. Effect of Preventive Intrauterine Ozone Application on Reproductive Efficiency in Holstein Cows. Reprod Domest Anim 2011; 47:87-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2011.01805.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Filipejová T, Kováčik J, Kirchnerová K, Foltýs V. Changes in milk composition as a result of metabolic disorders of dairy cows. POTRAVINARSTVO 2011. [DOI: 10.5219/113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was the determination of blood parameters and changes in milk composition of dairy cows in relation to metabolic disorders and their evaluation. Thirty dairy cows from selected agricultural farm were divided into three groups as follow: group BL: 3-4 weeks after calving (the beginning of lactation), group ML: 3-4 months after calving (the middle of lactation), group DP: 2-3 weeks before calving (the dry period). Concentrations of selected parameters of energy profile (glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides); nitrogenous profile (urea, total proteins); hepatic profile (aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin) in blood serum were measured. Content of fat, proteins and lactose, Non Fat Solids, urea, freezing point, Somatic Cell Count, Fat/Protein ratio in milk were evaluated. Cholesterol concentration was significantly higher in ML (5.33±1.17 mmol.l-1; p<0.001) in comparison to BL (3.46±0.92 mmol.l-1; p<0.001) and DP (2.70±0.71 mmol.l-1; p<0.001). Concentration of triglycerides was significantly lower in ML (0.03±0.01mmol.l-1; p<0.001) in comparison to BL (0.07±0.02 mmol.l-1; p<0.001) and DP (0.09±0.04 mmol.l-1; p<0.001). Albumin concentration in DP (36.90±2.99 g.l-1; p<0.05) was significantly higher in comparison to BL (32.80±4.07 g.l-1; p<0.05). AST concentration was significantly higher in ML (1.61±0.47µmol.l-1; p<0.001) in comparison with DP (1.01±0.18µmol.l-1; p<0.001) and BL (1.39±0.25µmol.l-1; p<0.05). Acquired results of milk composition were without significant confirmation (p>0.05). Fat/Protein ratio was lower than 1.1, in BL and ML, which cause rumen acidosis. The present observation confirmed that specific changes of milk composition lead to metabolic disorders.
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Nelson ST, Martin AD, Østerås O. Risk factors associated with cystic ovarian disease in Norwegian dairy cattle. Acta Vet Scand 2010; 52:60. [PMID: 21059258 PMCID: PMC2990741 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-52-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aims of this study were to establish the incidence of cystic ovarian disease (COD) and its geographical and seasonal variation in Norway, investigate the effect of COD on culling rates, and describe the effects of COD on subsequent reproductive performance and its association to twins. METHODS Diagnosis of COD was made by veterinary surgeons in the field. Four statistical models were made all including herd as random effect: The four different dependent variables investigated were: 1) Diagnosis of COD between 40 and 165 days in milk or not; (n = 511,657); 2) Twins or singleton; data restricted to lactations with new calving (n = 156,661): 3) Culling/removal or not (n = 573,184): 4) Culling due to reproductive problems; data included only lactations which ended in culling (n = 234,232). Model 1, 3 and 4 applied Cox regression models, and model 2 logistic regression. Independent variables were parity, twins/singletons, calving season, herd size, region, COD occurrence in present lactation (if not dependent), and COD diagnosis in previous lactation. RESULTS The incidence was 0.82% per lactation. COD increased with increasing parity, was smallest at herd size between 35 and 85 cows. Cows in 1st parity and calved in spring had lowest hazard of COD and hazard for COD diagnosis was highest in autumn with HR = 2.6 (1.9-3.4) compared to spring. There was an interaction between parity and season. COD incidence was lower south of 60°N. Cows which experienced COD had an increased odds of giving birth to twins OR = 2.2 (1.7-2.7). Of those that were culled, those with COD were culled more frequently because of reproductive problems; HR = 2.1 (1.9-2.3) for higher parity than 2. Having COD diagnosed in the preceding lactation was a hazard for diagnosis in the lactation studied. CONCLUSION COD diagnosis is strongly associated with season (autumn calving) and parity. Herds north of 60°N have more COD. Occurrence of COD is associated with twin births as well as culling due to reproduction.
