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Rajkovic CJ, Tracz JA, DeMordaunt T, Davidar AD, Perdomo-Pantoja A, Judy BF, Zhang KY, Hernandez VN, Lin J, Lazzari JL, Cottrill E, Witham TF. Synthesis and evaluation of a novel vancomycin-infused, biomimetic bone graft using a rat model of spinal implant-associated infection. NORTH AMERICAN SPINE SOCIETY JOURNAL 2024; 18:100323. [PMID: 38746017 PMCID: PMC11091687 DOI: 10.1016/j.xnsj.2024.100323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Background Postoperative infection is a complication of spinal fusion surgery resulting in increased patient morbidity. Strategies including intraoperative application of powdered vancomycin have been proposed to reduce the incidence of infection; however, such antimicrobial effects are short-lived. Methods Instrumentation of the L4-L5 vertebrae was performed mimicking pedicle screw and rod fixation in 30 rats. Titanium instrumentation inoculated with either PBS or 1×105 CFU bioluminescent MRSA, along with biomimetic bone grafts infused with varying concentrations of vancomycin and 125 µg of rhBMP-2 (BioMim-rhBMP-2-VCM) were implanted prior to closure. Infection was quantified during the six-week postoperative period using bioluminescent imaging. Arthrodesis was evaluated using micro-CT. Results Infected animals receiving a bone graft infused with low-dose (0.18 mg/g) or high-dose vancomycin (0.89 mg/g) both exhibited significantly lower bioluminescent signal over the six-week postoperative period than control animals inoculated with MRSA and implanted with bone grafts lacking vancomycin (p=.019 and p=.007, respectively). Both low and high-dose vancomycin-infused grafts also resulted in a statistically significant reduction in average bioluminescence when compared to control animals (p=.027 and p=.047, respectively), independent of time. MicroCT analysis of animals from each group revealed pseudoarthrosis only in the control group, suggesting a correlation between infection and pseudoarthrosis. MRSA-inoculated control animals also had significantly less bone volume formation on micro-CT than the PBS-inoculated control cohort (p<.001), the MRSA+low-dose vancomycin-infused bone graft cohort (p<.001), and the MRSA+high-dose vancomycin-infused bone graft cohort (p<.001). Conclusion BioMim-rhBMP-2-VCM presents a novel tissue engineering approach to simultaneously promoting arthrodesis and antimicrobial prophylaxis in spinal fusion. Despite mixed evidence of potential osteotoxicity of vancomycin reported in literature, BioMim-rhBMP-2-VCM preserved arthrodesis and osteogenesis with increasing vancomycin loading doses due to the graft's osteoinductive composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J Rajkovic
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Jovanna A Tracz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Trevor DeMordaunt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - A Daniel Davidar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Alexander Perdomo-Pantoja
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue Campus Box 8057, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Brendan F Judy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Kevin Yang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Vaughn N Hernandez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Jessica Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Julianna L Lazzari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Ethan Cottrill
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC Box 104002, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Timothy F Witham
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
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Patel V, Mueller B, Mehbod AA, Pinto MR, Schwender JD, Garvey TA, Dawson JM, Perra JH. Removal of Spinal Instrumentation Is Not Required to Successfully Treat Postoperative Wound Infections in Most Cases. Cureus 2024; 16:e56380. [PMID: 38633938 PMCID: PMC11022007 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.56380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Controversy exists regarding whether spinal implants need to be removed to treat postoperative deep wound infections (DWIs). This retrospective study aimed to determine whether the removal or retention of implants impacts the successful treatment of a DWI after spine surgery. METHODS Postoperative spine surgery patients presenting with signs of infection who underwent irrigation and debridement (I&D) at Twin Cities Spine Surgeons at Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minnesota, USA, were studied. First, the persistence of infection when implants were retained or removed was assessed. Second, we analyzed the persistence of infection with respect to the number of I&D, the use of vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) treatment, pseudoarthrosis status, and functional outcomes. RESULTS One hundred thirty-five patients were included. Treatment of infection with retention of implants occurred in 64% (87/135); of these, 7% (6/87) had a persistent infection. Of patients with implant removal (36%, 48/135), 6% (3/48) had a persistent infection. Thus, we observed no difference between treatment with implants present compared to implants removed (p = 1.0). Fifty of the 135 patients (37%) received I&D and primary wound closure, and 85 (63%) patients received I&D and VAC treatment. There was no statistical difference between primary