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Tansil F, Pezzali JG, Cargo-Froom C, Huber LA, Kiarie EG, Courtney-Martin G, Levesque CL, Shoveller AK. Evaluation of standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids and metabolic availability of methionine, using the indicator amino acid oxidation method, in black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) meal fed to growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2022; 101:6960714. [PMID: 36566507 PMCID: PMC9904181 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Standardized ileal digestibility (SID, %) of crude protein (CP) and amino acid (AA) and the metabolic availability (MA) of Met using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method, in partially defatted black soldier fly larvae (PD-BSFL) meal were determined in growing pigs in 2 experiments. The Met SID value was then compared numerically with the Met MA to understand how different SID is compared with its MA value. In Exp. 1, 6 ileal-cannulated barrows (initial body weight [BW] = 18.03 ± 0.34 kg) were used in a 2-period switch back design and fed either a nitrogen-free diet (NFD) or test diet, with PD-BSFL meal as the sole source of AA, over two 11-d experimental periods, at a feeding level of 2.8 × estimated maintenance digestible energy requirement. Barrows were adapted for 9-d to the diet, followed by continuous 8-h ileal digesta collection on day 10 and 11. Digesta were pooled per pig within period. The SID of CP and Met of PD-BSFL meal were 76.1 ± 6.2% and 90.4 ± 3.9%, respectively. In Exp. 2, 7 barrows (initial BW = 18.77 ± 0.69 kg) were used in a 7 × 7 Latin square design with L-[1-13C]-Phe as the indicator AA. Each pig was randomly assigned to 1 of 7 dietary treatments over seven 3-d experimental periods. Two diet types were studied including reference (crystalline AA) and PD-BSFL test diets, each supplying graded intakes of Met at 55, 65, and 75% of the estimated SID requirement (NRC, 2012). The MA of Met was determined by comparing the IAAO response between the reference and PD-BSFL test diet using the slope-ratio method. Linear regression determined a negative slope of the best fit line for both the reference and test diets (P < 0.05). The MA of Met in PD-BSFL meal was 53.3%, which is as expected lower than the SID value. While it is generally appreciated that MA will be less than SID, the use of SID is more practical. In cases where SID cannot explain physiological outcomes of feeding a novel ingredient, IAAO may provide additional insight into whether MA should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Tansil
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Júlia G Pezzali
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Cara Cargo-Froom
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lee-Anne Huber
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Elijah G Kiarie
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Glenda Courtney-Martin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada,Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Crystal L Levesque
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
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Brossillon V, Reis SF, Moura DC, Galvão JGB, Oliveira AS, Côrtes C, Brito AF. Production, milk and plasma fatty acid profile, and nutrient utilization in Jersey cows fed flaxseed oil and corn grain with different particle size. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:2127-2143. [PMID: 29274984 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to compare the effects of ground (GC) or cracked corn (CC), with or without flaxseed oil (FSO), on milk yield, milk and plasma fatty acid (FA) profile, and nutrient digestibility in Jersey cows fed diets formulated to contain similar starch concentrations. Twelve multiparous organic-certified Jersey cows averaging (mean ± standard deviation) 455 ± 41.9 kg of body weight and 152 ± 34 d in milk and 4 primiparous organic-certified Jersey cows averaging (mean ± standard deviation) 356 ± 2.41 kg of body weight and 174 ± 30 d in milk in the beginning of the experiment were used. Cows were randomly assigned to treatment sequences in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Each period lasted 24 d with 18 d for diet adaptation and 6 d for data and sample collection. Treatments were fed as total mixed rations consisting of (dry matter basis): (1) 0% FSO + 27.1% GC, (2) 0% FSO + 28.3% CC, (3) 3% FSO + 27.1% GC, and (4) 3% FSO + 28.3% CC. All cows were offered 55% of the total diet dry matter as mixed grass-legume baleage and treatments averaged 20% starch. Significant FSO × corn grain particle size interactions were observed for some variables including milk concentration of lactose and proportions of cis-9,cis-12,cis-15 18:3 in milk and plasma. The proportion of cis-9,cis-12,cis-15 18:3 in milk and plasma