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The impact of genetic selection for increased milk yield on the welfare of dairy cows. Anim Welf 2010. [DOI: 10.1017/s0962728600002220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractMilk yield per cow has more than doubled in the previous 40 years and many cows now produce more than 20,000 kg of milk per lactation. The increase in production should be viewed with concern because: i) the increase in milk yield has been accompanied by declining fertility, increasing leg and metabolic problems and declining longevity; ii) there are unfavourable genetic correlations between milk yield and fertility, mastitis and other production diseases, indicating that deterioration in fertility and health is largely a consequence of selection for increased milk yield; and iii) high disease incidence, reduced fertility, decreased longevity and modification of normal behaviour are indicative of substantial decline in cow welfare. Improving welfare is important as good welfare is regarded by the public as indicative of sustainable systems and good product quality and may also be economically beneficial. Expansion of the Profitable Lifetime Index used in the UK to include mastitis resistance and fertility could increase economic response to selection by up to 80%, compared with selection for milk production alone. In the last 10 years, several breeding organisations in Europe and North America followed the example of Nordic Countries and have included improving fertility and reducing incidence of mastitis in their breeding objectives, but these efforts are still timid. A multi-trait selection programme in which improving health, fertility and other welfare traits are included in the breeding objective, and appropriately weighted relative to production traits, should be adopted by all breeding organisations motivated in their goal of improving welfare.
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Löf E, Gustafsson H, Emanuelson U. Associations between herd characteristics and reproductive efficiency in dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2008; 90:4897-907. [PMID: 17881713 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2006-819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dairy herds worldwide are experiencing a decline in reproductive efficiency at the same time as management methods are changing. This study aimed to investigate the extent to which herd-level characteristics were associated with reproductive performance. Data from herds using artificial insemination (AI) in the Swedish Official Milk Recording Scheme that had more than 45 cows were included in the study (total of 2,728 herds). Reproductive performance was measured as the average for each herd for the calving interval, calving to first AI interval, calving to last AI interval, number of AI per animal submitted for AI, and culling attributed to reproductive problems. Herds with mainly Swedish Holstein cows had longer calving intervals, calving to first AI, and calving to last AI compared with herds with mainly Swedish Red and White cows. Large herds had shorter calving to first AI but a greater number of AI than small herds, whereas small herds had greater culling attributed to reproductive problems than large herds. Low-yielding herds had longer calving intervals, calving to first AI, and calving to last AI and had greater culling attributed to reproductive problems than high-yielding herds, whereas herds with high milk yields had a greater number of AI than low-yielding herds. Herds with automatic milking systems had shorter calving intervals, calving to first AI, and calving to last AI and had lesser odds for culling attributed to reproductive problems when compared with herds with ordinary pipeline milking systems. Herds that used Advanced Feed Advisory Services had shorter calving to first AI but a greater number of AI and greater culling attributed to reproductive problems. Herds using TMR had longer calving intervals and calving to last AI than herds that did not. Herds with tie stalls had longer calving intervals, calving to first AI, and calving to last AI, and organic herds had shorter calving intervals, calving to first AI, and calving to last AI compared with conventional herds. We found that herds with do-it-yourself inseminations had longer calving intervals and calving to first AI. Our study showed numerous associations between herd characteristics and reproductive performance. When allocating advisory service resources to improve reproductive performance, the focus should be on herd characteristics that are easy to influence, such as TMR and do-it-yourself inseminations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Löf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Ruminant Medicine and Veterinary Epidemiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Hermesch DR, Thomson DU, Loneragan GH, Renter DR, White BJ. Effects of a commercially available vaccine againstSalmonella entericaserotype Newport on milk production, somatic cell count, and shedding ofSalmonellaorganisms in female dairy cattle with no clinical signs of salmonellosis. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:1229-34. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.9.1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Østerås O, Solbu H, Refsdal AO, Roalkvam T, Filseth O, Minsaas A. Results and Evaluation of Thirty Years of Health Recordings in the Norwegian Dairy Cattle Population. