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Dai C, Zhao P, Ding H, Lv H, Qiu X, Tang R, Xu N, Huang Y, Han X, Yang Z, Wang Z. Cerebral Sinus Hemodynamics in Adults Revealed by 4D Flow MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2024. [PMID: 38235948 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.29210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hemodynamics of the cerebral sinuses play a vital role in understanding blood flow-related diseases, yet the hemodynamics of the cerebral sinuses in normal adults remains an unresolved issue. PURPOSE To evaluate hemodynamics in the cerebral sinus of adults using 4-dimensional flow MRI (4D Flow MRI). STUDY TYPE Cross-sectional. POPULATION Ninety-nine healthy volunteers (mean age, 42.88 ± 13.16 years old; females/males, 55/44). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 3 T/4D Flow MRI. ASSESSMENT The blood flow velocity, average blood flow rate (Q), and vortexes at the superior sagittal sinus (SSS), straight sinus (STS), transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, and jugular bulb of each volunteer were evaluated by two independent neuroradiologists. The relationship between the total cerebral Q and sex and age was also assessed. Twelve volunteers underwent two scans within a month. STATISTICAL TESTS The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) evaluated the inter-observer agreement. Blood flow parameters among volunteers were compared by the independent-sample t-test or Mann-Whitney U test. The multiple linear regression equation was used to evaluate the relationship between total cerebral Q and age and sex. P < 0.05 indicated statistical significance. RESULTS The test-retest and interobserver reliability of average velocity and Q were moderate to high (ICC: 0.54-0.99). Cerebral sinus velocity varied by segment and cardiac cycle. The SSS's velocity and Q increased downstream and Q near torcular herophili was 3.5 times that through the STS. The total cerebral Q decreased by 0.06 mL/s per year (β = -0.06 ± 0.013) and was sex-independent within the group. Vortexes were found in 12.12%, 8.9%, and 59.8% of torcular herophili, transverse-sigmoid junction, and jugular bulb, respectively, and were related to higher upstream flow. DATA CONCLUSION Cerebral sinuses could be measured visually and quantitatively in vivo by 4D Flow MRI, providing a basis for future research on pulsating tinnitus, multiple sclerosis, and other related diseases. EVIDENCE LEVEL 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihang Dai
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Heyu Ding
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Lv
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Qiu
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruowei Tang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Xu
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenghan Yang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenchang Wang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Boonen PT, Buls N, van Gompel G, Devos H, de Brucker Y, Leiner T, Aerden D, de Mey J, Vandemeulebroucke J. Quantitative hemodynamic assessment of stenotic below-the-knee arteries using spatio-temporal bolus tracking on 4D-CT angiography. Med Phys 2023; 50:6844-6856. [PMID: 37750537 DOI: 10.1002/mp.16755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a chronic occlusive disease that restricts blood flow in the lower limbs, causing partial or complete blockages of the blood flow. While digital subtraction angiography (DSA) has traditionally been the preferred method for assessing blood flow in the lower limbs, advancements in wide beam Computed Tomography (CT), allowing successive acquisition at high frame rate, might enable hemodynamic measurements. PURPOSE To quantify the arterial blood flow in stenotic below-the-knee (BTK) arteries. To this end, we propose a novel method for contrast bolus tracking and assessment of quantitative hemodynamic parameters in stenotic arteries using 4D-CT. METHODS Fifty patients with suspected PAD underwent 4D-CT angiography in addition to the clinical run-off computed tomography angiography (CTA). From these dynamic acquisitions, the BTK arteries were segmented and the region of maximum blood flow was extracted. Time attenuation curves (TAC) were estimated using 2D spatio-temporal B-spline regression, enforcing both spatial and temporal smoothness. From these curves, quantitative hemodynamic parameters, describing the shape of the propagating contrast bolus were automatically extracted. We evaluated the robustness of the proposed TAC fitting method with respect to interphase delay and imaging noise and compared it to commonly used approaches. Finally, to illustrate the potential value of 4D-CT, we assessed the correlation between the obtained hemodynamic parameters and the presence of PAD. RESULTS 280 out of 292 arteries were successfully segmented, with failures mainly due to a delayed contrast arrival. The proposed method led to physiologically plausible hemodynamic parameters and was significantly more robust compared to 1D temporal regression. A significant correlation between the presence of proximal stenoses and several hemodynamic parameters was found. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method based on spatio-temporal bolus tracking was shown to lead to stable and physiologically plausible estimation of quantitative hemodynamic parameters, even in the case of stenotic arteries. These parameters may provide valuable information in the evaluation of PAD and contribute to its diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Thomas Boonen
- Department of Radiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Elsene, Brussels, Belgium
- imec, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nico Buls
- Department of Radiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert van Gompel
- Department of Radiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hannes Devos
- Department of Radiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yannick de Brucker
- Department of Radiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tim Leiner
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Dimitri Aerden
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Johan de Mey
- Department of Radiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jef Vandemeulebroucke
- Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Elsene, Brussels, Belgium
- imec, Leuven, Belgium