decreased slightly when comparing GC versus CC in 0% FSO cows, but a larger reduction was observed in 3% FSO cows. Dry matter intake did not differ and averaged 16.1 kg/d across diets. Feeding 3% FSO increased yields of milk and milk fat and lactose and feed and milk N efficiencies, but decreased fat, true protein, and MUN concentrations and apparent total-tract digestibility of fiber. The Σ branched-chain, Σ<16C, Σ16C, and Σn-6 FA decreased, whereas Σ18C, Σcis-18:1, and Σtrans-18:1 FA increased in 3% versus 0% FSO cows. No effect of corn particle size was observed for production and milk components. However, the apparent total-tract digestibility of starch was greater in GC than CC cows. Compared with CC, GC increased Σ branched-chain, Σ<16C, Σ16C, Σn-6 FA, and decreased Σ18C and Σ cis-18:1 FA in milk fat. Overall, results of this study are more directly applicable to dairy cows fed low starch, mixed grass-legume baleage-based diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Brossillon
- Ecole Supérieure d'Agricultures, Angers, France 49007
| | - S F Reis
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824
| | - D C Moura
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Campus Sinop, Sinop, MT, Brazil 78557-267
| | - J G B Galvão
- Instituto Federal de Educação do Rio Grande do Norte, Ipanguaçu, RN, Brazil 59508-000
| | - A S Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Campus Sinop, Sinop, MT, Brazil 78557-267
| | - C Côrtes
- Ecole Supérieure d'Agricultures, Angers, France 49007
| | - A F Brito
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824.
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Righi F, Simoni M, Visentin G, Manuelian CL, Currò S, Quarantelli A, De Marchi M. The use of near infrared spectroscopy to predict faecal indigestible and digestible fibre fractions in lactating dairy cattle. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Tebbe A, Faulkner M, Weiss W. Effect of partitioning the nonfiber carbohydrate fraction and neutral detergent fiber method on digestibility of carbohydrates by dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:6218-6228. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Weimer P, Mertens D, Ponnampalam E, Severin B, Dale B. FIBEX-treated rice straw as a feed ingredient for lactating dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(02)00282-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Johnson LM, Harrison JH, Davidson D, Swift M, Mahanna WC, Shinners K. Corn silage management II: effects of hybrid, maturity, and mechanical processing on digestion and energy content. J Dairy Sci 2002; 85:2913-27. [PMID: 12487459 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(02)74379-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of maturity and mechanical processing of two hybrids of whole plant corn on starch, fiber, and ether extract digestibilities and energy content of the total mixed ration fed to lactating Holstein cows. In the first experiment, Pioneer hybrid 3845 whole plant corn was harvested at hard dough, one-third milkline, and two-thirds milkline with a theoretical length of cut of 6.4 mm. At each stage of maturity, corn was harvested with and without mechanical processing. In the second experiment, Pioneer hybrids 3845 and Quanta were harvested at one-third milkline, two-thirds milkline, and blackline stages of maturity with and without mechanical processing. The theoretical length of cut was 12.7 mm. The measured TDN and NEL concentrations were lower for diets containing processed corn silage in experiment 1 and greater for diets containing processed corn silage in experiment 2, compared with diets containing unprocessed corn silage. The lower energy content for diets containing processed corn silage in experiment 1 can be explained by the lower total tract NDF, ether extract, and CP digestibilities. The greater energy content for diets containing processed corn silage in experiment 2 can be attributed to greater total tract starch and NDF digestibilities for cows fed processed corn silage diets. In experiment 2, diets containing processed corn silage (1.59 Mcal/kg) had approximately 2.6% more energy available per kilogram of DM consumed compared with diets containing unprocessed corn silage (1.55 Mcal/kg). For hybrid Quanta in experiment 2, the TDN and NEL concentrations of diets containing corn silage harvested at two-thirds ML were greater than at other maturities.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Puyallup 98371, USA
