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Bogdanov EI, Heiss JD. Evaluation and Treatment of Patients with Small Posterior Cranial Fossa and Chiari Malformation, Types 0 and 1. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg 2024; 50:307-334. [PMID: 38592536 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-53578-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The diagnosis of Chiari I malformation is straightforward in patients with typical signs and symptoms of Chiari I malformation and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirming ≥5 mm of cerebellar tonsillar ectopia, with or without a syrinx. However, in many cases, Chiari I malformation is discovered incidentally on MRI to evaluate global headache, cervical radiculopathy, or other conditions. In those cases, the clinician must consider if cerebellar tonsillar ectopia is related to the presenting symptoms. Surgical decompression of the cerebellar tonsils and foramen magnum in patients with symptomatic Chiari I malformation effectively relieves suboccipital headache, reduces syrinx distension, and arrests syringomyelia progression. Neurosurgeons must avoid operative treatments decompressing incidental tonsillar ectopia, not causing symptoms. Such procedures unnecessarily place patients at risk of operative complications and tissue injuries related to surgical exploration. This chapter reviews the typical signs and symptoms of Chiari I malformation and its variant, Chiari 0 malformation, which has <5 mm of cerebellar tonsillar ectopia and is often associated with syringomyelia. Chiari I and Chiari 0 malformations are associated with incomplete occipital bone development, reduced volume and height of the posterior fossa, tonsillar ectopia, and compression of the neural elements and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pathways at the foramen magnum. Linear, angular, cross-sectional area, and volume measurements of the posterior fossa, craniocervical junction, and upper cervical spine identify morphometric abnormalities in Chiari I and Chiari 0 malformation patients. Chiari 0 patients respond like Chiari I patients to foramen magnum decompression and should not be excluded from surgical treatment because their tonsillar ectopia is <5 mm. The authors recommend the adoption of diagnostic criteria for Chiari 0 malformation without syringomyelia. This chapter provides updated information and guidance to the physicians managing Chiari I and Chiari 0 malformation patients and neuroscientists interested in Chiari malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enver I Bogdanov
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John D Heiss
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia.
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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He Y, Zhang M, Qin X, Huang C, Liu P, Tao Y, Wang Y, Guo L, Bao M, Li H, Mao Z, Li N, He Z, Wu B. Research process, recap, and prediction of Chiari malformation based on bicentennial history of nomenclature and terms misuse. Neurosurg Rev 2023; 46:316. [PMID: 38030943 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-023-02207-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
There is an absent systematic analysis or review that has been conducted to clarify the topic of nomenclature history and terms misuse about Chiari malformations (CMs). We reviewed all reports on terms coined for CMs for rational use and provided their etymology and future development. All literature on the nomenclature of CMs was retrieved and extracted into core terms. Subsequently, keyword analysis, preceding and predicting (2023-2025) compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of each core term, was calculated using a mathematical formula and autoregressive integrated moving average model in Python. Totally 64,527 CM term usage was identified. Of these, 57 original terms were collected and then extracted into 24 core-terms. Seventeen terms have their own featured author keywords, while seven terms are homologous. The preceding CAGR of 24 terms showed significant growth in use for 18 terms, while 13, three, three, and five terms may show sustained growth, remain stable, decline, and rare in usage, respectively, in the future. Previously, owing to intricate nomenclature, Chiari terms were frequently misused, and numerous seemingly novel but worthless even improper terms have emerged. For a very basic neuropathological phenomenon tonsillar herniation by multiple etiology, a mechanism-based nosology seems to be more conducive to future communication than an umbrella eponym. However, a good nomenclature also should encapsulate all characteristics of this condition, but this is lacking in current CM research, as the pathophysiological mechanisms are not elucidated for the majority of CMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsen He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Lansheng Brain Hospital & Shanghai Lansheng Brain Hospital Investment Co., Ltd., 6 Anrong Road, Chadianzi Street, Jinniu District, Chengdu, 610036, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengjun Zhang
- Department of Neuropsychology, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Xiaohong Qin
- Department of Neuropsychology, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Caiquan Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Ye Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Yishuang Wang
- Department of Radiology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Lili Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingbin Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Lansheng Brain Hospital & Shanghai Lansheng Brain Hospital Investment Co., Ltd., 6 Anrong Road, Chadianzi Street, Jinniu District, Chengdu, 610036, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhenzhen Mao
- Emergency Department, Sichuan Taikang Hospital, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, China
| | - Nanxiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Zongze He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China.