wound closure and VAC treatment (p = 0.15) with respect to persistence. Repeat I&D with VAC (three or more times) had a significantly lower rate of recurrence than those with two I&Ds. Pseudoarthrosis and persistent infection were unrelated. At minimum one-year follow-up, achieving a minimum clinically important difference in functional outcome was independent of persistent infection status. CONCLUSION Persistent infection was unrelated to the retention of implants. When VAC treatment was deemed necessary, more than two I&Ds resulted in a significantly better cure for infection. Those with a persistent infection were no more likely to exhibit pseudoarthrosis than those with no persistent infection. All patients showed improvement in functional outcomes at minimum one-year follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viral Patel
- Orthopedic Surgery, Twin Cities Spine Center, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Ben Mueller
- Orthopedic Surgery, Twin Cities Spine Center, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Amir A Mehbod
- Orthopedic Surgery, Twin Cities Spine Center, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Manuel R Pinto
- Orthopedic Surgery, Twin Cities Spine Center, Minneapolis, USA
| | | | | | - John M Dawson
- Research, Twin Cities Spine Center, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Joseph H Perra
- Orthopedic Surgery, Twin Cities Spine Center, Minneapolis, USA
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Campbell DH, Dowling TJ, Hah R, Alluri RK, Wang JC. Surgical strategies for spinal infections: A narrative review. NORTH AMERICAN SPINE SOCIETY JOURNAL 2023; 16:100293. [PMID: 38162170 PMCID: PMC10757275 DOI: 10.1016/j.xnsj.2023.100293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The successful operative management of spinal infections necessitates a thoughtful approach. Ideal treatment combines the universal goals of any spine operation, which are decompression of the neural elements and stabilization of instability, with source control and eradication of infection. Techniques to treat infection have evolved independently and alongside advances in implant technology and surgical techniques. This review will seek to outline current thinking on approaches to both primary and secondary spinal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H. Campbell
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, USC Spine Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 1450 San Pablo St #5400, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Thomas J. Dowling
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, USC Spine Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 1450 San Pablo St #5400, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Raymond Hah
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, USC Spine Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 1450 San Pablo St #5400, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - R. Kiran Alluri
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, USC Spine Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 1450 San Pablo St #5400, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Jeffrey C. Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, USC Spine Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 1450 San Pablo St #5400, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
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Choi SR, Kwon JW, Suk KS, Kim HS, Moon SH, Park SY, Moon SE, Lee BH. Effectiveness of Toothbrushing Technique for Biofilm Removal and Postoperative Infection Control after Spinal Fusion Surgery: A Retrospective Study. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1143. [PMID: 37892873 PMCID: PMC10604172 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10101143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This retrospective study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of using a toothbrush, which is commonly used in our daily life, for biofilm removal and infection control in the treatment of spinal infections occurring after spinal fusion surgery. Currently, a biofilm is thought to form on the surface of the metal inserted during spine fusion surgery. We aim to determine the differences in clinical outcomes between using and not using a toothbrush to remove biofilm while performing conventional drainage, curettage, and debridement. A total of 1081 patients who underwent anterior or posterior spinal fusion surgery between November 2018 and October 2022 were screened. The study included 60 patients who developed surgical site infection and underwent incision and drainage surgery either with a toothbrush (n = 20) or without a toothbrush (n = 40). Failure of infection control that requires revision surgery occurred in 2 patients (10%) in the Toothbrush group and in 14 patients (35%) in the No-Toothbrush group (p = 0.039). Thus, the rate of additional surgery was significantly lower in the Toothbrush group. Additionally, normalization of c-reactive protein levels occurred significantly faster in the Toothbrush group (p = 0.044). Therefore, using a toothbrush to treat spinal infections following spinal fusion surgery appears to have beneficial mechanical debridement effects, resulting in improved clinical results, which were also confirmed based on the electron microscopic images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Ryul Choi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine and Spinal Cord Institute, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Kwon