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:4483-97. [PMID: 17699070 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The results are based on the Norwegian Cattle Health Recording System, which has been in place for the entire country since 1975. The dairy breeds in Norway consist of 94% Norwegian Red and 4% crossbreeds with Norwegian Red. No other breed consists of more than 0.5% of the total population. During the past 30 yr, there have been 11,563,692 dairy cows within the recording system, corresponding to 8,633,532 cow-years and 8,632,516 calvings. This population consisted of 3,038,675 first-calving cows. Altogether, 8,435,704 different diagnoses were recorded from 4,444,485 different cows each year. The general trend for all recordings was an increase in the incidence rate of all cases from 0.74 per 365 d at risk (cow-year) in 1976 to 1.36 in 1990, and then a decrease to 0.62 in 2002. The corresponding figures for cows treated per cow-year were 0.44 up to a maximum of 0.82, and then a decrease to 0.46 per cow-year in 2002. The most common diseases were acute (severe to moderate) clinical mastitis, chronic (mild) clinical mastitis, ketosis, milk fever, teat injuries, retained placenta, silent heat or anestrous, indigestion, cystic ovaries, and metritis. Clinical mastitis increased from 0.15 cows treated per cow-year in 1975 to 0.44 in 1994, and then decreased to 0.23 in 2002. Ketosis began at 0.10 in 1975, increased to 0.24 in 1985, and then decreased to 0.05 in 2005. For several of the most common diseases, there was a reduction of more than 50% from the 1990s to the years after 2000. Validation processes confirmed that this fluctuation reflected the general trend in the population. The disease recording system also reflected the known outbreaks of bovine respiratory syncytial virus during 1976, 1989 to 1990, and 1995. A marked increase in malformation diagnoses could be seen in 1986 and in 1989 and 1990. These could be related to the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident in April 1986. The diagnosis that showed the most stability throughout these 30 yr was retained placenta. The 3 main reasons for the large fluctuation for many of the diseases could be the following: a breeding effect, an effect of preventive work, and an effect of changing the therapeutic attitude. Many of the actions taken to bring about improvements would not have been possible without a functioning and practical recording system. Our experience is that an organ-related diagnosis system with up to 60 or 70 different diagnoses will meet the needs of the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Østerås
- Department of The Norwegian Cattle Health Services, TINE Norwegian Dairies BA, 1431 As, Norway.
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18
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Kim UH, Suh GH, Hur TY, Kang SJ, Kang HG, Park SB, Kim HS, Kim IH. Comparison of two types of CIDR-based timed artificial insemination protocols for repeat breeder dairy cows. J Reprod Dev 2007; 53:639-45. [PMID: 17327684 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.18147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared two types of controlled internal drug release (CIDR)-based timed artificial insemination (TAI) protocol for treatment of repeat breeder dairy cows. In the first trial of the experiment, 55 repeat breeder cows were randomly assigned to the following two treatments. (1) In the EB group, a CIDR device was inserted into the cows, and then the cows were administered an injection of 1 mg estradiol benzoate (EB) plus 50 mg progesterone (P4; Day 0). On Day 7, they were given an injection of PGF(2alpha) and the CIDR device was removed. The cows were given an injection of 1 mg EB on Day 8 and were subjected to TAI 30 h later (n=27). (2) In the gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) group, a CIDR device was inserted into the cows, and then the cows were administered an injection of 250 microg gonadorelin (GnRH; Day 0). On Day 7, they were given an injection of PGF(2alpha) and the CIDR device was removed. The cows were given an injection of 250 microg GnRH on Day 9 and were subjected to TAI 17 h later (n=28). In the second trial, 41 repeat breeder cows that were confirmed as not pregnant in the first trial were randomly assigned to the same two treatments used in the first trial (an EB group of 20 cows and a GnRH group of 21 cows). The ovaries of 15 cows from each group were examined by transrectal ultrasonography in order to observe the changes in ovarian structures, and blood samples were collected for analysis of serum P4 concentrations. The pregnancy rates following TAI in the first (18.5 vs. 32.1%) and second (40.0 vs. 38.1%) trials and the combined rates (27.7 vs. 34.7%) did not differ between the EB and GnRH groups. The proportions of cows with follicular wave emergence within 7 days did not differ between the EB (12/15) and GnRH groups (13/15). The interval to wave emergence was shorter (P<0.01) in the GnRH group than in the EB group, but there was no difference in the mean diameters of dominant follicles on Day 7 between the groups. Moreover, the proportions of cows with synchronized ovulation following a second EB or GnRH treatment did not differ between the groups. In conclusion, treatment with either EB or GnRH in a CIDR-based TAI protocol results in synchronous follicular wave emergence, follicular development, synchronous ovulation, and similar pregnancy rates for TAI in repeat breeder cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ui-Hyung Kim
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Korea
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19
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Abstract
