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Leite RDF, Garcia BLN, Barbosa KDS, Mitsunaga TM, Fidelis CE, Dias BJM, de Miranda RR, Zucolotto V, Good L, dos Santos MV. Polyhexamethylene Biguanide Nanoparticles Inhibit Biofilm Formation by Mastitis-Causing Staphylococcus aureus. Vet Sci 2025; 12:507. [PMID: 40431600 PMCID: PMC12115530 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci12050507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2025] [Revised: 05/06/2025] [Accepted: 05/16/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a mastitis pathogen that compromises cow health and causes significant economic losses in the dairy industry. High antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation by S. aureus limit the efficacy of conventional treatments. This study evaluated the potential of polyhexamethylene biguanide nanoparticles (PHMB NPs) against mastitis-causing S. aureus. PHMB NPs showed low toxicity to bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T cells) at concentrations up to four times higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration (1 µg/mL) against S. aureus. In Experiment 1, PHMB NPs significantly reduced biofilm formation by S. aureus by 50% at concentrations ≥1 µg/mL, though they showed limited efficacy against preformed biofilms. In Experiment 2, using an excised teat model, PHMB NPs reduced S. aureus concentrations by 37.57% compared to conventional disinfectants (chlorhexidine gluconate, povidone-iodine, and sodium dichloroisocyanurate), though limited by short contact time. These findings highlight the potential of PHMB NPs for the control of S. aureus growth and biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata de Freitas Leite
- Qualileite Milk Quality Laboratory, Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (R.d.F.L.); (B.L.N.G.); (K.d.S.B.); (T.M.M.); (C.E.F.)
| | - Breno Luis Nery Garcia
- Qualileite Milk Quality Laboratory, Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (R.d.F.L.); (B.L.N.G.); (K.d.S.B.); (T.M.M.); (C.E.F.)
| | - Kristian da Silva Barbosa
- Qualileite Milk Quality Laboratory, Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (R.d.F.L.); (B.L.N.G.); (K.d.S.B.); (T.M.M.); (C.E.F.)
| | - Thatiane Mendes Mitsunaga
- Qualileite Milk Quality Laboratory, Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (R.d.F.L.); (B.L.N.G.); (K.d.S.B.); (T.M.M.); (C.E.F.)
| | - Carlos Eduardo Fidelis
- Qualileite Milk Quality Laboratory, Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (R.d.F.L.); (B.L.N.G.); (K.d.S.B.); (T.M.M.); (C.E.F.)
| | - Bruna Juliana Moreira Dias
- Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology Group, Physics Institute of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil; (B.J.M.D.); (R.R.d.M.); (V.Z.)
| | - Renata Rank de Miranda
- Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology Group, Physics Institute of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil; (B.J.M.D.); (R.R.d.M.); (V.Z.)
| | - Valtencir Zucolotto
- Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology Group, Physics Institute of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil; (B.J.M.D.); (R.R.d.M.); (V.Z.)
| | - Liam Good
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London MW1 0TU, UK;
| | - Marcos Veiga dos Santos
- Qualileite Milk Quality Laboratory, Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (R.d.F.L.); (B.L.N.G.); (K.d.S.B.); (T.M.M.); (C.E.F.)
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Jiang Y, Qiao Y, Jin R, Jia M, Liu J, He Z, Liu Z. Application of chlorine dioxide and its disinfection mechanism. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:400. [PMID: 39256286 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a strong oxidizing agent and an efficient disinfectant. Due to its broad-spectrum bactericidal properties, good inactivation effect on the vast majority of bacteria and pathogenic microorganisms, low resistance to drugs, and low generation of halogenated by-products, chlorine dioxide is widely used in fields such as water purification, food safety, medical and public health, and living environment. This review introduced the properties and application status of chlorine dioxide, compared the action mode, advantages and disadvantages of various disinfectants. The mechanism of chlorine dioxide inactivating bacteria, fungi and viruses were reviewed. The lethal target of chlorine dioxide to bacteria and fungi is to destroy the structure of cell membrane, change the permeability of cell membrane, and make intracellular substances flow out, leading to their death. The lethal targets for viruses are the destruction of viral protein capsids and the degradation of RNA fragments. The purpose of this review is to provide more scientific guidance for the application of chlorine dioxide disinfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yina Qiao
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, Shanxi, P.R. China.
| | - Riya Jin
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, Shanxi, P.R. China.