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine and Spinal Cord Institute, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Soo Suk
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine and Spinal Cord Institute, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Sun Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hwan Moon
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Young Park
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Eon Moon
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine and Spinal Cord Institute, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Ho Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine and Spinal Cord Institute, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Republic of Korea
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Xie J, Liu H, Deng S, Niu T, Wang J, Wang H, Chen F, Zheng Z, Li Z. Association between immediate postoperative hypoalbuminemia and surgical site infection after posterior lumbar fusion surgery. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2023; 32:2012-2019. [PMID: 37027034 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-023-07682-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we intended to investigate the association between immediate postoperative hypoalbuminemia and surgical site infection (SSI), and determine a threshold value for postoperative hypoalbuminemia that can assist in risk stratification in patients after posterior lumbar fusion surgery. METHODS From January 2017 to December 2021, 466 consecutive patients who underwent posterior lumbar fusion surgery were selected to analyze the relationship between immediate postoperative hypoalbuminemia and SSI. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the independent risk factors of SSI and postoperative hypoalbuminemia. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to determine the optimal value for postoperative hypoalbuminemia, and subsequent grouping was based on the identified threshold. RESULTS Of the total 466 patients, 25 patients (5.4%) developed SSI after surgery, and lower postoperative albumin (OR: 0.716, 95% CI: 0.611-0.840, p < 0.001) was independently associated with SSI. ROC analysis showed that the cutoff value of postoperative hypoalbuminemia was 32 g/L with a sensitivity of 0.760, specificity of 0.844, and a Youden index of 0.604. Postoperative SSI was more common in patients with postoperative hypoalbuminemia than in those without (21.6% vs. 1.6%, p < 0.001). Age, gender and operative duration were found to be independent predictors of postoperative hypoalbuminemia. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that immediate postoperative hypoalbuminemia was an independent risk factor for the development of SSI in patients who underwent posterior lumbar fusion. Even in patients with a normal preoperative serum albumin level, there was an increased risk of SSI when the postoperative albumin within 24 h was < 32 g/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Xie
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Siping Deng
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Tianzuo Niu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jianru Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Fan Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhaomin Zheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zemin Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Predictive Factors for Successful Treatment of Deep Incisional Surgical Site Infections following Instrumented Spinal Surgeries: Retrospective Review of 1832 Cases. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12020551. [PMID: 35204640 PMCID: PMC8871453 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12020551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is a major complication in spinal instrumentation that is often difficult to treat. The purpose of this study was to identify and determine prognostic indicators for successful treatment of spine instrumentation SSI. Methods: Retrospectively, spine surgery cases were examined on SSI diagnosis. Post-instrumentation SSI patients were categorized as “Successful” if SSI subsided after single debridement. Patients in whom SSI did not subsided and/or required removal of instrumentation were classified as “Challenging”. We investigated the relation of treatment outcomes to patients and treatment factors. Results: A total of 1832 spinal instrumentation cases were recognized with 44 (2.40%) SSI cases. White blood cell count, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, causative bacteria (i.e., S. Aureus or MRSA), trauma injury, and early-stage antimicrobial agent sensitivity correlated with treatment prognosis. Multivariate analysis highlighted CRP levels and applying early-stage sensitive antibiotics as potential impactful predictive factors for successful treatment. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that early selection of sensitive antimicrobial agents is critical and emphasizes the potential for early-stage classification methods such as Gram staining. Additionally, S. Aureus and MRSA SSI formed significantly more challenging infections to treat, thus requiring consideration when deciding on instrumentation retention. These factors offer promising aspects for further large-scale studies.
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