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Kim JY, Oh BH, Kim IS, Hong JT, Sung JH, Lee HJ. The safety and effectiveness of lumbar drainage for cerebrospinal fluid leakage after spinal surgery. Neurochirurgie 2023; 69:101501. [PMID: 37741364 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2023.101501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage is a frequent complication after spinal surgery. The lumbar drainage procedure (LDP) is the preferred method for early closure of a dural tear. This study was conducted to assess the safety and effectiveness of LDP after spinal surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 122 patients (55 male and 67 female) who underwent LDP after spinal surgery between January 2010 and June 2021. LDP was performed on patients with suspected CSF leakage due to a dural tear during spinal surgery or in whom mixed-color CSF was observed in the hemo-drain after surgery. LDP was performed aseptically by a resident according to our institution's protocol, and the amount drained was from 200cc to 300cc per day. Absolute bed rest was maintained during the lumbar drainage period. The hemo-drain was opened to confirm that CSF was no longer mixed or oozing, at which time the lumbar drain was removed. Culture was performed at the drain tip when the lumbar drain was removed. RESULTS The spinal surgery level was cervical in 23 patients, thoracic in 27 patients, and lumbar in 72 patients. The mean duration of the indwelling lumbar drain was 7.2 days (2 days-18 days), and the mean amount of drainage was 1198.2cc (100cc-2542cc). Among the 122 patients, the CSF leakage in 101 patients was resolved with the initial procedure, but 21 patients required re-insertion. Of those 21 patients, improper insertion due to a technical problem occurred in 15 patients, poor line fixation occurred in 2 patients, and CSF leakage was again observed after removal of the lumbar drain in 4 patients. In only 1 case was open surgery done after LDP because follow-up magnetic resonance imaging showed a suspected infection. During lumbar drainage, 76 patients used antibiotics, and 46 patients did not. Four patients showed bacterial growth in the tip culture, and 3 of them had been using antibiotics. All 4 of those patients were treated without complications and discharged. Among the 122 patients, 1 patient was discharged with left hemiparesis due to cerebral venous infarction (CVI) and hemorrhage after LDP, and 1 patient underwent re-operation because the CSF collection was not resolved. CONCLUSIONS No major complications such as systemic infection, deep vein thrombosis, or aspiration pneumonia occurred during the lumbar drainage, except for 1 patient (0.8%) with CVI caused by over-drainage. One patient (0.8%) required open surgery after LDP, but no cases of systemic infection occurred while maintaining lumbar drainage, irrespective of antibiotic use. In conclusion, LDP is a safe and effective treatment for CSF leakage after spinal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Yong Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Vincent Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Byeong Ho Oh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Il Sup Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Vincent Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jae Taek Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Sung
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Vincent Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ho Jin Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Vincent Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
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Li L, Tao W, Cai X. Ultrasound-Guided vs. Landmark-Guided Lumbar Puncture for Obese Patients in Emergency Department. Front Surg 2022; 9:874143. [PMID: 35558393 PMCID: PMC9086450 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.874143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Emergency patients are in severe and urgent condition. If the patient is obese, the traditional lumbar puncture method is more difficult. This study was to observe the comparison of ultrasound-guided and landmark-guided lumbar puncture for obese patients in the emergency department. Methods Sixty patients suspected of intracranial infection, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and intraventricular hemorrhage from January 2018 to June 2020 were selected in the Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University. They were randomly assigned to two groups according to the order of enrollment: Group A (Landmark-guided group, n = 30) and Group B (Ultrasound-guided group, n = 30). Follow-up assessments were performed to observe lumbar puncture time, the number of bloody CSF, Visual Analog Scale (VAS), the complications, and satisfaction. Results Compared with group A, group B had less lumbar puncture time, lower puncture attempts, and a higher first puncture success rate (P <0.05). In group B, the number of bloody CSF was less (P <0.05), postprocedural low back pain was less (P <0.05), intraprocedural sciatic nerve irritation and postprocedural paresthesia were less, but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Compared with group A, the postprocedural VAS in group B was lower, and the difference was statistically significant (P <0.05). The total satisfaction of group A and group B was 60.0 and 86.7%, respectively. The total satisfaction of group B was higher than that of group A (P <0.05). Discussion Ultrasound-guided lumbar puncture can be used for obese patients with difficulty in the lumbar puncture. It is worthy of clinical application and promotion.