Delayed conception is defined as an interval of greater than 90 days postpartum before a cow becomes pregnant again. In this study, the risk factors for delayed conception in Korean dairy herds were determined by evaluating several reproductive factors in individual cows. The following data was recorded from 1,012 pregnancies in eight dairy herds (designated A-H) from July 2001 to June 2006: herd, cow parity, repeated animal (cows included 2, 3, or more times), calving season, calving condition (abnormal partus), postpartum disorders (retained placenta, metabolic disorders, metritis and ovarian cysts) and conception. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the effects of these factors on delayed conception. A stepwise procedure was used to obtain the appropriate model (α = 0.05), which revealed the herd, metritis and ovarian cysts to be significant risk factors for delayed conception. The odds ratio showed that the likelihood of delayed conception increased by 3.3 and 2.0 fold for each incidence of metritis and ovarian cysts, respectively. Delayed conception was significantly more likely in 2 herds, in herd A by 2.0 fold and in herd B by 2.4 fold, compared with herd H. These results suggest that the prevention of postpartum metritis and ovarian cysts, as well as improved herd management, will be needed to maintain a short interval between calving and conception in Korean dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ill Hwa Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea.
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20
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Jouany JP. Optimizing rumen functions in the close-up transition period and early lactation to drive dry matter intake and energy balance in cows. Anim Reprod Sci 2006; 96:250-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Lee JY, Kim IH. Advancing parity is associated with high milk production at the cost of body condition and increased periparturient disorders in dairy herds. J Vet Sci 2006; 7:161-6. [PMID: 16645342 PMCID: PMC3242109 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2006.7.2.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of parity on milk production, body condition change, periparturient health, and culling in Korean dairy herds. The data utilized included; milk yield, body condition score, cow parity, calving condition, periparturient disorders, culling, and reproductive status, which were recorded from 1290 calvings in eight dairy herds. The mean milk yield in cows over 305 days increased with increasing parity (p < 0.01). Cows with parities of 3, 4, and 5 or higher lost more body condition than those with a parity of 1 during month 1 of lactation (p < 0.01), and body condition recovery by cows with parities of 4 and 5 or higher was slower (p < 0.01) than recovery by cows with parities of 1, 2, or 3 until month 3 of lactation. The risk of retained placenta, metabolic disorder, and endometritis also increased with advancing parity (p < 0.05). Moreover, the incidence of ovarian cysts was lower in cows with a parity of one than in cows with greater parities (p < 0.01). Culling rate due to reproductive failure also increased with advancing parity (p < 0.01). These results suggest that parity increases milk yield, body condition loss during early lactation, the risk of periparturient disorders, and culling due to reproductive failure in dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeon Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
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22
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Kim IH, Na KJ, Yang MP. Immune responses during the peripartum period in dairy cows with postpartum endometritis. J Reprod Dev 2005; 51:757-64. [PMID: 16210780 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.17036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the immune responses to the development of endometritis during the peripartum period may assist in the development of more efficient reproductive management regimens for dairy herds. In this study, we compared the peripartum immune responses of dairy cows that develop endometritis by 4 weeks postpartum (n = 11) to cows that did not develop this disease (n = 19). Blood samples were collected 1 week before calving, just after or during calving, and then at weeks 1, 2, 3, and 4 postpartum. Cows that developed endometriris had significantly higher total leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts than the control cows (P < 0.05) at all time points. The leukocytes from cows that developed endometritis were significantly less phagocytic than those from control cows at all sampling time points (P < 0.01). The serum TNFalpha concentrations of the control cows decreased linearly from the prepartum time point (P = 0.0029), but the endometritis cows showed a different profile (P > 0.05). As a result, the serum TNFalpha concentrations were greater in the endometritis group (P < 0.01) than in the control group during the third and fourth weeks postpartum. The greater total leukocyte numbers and neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts, and the maintenance of elevated serum TNFalpha levels in the cows with endometritis may be due to infection in the postpartum period. Furthermore, the decreased phagocytic capacity of leukocytes during the peripartum period, including at the prepartum time point, makes cows more susceptible to postpartum endometritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ill-Hwa Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Korea.