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Zhang R, Li X, Fadel JG. Oyster mushroom cultivation with rice and wheat straw. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2002; 82:277-284. [PMID: 11991077 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8524(01)00188-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cultivation of the oyster mushroom, Pleurotus sajor-caju, on rice and wheat straw without nutrient supplementation was investigated. The effects of straw size reduction method and particle size, spawn inoculation level, and type of substrate (rice straw versus wheat straw) on mushroom yield, biological efficiency, bioconversion efficiency, and substrate degradation were determined. Two size reduction methods, grinding and chopping, were compared. The ground straw yielded higher mushroom growth rate and yield than the chopped straw. The growth cycles of mushrooms with the ground substrate were five days shorter than with the chopped straw for a similar particle size. However, it was found that when the straw was ground into particles that were too small, the mushroom yield decreased. With the three spawn levels tested (12%, 16% and 18%), the 12% level resulted in significantly lower mushroom yield than the other two levels. Comparing rice straw with wheat straw, rice straw yielded about 10% more mushrooms than wheat straw under the same cultivation conditions. The dry matter loss of the substrate after mushroom growth varied from 30.1% to 44.3%. The straw fiber remaining after fungal utilization was not as degradable as the original straw fiber, indicating that the fungal fermentation did not improve the feed value of the straw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihong Zhang
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, University of California at Davis, 95616, USA
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Agbagla-Dohnani A, Nozière P, Clément G, Doreau M. In sacco degradability, chemical and morphological composition of 15 varieties of European rice straw. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(01)00296-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Prestløkken E, Harstad OM. Effects of expander-treating a barley-based concentrate on ruminal fermentation, bacterial N synthesis, escape of dietary N, and performance of dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(01)00207-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Avila CD, DePeters EJ, Perez-Monti H, Taylor SJ, Zinn RA. Influences of saturation ratio of supplemental dietary fat on digestion and milk yield in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2000; 83:1505-19. [PMID: 10908059 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(00)75023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Four multiparous, ruminally and duodenally cannulated Holstein cows in midlactation were utilized in a 4 x 4 Latin square to evaluate the effects of supplemental fat from sources varying in proportions of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids on nutrient digestion and lactation performance. All diets (45% alfalfa hay) contained 12% whole cottonseed (as-fed); treatments were no supplemental fat (control, 3% total fatty acids, dry matter basis) or additional 2% tallow, 2% yellow grease, or 2% blend (60% tallow: 40% yellow grease). The unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratios were 1:1 for tallow and 2.5:1 for yellow grease. Dry matter intake, apparent ruminal and total tract digestibilities of organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, N, and fatty acids, and microbial efficiency were similar across treatments. Microbial N flow to the duodenum was increased by yellow grease. Supplemental fat reduced the postruminal digestibility of fatty acids, primarily the saturated fatty acids; increasing saturation of the fat source magnified the reduction. Total volatile fatty acid concentrations and ruminal fluid pH were unaffected by fat supplementation or saturation level. Blend decreased ruminal pH and acetate to propionate ratio. Yields of milk and milk fat increased with fat supplementation. Concentrations and yields of trans vaccenic acid in milk increased linearly with the unsaturated fatty acid content of the fat supplement. Modest supplementation using highly unsaturated fats to diets containing whole cottonseed can increase milk production without disturbing rumen function, evident by the similar VFA concentrations, nutrient digestibilities, and milk composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Avila
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, 95616-8521, USA
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Fadel J, DePeters E, Arosemena A. Composition and digestibility of beet pulp with and without molasses and dried using three methods. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(00)00136-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abou-El-Enin O, Fadel J, Mackill D. Differences in chemical composition and fibre digestion of rice straw with, and without, anhydrous ammonia from 53 rice varieties. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(98)00271-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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