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CHAN CH, DESAI SR, HWANG NC. Cerebrospinal Fluid Drains: Risks in Contemporary Practice. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2022; 36:2685-2699. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2022.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Yedavalli V, Jain MS, Das D, Massoud TF. Are high lumbar punctures safe? A magnetic resonance imaging morphometric study of the conus medullaris. Clin Anat 2019; 32:618-629. [PMID: 30807670 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A high lumbar puncture (LP) at L2-L3 or above is often necessary to consider on technical grounds, but complications of conus medullaris (CM) damage during high LP are potentially concerning. We hypothesized that a high LP might be safer than previously thought by accounting for movements of the CM upon patient positional changes. We retrospectively reviewed standard normal supine lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging of 58 patients and used electronic calipers on axial images at the T12-L1, L1-L2, and L2-L3 disc levels to measure the transverse diameter of the CM relative to the size of the dorsal thecal sac space (DTSS) through which a spinal needle could be inserted. On 142 axial images, the means for CM diameters were 8.2, 6.0, and 2.9 mm at the three levels, respectively. We then used known literature mean CM displacement values in the legs flexed and unflexed lateral decubitus position (LDP) to factor in CM shifts to the dependent side. We found that at all three levels, the likely positional shift of the CM would be too small and insufficient to displace the entire CM out of the DTSS. However, if needle placement could be confined to the midsagittal plane, an LP in the unflexed LDP would theoretically be entirely safe at both L1-L2 and L2-L3, and almost so at L2-L3 in the legs flexed LDP. Thus, high LPs at L1-L2 and L2-L3 are in theory likely safer than considered previously, more so in the legs unflexed than in the flexed LDP. Clin. Anat. 32:618-629, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Yedavalli
- Division of Neuroimaging and Neurointervention, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Mika S Jain
- Department of Physics, Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford, California.,Department of Computer Science, Stanford University School of Engineering, Stanford, California
| | - Devsmita Das
- Division of Neuroimaging and Neurointervention, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Tarik F Massoud
- Division of Neuroimaging and Neurointervention, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Ohshima T, Isaji T, Miyachi S, Matsuo N, Kawaguchi R, Maejima R, Takayasu M. Efficacy of three-dimensional rotational fluoroscopic unit guidance for lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage among patients with unsuccessful initial attempt at bedside. Interv Neuroradiol 2019; 25:357-360. [PMID: 31138040 DOI: 10.1177/1591019918823997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage has been widely performed in patients at the bedside; however, technical failure can occasionally occur as a result of blind maneuvering. Herein, we present the use of rotational fluoroscopic unit-guided lumbar drainage for patients with an unsuccessful initial attempt at bedside. In four of the 24 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, initial lumbar drainage could not be performed at bedside. Thus, a three-dimensional rotational technology guided by a high-quality fluoroscopic unit was used. After a cone-beam computed tomography scan was performed, an accurate puncture point and a target thecal sac were identified using the software. The fluoroscopic unit helped us to identify the puncture point and trajectory with a laser pointer on the patient. A needle was inserted along the tract until the cerebrospinal fluid was collected. The lumbar drainage tube was successfully inserted with a single puncture in all four patients. Rotational fluoroscopic technology helps to identify a suitable puncture point, trajectory and target site for lumbar spinal drainage. Our technique is considerably useful in an era wherein minimally invasive procedures are preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomotaka Ohshima
- 1 Neuroendovascular Therapy Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Taiki Isaji
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Shigeru Miyachi
- 1 Neuroendovascular Therapy Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Naoki Matsuo
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Reo Kawaguchi
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Ryuya Maejima
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Masakazu Takayasu
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