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23
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Kim KD, Ki KS, Kang HG, Kim IH. Risk factors and the economic impact of ovarian cysts on reproductive performance of dairy cows in Korea. J Reprod Dev 2005; 51:491-8. [PMID: 15947456 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.17001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the risk factors for development of postpartum ovarian cysts by evaluating several reproductive factors in individual cows, and to determine the economic impact of ovarian cysts on subsequent reproductive performance in dairy herds in Korea. The data, including cow parity, abnormal puerperium, endometritis, body condition score (BCS), and breeding status were collected from 634 cows in 9 dairy herds. We used logistic regression to evaluate the effects of these factors on ovarian cysts. A stepwise procedure, used to obtain the appropriate model with alpha=0.05, revealed that cow parity was the most important risk factor for ovarian cyst development within 8 weeks postpartum, while development of endometritis and BCS loss>or=1 from the dry period to 8 weeks postpartum were the most important risk factors for ovarian cyst development beyond 8 weeks postpartum. The occurrence of ovarian cysts beyond 8 weeks postpartum prolonged (P<0.01) the mean intervals from calving to first service (27 days) and conception (77 days), and increased (P<0.05) the culling rate (7.8%), while ovarian cyst development within 8 weeks postpartum did not affect (P>0.05) the mean intervals from calving to first service and conception or the culling rate. The economic loss resulting from the occurrence of ovarian cysts was estimated at approximately 823,996 won ($687) due to effects on the cost of nutrition, average growth of calves, labor and medical costs, and culling. These results suggest that cow parity is correlated with the development of ovarian cysts within 8 weeks postpartum, and endometritis and BCS loss>or=1 from the dry period to 8 weeks postpartum are correlated with the development of ovarian cysts after 8 weeks postpartum, which decreases reproductive performance and results in economic loss in dairy herds in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Doek Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Korea
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24
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Lundborg GK, Svensson EC, Oltenacu PA. Herd-level risk factors for infectious diseases in Swedish dairy calves aged 0–90 days. Prev Vet Med 2005; 68:123-43. [PMID: 15820112 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2004.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2004] [Revised: 11/18/2004] [Accepted: 11/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of environmental factors and management routines on the risk of diarrhoea, respiratory disease and other infectious diseases was investigated in 3081 heifer calves 0-90 days old in 122 Swedish dairy herds. The farmers kept records on cases of diseases in their heifer calves and in addition, project veterinarians clinically examined all calves every 2-3 months. At each visit, the veterinarians also measured the ammonia concentration and relative air humidity in the housing facilities for the calves. The cleanliness of the animals and their environment was recorded as a measure of the hygienic status of the farm. The presence or absence of draught (i.e. wind velocity>0.5 m/s) was recorded twice during the study period. The effect of these factors, as well as the placing of the calf pens, the nature of the pen walls, air volume per animal, management factors (such as the status of the caretaker and feeding routines) and presence or absence of a bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection in the herd, was evaluated by means of a two-level variance component logistic model. The placing of calf pens along an outer wall was significantly associated with the risk of diarrhoea (odds ratio (OR): 1.92, P<0.01). The risk for respiratory disease was significantly associated with an ammonia concentration below 6 ppm (OR: 0.42, P<0.05) while the odds ratio for moderately to severely increased respiratory sounds was significantly associated with a BVDV infection in the herd (OR: 2.39, P<0.05) and draught (OR: 3.7, P<0.02). Absence of draught was significantly associated with the risk for infectious diseases other than diarrhoea and respiratory disease (OR: 0.42, P<0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Lundborg
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 234, SE-532 23 Skara, Sweden
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25
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Windig JJ, Calus MPL, Veerkamp RF. Influence of Herd Environment on Health and Fertility and Their Relationship with Milk Production. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88:335-47. [PMID: 15591398 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72693-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