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China.
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Xiao Y, Liu Y, Wang Z, He K, Zhang Z, Chen S, Dai J, Luo Y, Gui Y, Xiao X. Combined Cerebrospinal Fluid Hydrodynamics and Fourth Ventricle Outlet Morphology to Improve Predictive Efficiency of Prognosis for Chiari Malformation Type I Decompression. World Neurosurg 2023; 176:e208-e218. [PMID: 37187345 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2023.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the morphological characteristics together with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hydrodynamics on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging that improve the prediction of foramen magnum decompression (FMD) treatment outcome for Chiari malformations type I (CM-I) patients compared with the CSF hydrodynamics-based model. METHODS This retrospective study included CM-I patients who underwent FMD, phase-contrast cine magnetic resonance, and static MR between January 2018 and March 2022. The relationships of the preoperative CSF hydrodynamic quantifications derived from phase-contrast cine magnetic resonance and morphological measurements from static magnetic resonance imaging, clinical indicators with different outcomes, were analyzed with logistic regression analysis. The outcomes were determined using the Chicago Chiari Outcome Scale. The predictive performance was evaluated with receiver operating characteristic, calibration, decision curves and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, net reclassification index, and integrated discrimination improvement and was compared with CSF hydrodynamics-based model. RESULTS A total of 27 patients were included. 17 (63%) had improved outcomes and 10 (37%) had poor outcomes. The peak diastolic velocity of the aqueduct midportion (odd ratio, 5.17; 95% confidence interval: 1.08, 24.70; P = 0.039) and the fourth ventricle outlet diameter (odd ratio, 7.17; 95% confidence interval: 1.07, 48.16; P = 0.043) were predictors of different prognoses. The predictive performance improved significantly than the CSF hydrodynamics-based model. CONCLUSIONS Combined CSF hydrodynamic and static morphologic MR measurements can better predict the response to FMD. A higher peak diastolic velocity of the aqueduct midportion and broader fourth ventricle outlet were associated with satisfying outcomes after decompression in CM-I patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Xiao
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Qiandongnan People's Hospital, Kaili, China
| | - Keng He
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhaotao Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shiqi Chen
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiankun Dai
- GE Healthcare, MR Research China, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yifei Gui
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xinlan Xiao
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
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The Small Posterior Cranial Fossa Syndrome and Chiari Malformation Type 0. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11185472. [PMID: 36143119 PMCID: PMC9503629 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11185472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients showing typical Chiari malformation type 1 (CM1) signs and symptoms frequently undergo cranial and cervical MRI. In some patients, MRI documents >5 mm of cerebellar tonsillar herniation (TH) and the diagnosis of CM1. Patients with 3−5 mm TH have “borderline” CM1. Patients with less than 3 mm of TH and an associated cervical syrinx are diagnosed with Chiari “zero” malformation (CM0). However, patients reporting CM1 symptoms are usually not diagnosed with CM if MRI shows less than 3−5 mm of TH and no syrinx. Recent MRI morphometric analysis of the posterior fossa and upper cervical spine detected anatomical abnormalities in and around the foramen magnum (FM) that explain these patients’ symptoms. The abnormalities include a reduced size of the posterior fossa, FM, and upper cervical spinal canal and extension of the cerebellar tonsils around the medulla rather than inferior to the foramen magnum, as in CM1. These morphometric findings lead some neurologists and neurosurgeons to diagnose CM0 in patients with typical CM1 signs and symptoms, with or without cervical syringes. This article reviews recent findings and controversies about CM0 diagnosis and updates current thinking about the clinical and radiological relationship between CM0, borderline CM1, and CM1.
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