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Awad H, Ramadan ME, Tili E, Hackett K, Bourekas EC. Fluoroscopic-Guided Lumbar Spinal Drain Insertion for Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Surgery. Anesth Analg 2017; 125:1219-1222. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000001685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Chee CG, Lee GY, Lee JW, Lee E, Kang HS. Fluoroscopy-Guided Lumbar Drainage of Cerebrospinal Fluid for Patients in Whom a Blind Beside Approach Is Difficult. Korean J Radiol 2015; 16:860-5. [PMID: 26175586 PMCID: PMC4499551 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2015.16.4.860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the rates of technical success, clinical success, and complications of fluoroscopy-guided lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage. Materials and Methods This retrospective study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of our hospital, and informed consent was waived. Ninety-six procedures on 60 consecutive patients performed July 2008 to December 2013 were evaluated. The patients were referred for the fluoroscopy-guided procedure due to failed attempts at a bedside approach, a history of lumbar surgery, difficulty cooperating, or obesity. Fluoroscopy-guided lumbar drainage procedures were performed in the lateral decubitus position with a midline puncture of L3/4 in the interspinous space. The catheter tip was positioned at the T12/L1 level, and the catheter was visualized on contrast agent-aided fluoroscopy. A standard angiography system with a rotatable C-arm was used. The definitions of technical success, clinical success, and complications were defined prior to the study. Results The technical and clinical success rates were 99.0% (95/96) and 89.6% (86/96), respectively. The mean hospital stay for an external lumbar drain was 4.84 days. Nine cases of minor complications and eight major complications were observed, including seven cases of meningitis, and one retained catheter requiring surgical removal. Conclusion Fluoroscopy-guided external lumbar drainage is a technically reliable procedure in difficult patients with failed attempts at a bedside procedure, history of lumbar surgery, difficulties in cooperation, or obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong Guen Chee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea
| | - Guen Young Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea
| | - Joon Woo Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea
| | - Eugene Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea
| | - Heung Sik Kang
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea
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Differentiation Between the Potential Subdural Space and Subarachnoid Space Was Difficult With Fluoroscopy Due to Obesity. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2015; 27:359-60. [PMID: 25844952 DOI: 10.1097/ana.0000000000000180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Brook AD, Burns J, Dauer E, Schoendfeld AH, Miller TS. Comparison of CT and fluoroscopic guidance for lumbar puncture in an obese population with prior failed unguided attempt. J Neurointerv Surg 2013; 6:324-8. [PMID: 23729498 DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2013-010745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In the past 50 years, fluoroscopic guidance has been used to improve upon lumbar puncture (LP) technique that was unchanged for over a century. Recently, CT has seen increasing use as a guidance modality due to its ability to demonstrate soft tissue contrast and provide millimeter accuracy with needle targeting. This study compared procedure time and radiation dosages for fluoroscopic and CT guided LP. MATERIALS AND METHODS This institutional review board and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) compliant study was a retrospective review of a consecutive cohort referred for image guided LP. For CT, 45 patients aged 49 years (range 20-78, SD 14) with body mass index (BMI) values of 33 kg/m(2) (range 20-50, SD 12) were included. For fluoroscopy, 100 patients aged 47 years (range 18-88, SD 17) with BMI values of 29 kg/m(2) (range 15-56, SD 9) were included. CT procedure time was determined using picture archiving and communication system (PACS) image time stamps. Radiation dose was determined using the CT dose report and effective dose conversion factors. Fluoroscopic procedure time was determined from nursing. Fluoroscopic radiation dose was calculated from dose-area product (DAP) and fluoroscopy times, with effective dosage calculated using simulation software. RESULTS For CT, procedure time average was 14 min (range 5-42, SD 8.5). Average dose-length product was 120 mGy×cm (range 39-211, SD 43) and average effective dose was 1.98 mSv (range 0.2-8.18, SD 4.4). For fluoroscopy, procedure time averaged 12 min (range 12-30, SD 6). Average DAP was 10 Gy×cm(2) (range 0.1-70, SD 11) and effective dose estimate averaged 2.9 mSv (range 0.9-9.4, SD 1.9). There were no unsuccessful taps or complications. CONCLUSIONS Both fluoroscopic and CT guidance may be used to perform an LP in an obese population with a short procedure time and low radiation dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Brook
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
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