High levels of milk production in dairy cattle can have negative side effects on health and fertility traits. This paper explores the relationships among milk yield, health, and fertility traits both across and within herd environments on a national scale. A total of 456,574 lactations from 3904 herds recorded from 1995 to 1999 in The Netherlands were analyzed. Herd environment was defined by 41 variables derived from production records and the annual national agricultural survey. Principal components analysis reduced this set to 4 components: intensity, defined as average production per cow, average fertility, farm size, and relative performance indicating whether herds had good (poor) health and fertility despite a high (low) production. Both fertility and health were better for some traits in high-intensity herds and for other traits in low-intensity herds. In high-intensity herds, somatic cell count (SCC) levels were lower, drops in production occurred more often, and first service took place earlier but with lower success. High fertility occurred more often in herds located on sandy soils and in those that had lower SCC levels, had fewer drops in production and higher cow survival. On large farms, drops in production were less frequent and fertility was somewhat better. The within-herd analysis showed that the relationship of milk yield with health and fertility was stronger in herds with high production, fertility, or both. In herds with poor relative performance, there was no difference in production levels between animals with good health or fertility and those with poor health or fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Windig
- Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, Division Animal Resources Development, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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26
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Maizon DO, Oltenacu PA, Gröhn YT, Strawderman RL, Emanuelson U. Effects of diseases on reproductive performance in Swedish Red and White dairy cattle. Prev Vet Med 2004; 66:113-26. [PMID: 15579339 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2004.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2003] [Revised: 08/11/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of diseases on days open (DO), days to first breeding (DFB) and days from first breeding to conception (DFBC) using survival analysis models, and to assess the significance of the sire component and its possible confounding effect. The data consisted of a random sample of 20% of all herds enrolled in Swedish recording system and using 100% artificial insemination with at least 15 Swedish Red and White cows calving in 1991. The follow-up period was from 45 to 145 d after calving. After editing, the data sets had 23,927, 28,197, and 22,089 cows for days open, days to first breeding, and days from first breeding to conception, respectively. The Cox models included parity, calving season, cow milk production and age at first calving as fixed effects, and herd and sire as random effects. Ten disease groups were considered as possible risk factors for the reproductive traits. Disease groups were treated differently if they occurred before or after 45 d postpartum. Diseases occurring in the first 45 d after calving were treated as time-independent covariates and diseases occurring after day 45 were treated as time-dependent covariates for days open and days to first breeding. The percentages of censored cows were 35% for days open, 19% for days to first breeding, and 33% for days from first breeding to conception. Days open increased in cows with dystocia, stillbirth, retained placenta, metritis, or other diseases occurring in the first 45 d after calving, and in cows with metritis, mastitis, or other diseases occurring after 45 d. Days to first breeding increased in cows with stillbirth, retained placenta, milk fever, mastitis, foot and leg problems, or other diseases occurring before day 45, and in cows with metritis, mastitis, foot and leg problems, or other diseases occurring after 45 d. Days to first breeding decreased in cows treated for ovulatory dysfunctions either before or after 45 d. Days from first breeding to conception increased in cows with dystocia, stillbirth, retained placenta, metritis, or ovulatory dysfunctions occurring before first breeding, and in cows with mastitis occurring after first breeding. Although the additive genetic components were significant for all traits considered, the sires did not act as confounders because only a small amount of variability for the traits considered in this study was explained by the sires, with estimated heritabilities of 2% on the logarithmic scale and from 3 to 4% on the real scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O Maizon
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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27
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Kim IH, Kang HG. Risk factors for postpartum endometritis and the effect of endometritis on reproductive performance in dairy cows in Korea. J Reprod Dev 2004; 49:485-91. [PMID: 14967899 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.49.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the risk factors for postpartum endometritis by evaluating several reproductive factors in individual cows, and to determine the effect of endometritis on the subsequent reproductive performance in dairy herds in Korea. The data, including health status, parity and body condition score (BCS) of cows, and calving date, were collected from 320 cows in eight dairy herds calving from January 2001 to October 2002. We used logistic regression to evaluate the effects of these factors on endometritis. A stepwise procedure, used to obtain the appropriate model with alpha=0.05, revealed that retained placenta, metabolic disorders and parity are the important risk factors for endometritis. The mean intervals from calving to first service and conception were prolonged (P<0.01) by 23 and 36 days, respectively, in the endometritis group compared to the non-endometritis group. The first service conception rate was lower (P<0.05) in the endometritis group (47.6%) than in the non-endometritis group (62.6%). The number of services per conception was higher (P<0.05) in the endometritis group (1.9) than in the non-endometritis group (1.6). We conclude that retained placenta, metabolic disorders and cow parity are strongly correlated with the development of postpartum endometritis, which decreases reproductive performance in dairy herds in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ill-Hwa Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.