| | - Mengye Jia
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Jiaoqin Liu
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Zengdi He
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoguo Liu
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, Shanxi, P.R. China
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Lu Y, Wang D, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Lu J, Zeng Z, Zeng D. Preparation and Antimicrobial Activity of a Film-Forming Polyhexamethylene Biguanide Teat Disinfectant. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17444. [PMID: 38139273 PMCID: PMC10743736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis caused by infectious pathogens can lead to a decline in production performance and an increase in elimination rate, resulting in huge losses to the dairy industry. This study aims to prepare a novel dairy cow teat disinfectant with polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) as the main bactericidal component and to evaluate its bactericidal activity in vitro and its disinfection effect in dairy cow teats. PHMB disinfectant with a concentration of 3 g/L was prepared with PVA-1788, propylene glycol and glycerol as excipients. When the dilution ratio is 1:4800 and the action time is 5 min, the PHMB teat disinfectant can reduce the four types of bacteria (S. agalactiae ATCC 12386, S. dysgalactiae ATCC 35666, S. aureus ATCC 6538, and E. coli ATCC 8099) by 99.99%. PHMB teat disinfectant applied on the skin of rabbits with four bacteria types achieved an average log10 reduction greater than 4. After 30 s of PHMB teat disinfectant dipping, the bacteria of cow teats were counted prior to disinfection. The mean log10 reduction in bacteria on the skin surface of 12 cows ranged from 0.99 to 3.52 after applying the PHMB teat disinfectant for 10 min. After 12 h, the PHMB teat disinfectant achieved an average log10 reduction in bacteria from 0.27 to 0.68 (compared with that prior to disinfection). These results suggested that PHMB teat disinfection has the potential to prevent and treat mastitis-causing bacteria in dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixing Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (D.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (J.L.)
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Di Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (D.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (J.L.)
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongxiang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (D.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (J.L.)
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yueying Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (D.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (J.L.)
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiaxuan Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (D.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (J.L.)
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhenling Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (D.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (J.L.)
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dongping Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (D.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (J.L.)
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Fidelis CE, de Freitas Leite R, Garcia BLN, Gonçalves JL, Good L, Dos Santos MV. Antimicrobial activities of polyhexamethylene biguanide against biofilm-producing Prototheca bovis causing bovine mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:1383-1393. [PMID: 36526458 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prototheca spp. is a frequent cause of bovine mastitis and is highly resistant to commonly used disinfectants. This study aimed to: (1) evaluate the antimicrobial activity of polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) against mastitis-causing Prototheca spp., and (2) evaluate the biofilm production ability of Prototheca spp. A total of 85 Prototheca bovis and 2 Prototheca blaschkeae isolates from bovine mastitis cases were submitted to biofilm production assays and antimicrobial susceptibility tests against PHMB and disinfectants commonly used in dairy herds (chlorhexidine digluconate, povidone-iodine, sodium dichloroisocyanurate, and sodium hypochlorite). The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal algicidal concentration (MAC) were determined by microdilution assays. We observed that PHMB (MIC90: ≥2 µg/mL and MAC90: ≥4 µg/mL) and chlorhexidine gluconate (MIC90 and MAC90: ≥2 µg/mL) presented the highest antimicrobial activity against P. bovis isolates, followed by sodium dichloroisocyanurate (MIC90 and MAC90: ≥1,400 µg/mL), sodium hypochlorite (MIC90 and MAC90: ≥2,800 µg/mL), and povidone-iodine (MIC90 and MAC90: ≥3,200 µg/mL). Concerning P. blaschkeae isolates, PHMB (MIC and MAC ≥1 µg/mL) and chlorhexidine gluconate (MIC and MAC ≥1 µg/mL) were the disinfectants that presented the lowest concentration values required to inhibit the isolates. Regarding biofilms formation, 63.5% (n = 54/85) of the P. bovis isolates were classified as strong, 28.3% (n = 24/85) moderate, and 8.2% (n = 7/85) weak biofilm producers. In contrast, the P. blaschkeae isolates were classified as weak and moderate biofilm producers. These findings suggest that PHMB has the potential to be used for teat and milking-equipment disinfection for the prevention of mastitis-causing Prototheca spp. in dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Fidelis
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635
| | - Renata de Freitas Leite
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635
| | - Breno Luis Nery Garcia
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635
| | - Juliano Leonel Gonçalves
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1046
| | - Liam Good
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, NW1 0TU, United Kingdom
| | - Marcos Veiga Dos Santos
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635.
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