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28
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Kühn C, Bennewitz J, Reinsch N, Xu N, Thomsen H, Looft C, Brockmann GA, Schwerin M, Weimann C, Hiendleder S, Erhardt G, Medjugorac I, Förster M, Brenig B, Reinhardt F, Reents R, Russ I, Averdunk G, Blümel J, Kalm E. Quantitative trait loci mapping of functional traits in the German Holstein cattle population. J Dairy Sci 2003; 86:360-8. [PMID: 12613879 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73614-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A whole-genome scan to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for functional traits was performed in the German Holstein cattle population. For this purpose, 263 genetic markers across all autosomes and the pseudoautosomal region of the sex chromosomes were genotyped in 16 granddaughter-design families with 872 sons. The traits investigated were deregressed breedingvalues for maternal and direct effects on dystocia (DYSm, DYSd) and stillbirth (STIm, STId) as well as maternal and paternal effects on nonreturn rates of 90 d (NR90m, NR90p). Furthermore, deregressed breeding values for functional herd life (FHL) and daughter yield deviation for somatic cell count (SCC) were investigated. Weighted multimarker regression analyses across families and permutation tests were applied for the detection of QTL and the calculation of statistical significance. A ten percent genomewise significant QTL was localized for DYSm on chromosome 8 and for SCC on chromosome 18. A further 24 putative QTL exceeding the 5% chromosomewise threshold were detected. On chromosomes 7, 8, 10, 18, and X/Yps, coincidence of QTL for several traits was observed. Our results suggest that loci with influence on udder health may also contribute to genetic variance of longevity. Prior to implementation of these QTL in marker assisted selection programs for functional traits, information about direct and correlated effects of these QTL as well as fine mapping of their chromosomal positions is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ch Kühn
- Forschungsinstitut für die Biologie landwirtschaftlicher Nutztiere, D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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29
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Abstract
The dairy industry in the United States has changed dramatically in the last decade. Milk production per cow has increased steadily because of a combination of improved management, better nutrition, and intense genetic selection. Dairy farms are larger, and nearly 30% of the dairy cows in the United States are on farms with 500 or more cows. The shift toward more productive cows and larger herds is associated with a decrease in reproductive efficiency. Cows with the greatest milk production have the highest incidence of infertility, but epidemiological studies suggest that, in addition to milk production, other factors are probably decreasing reproductive efficiency in our dairy herds. The reproductive physiology of dairy cows has changed over the past 50 yr, and physiological adaptations to high milk production may explain part of the reproductive decline. Critical areas for new research include control of the estrous cycle, metabolic effects of lactation on reproduction, mechanisms linking disease to reproduction, and early embryonic mortality. Solving reproductive loss in dairy cows will not be easy because only a small number of research groups study reproduction in postpartum dairy cows. Therefore, the present research base will need to be expanded. For this to occur, research funding must be increased above its current level and a renewed emphasis must be placed on solving the emerging crisis of infertility in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Lucy
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, USA.
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30
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Fourichon C, Beaudeau F, Bareille N, Seegers H. Incidence of health disorders in dairy farming systems in western France. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-6226(00)00249-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Rajala-Schultz PJ, Frazer GS, Wittum TE. Association between milk urea nitrogen and fertility in Ohio dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2001; 84:482-9. [PMID: 11233033 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(01)74498-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and fertility of dairy cows using field data. The data came from 24 dairy herds belonging to Ohio Dairy Herd Improvement Cooperative Inc. Reproductive data and MUN measurements from cows that calved between June 1998 and May 1999 and that had been bred at least once were included in the study. Survival analysis, using the Cox proportional hazards model, was performed and days from calving to conception or to the end of the study was used as the outcome. Cows that had not been reported pregnant during the study were considered censored. The mean of monthly MUN values of cows before conception (or the end of the study for censored cows) was used to reflect the MUN status of a cow. Animals were categorized into quartiles based on MUN values in these data. Parity, calving season, peak milk yield, number of services, and herd were included in the models as fixed effects. Cows with MUN levels below 10.0 were 2.4 times more likely and cows with MUN levels between 10.0 and 12.7 mg/dl were 1.4 times more likely to be confirmed pregnant than cows with MUN values above 15.4 mg/dl. Our results indicate that increasing MUN levels appear to be negatively related to dairy cow fertility and are associated with a lower risk of detectable pregnancy at herd checks. They also suggest that the levels of MUN that are adversely associated with fertility might be lower than reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Rajala-Schultz
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA.
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32
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Allore HG, Erb HN. Simulated effects on dairy cattle health of extending the voluntary waiting period with recombinant bovine somatotropin. Prev Vet Med 2000; 46:29-50. [PMID: 10854934 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5877(00)00137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We simulated the effect of extending the voluntary wait period by 100 days on disorder-frequency measures that were based on cow-years (from lactations completed during the 4-year simulation horizon), metric tons of milk yield, and lactational incidence risks. A dynamic stochastic discrete-event simulation model that focuses on clinical and subclinical intramammary infections (IMI), plus clinical metabolic (left-displaced abomasum, ketosis, milk fever) and reproductive (cystic ovarian disease, dystocia, retained placenta, twinning, uterine infection) disorders in dairy herds was used. Although the voluntary wait period was increased by 100 days (50 vs. 150), the predicted difference in simulated days to conception was only 89 days for the extended voluntary wait-period group (which we attributed to higher fertility later in lactation). Herds that had a voluntary wait period of 150 days (compared to the control herds' voluntary wait period of 50 days) were predicted to have significantly lower rates of metabolic and reproductive disorders and clinical mastitis on both cow-year and milk-yield bases. Simulated control herds, on average, produced 8539 kg of milk in an average lactation of 325 days and simulated herds with a 150-day voluntary wait period 10893 kg of milk in an average lactation of 409 days. There was a significantly lower predicted rate and risk of culling for reproductive failure in the extended voluntary wait period group. The predicted lactational incidence risks for subclinical IMI were 18% higher for the extended voluntary wait period group - but extending the voluntary wait period by 100 days was predicted not to increase the risk of any of the other 10 disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Allore
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Fourichon C, Seegers H, Malher X. Effect of disease on reproduction in the dairy cow: a meta-analysis. Theriogenology 2000; 53:1729-59. [PMID: 10968418 DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(00)00311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Effects on reproduction of dystocia, stillbirth, abortion, milk fever, retained placenta, metritis, cystic ovaries, anestrus, ketosis, displaced abomasum, locomotor disorders, and mastitis were reviewed. Papers were considered if they provided quantitative estimates of diseases on days to first estrus, days to first service, conception rate at first service, days from first service to conception, days to conception or days open, calving interval, conception rates at various days post partum (dpp), and number of services per conception or per cow. Only papers in English in peer-reviewed journals were selected for analysis of post 1960 data from intensive dairy regions. Seventy papers fulfilled the selection criteria. Summary estimates of disease effects were calculated according to meta-analysis methods, and study designs were described in detail to identify possible heterogeneity of the results. Stillbirth, milk fever, displaced abomasum and mastitis had no effect on reproduction. Clinical ketosis, dystocia and retained placenta were associated with 2 to 3 more days to first service and with a 4 to 10% lower conception rate at first service, resulting in 6 to 12 more days to conception. Locomotor disorders were associated with an average increase of 12 d to conception, with wide variation depending on lesions and stage of occurrence. Metritis was associated with 7 more days to first service, 20% lower conception rate at first service, resulting in 19 more days to conception. Cystic ovaries were associated with 6 to 11 more days to first service and with 20 to 30 more days to conception. Anestrus was associated with 26 more days to first service and with an 18% lower conception rate at first service, resulting in 41 more days to conception. Abortion was associated with 70 to 80 more days to conception.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fourichon
- Unit of Animal Health Management, Veterinary School-INRA, Nantes, France.
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