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El Sayed R, Sharifi A, Park CC, Haussen DC, Allen JW, Oshinski JN. Optimization of 4D Flow MRI Spatial and Temporal Resolution for Examining Complex Hemodynamics in the Carotid Artery Bifurcation. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2023; 14:476-488. [PMID: 37156900 PMCID: PMC10524741 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-023-00667-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional, ECG-gated, time-resolved, three-directional, velocity-encoded phase-contrast MRI (4D flow MRI) has been applied extensively to measure blood velocity in great vessels but has been much less used in diseased carotid arteries. Carotid artery webs (CaW) are non-inflammatory intraluminal shelf-like projections into the internal carotid artery (ICA) bulb that are associated with complex flow and cryptogenic stroke. PURPOSE Optimize 4D flow MRI for measuring the velocity field of complex flow in the carotid artery bifurcation model that contains a CaW. METHODS A 3D printed phantom model created from computed tomography angiography (CTA) of a subject with CaW was placed in a pulsatile flow loop within the MRI scanner. 4D Flow MRI images of the phantom were acquired with five different spatial resolutions (0.50-2.00 mm3) and four different temporal resolutions (23-96 ms) and compared to a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solution of the flow field as a reference. We examined four planes perpendicular to the vessel centerline, one in the common carotid artery (CCA) and three in the internal carotid artery (ICA) where complex flow was expected. At these four planes pixel-by-pixel velocity values, flow, and time average wall shear stress (TAWSS) were compared between 4D flow MRI and CFD. HYPOTHESIS An optimized 4D flow MRI protocol will provide a good correlation with CFD velocity and TAWSS values in areas of complex flow within a clinically feasible scan time (~ 10 min). RESULTS Spatial resolution affected the velocity values, time average flow, and TAWSS measurements. Qualitatively, a spatial resolution of 0.50 mm3 resulted in higher noise, while a lower spatial resolution of 1.50-2.00 mm3 did not adequately resolve the velocity profile. Isotropic spatial resolutions of 0.50-1.00 mm3 showed no significant difference in total flow compared to CFD. Pixel-by-pixel velocity correlation coefficients between 4D flow MRI and CFD were > 0.75 for 0.50-1.00 mm3 but were < 0.5 for 1.50 and 2.00 mm3. Regional TAWSS values determined from 4D flow MRI were generally lower than CFD and decreased at lower spatial resolutions (larger pixel sizes). TAWSS differences between 4D flow and CFD were not statistically significant at spatial resolutions of 0.50-1.00 mm3 but were different at 1.50 and 2.00 mm3. Differences in temporal resolution only affected the flow values when temporal resolution was > 48.4 ms; temporal resolution did not affect TAWSS values. CONCLUSION A spatial resolution of 0.74-1.00 mm3 and a temporal resolution of 23-48 ms (1-2 k-space segments) provides a 4D flow MRI protocol capable of imaging velocity and TAWSS in regions of complex flow within the carotid bifurcation at a clinically acceptable scan time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Retta El Sayed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Wallace H. Coulter, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alireza Sharifi
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Charlie C Park
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | - Jason W Allen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Wallace H. Coulter, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John N Oshinski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Wallace H. Coulter, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Giordano C, Morello A, Corcione N, Giordano S, Gaudino S, Colosimo C. Choice of imaging to evaluate carotid stenosis and guide management. Minerva Med 2022; 113:1017-1026. [PMID: 35671001 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.22.07996-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Carotid artery disease is a cause of ischemic stroke and is associated with cognitive decline. Besides the evaluation of the degree of stenosis, it is also crucial to assess the morphology of the atherosclerotic plaque, for a prompt and accurate diagnosis, and to make the best decision for the patient. On top of noninvasive duplex ultrasound (DUS) and invasive digital subtraction angiography (DSA), compute tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) are often used effectively as noninvasive imaging tools to study carotid stenoses. This review describes the fundamental characteristics of carotid artery plaques, and how they can be best evaluated with currently available imaging methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Giordano
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, IRCCS A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation, Sacred Heart Catholic University, Rome, Italy -
| | - Alberto Morello
- Unit of Cardiovascular Intervention, Pineta Grande Hospital, Castel Volturno, Caserta, Italy
| | - Nicola Corcione
- Unit of Cardiovascular Intervention, Pineta Grande Hospital, Castel Volturno, Caserta, Italy
| | - Salvatore Giordano
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, The Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Simona Gaudino
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, IRCCS A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation, Sacred Heart Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Cesare Colosimo
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, IRCCS A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation, Sacred Heart Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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Mahinrad S, Tan CO, Ma Y, Aristova M, Milstead AL, Lloyd‐Jones D, Schnell S, Markl M, Sorond FA. Intracranial Blood Flow Quantification by Accelerated Dual-venc 4D Flow MRI: Comparison With Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound. J Magn Reson Imaging 2022; 56:1256-1264. [PMID: 35146822 PMCID: PMC9363520 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dual-venc 4D flow MRI, recently introduced for the assessment of intracranial hemodynamics, may provide a promising complementary approach to well-established tools such as transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) and overcome some of their disadvantages. However, data comparing intracranial flow measures from dual-venc 4D flow MRI and TCD are lacking. PURPOSE To compare cerebral blood flow velocity measures derived from dual-venc 4D flow MRI and TCD. STUDY TYPE Prospective cohort. SUBJECTS A total of 25 healthy participants (56 ± 4 years old, 44% female). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE A 3 T/dual-venc 4D flow MRI using a time-resolved three-dimensional phase-contrast sequence with three-dimensional velocity encoding. ASSESSMENT Peak velocity measurements in bilateral middle cerebral arteries (MCA) were quantified from dual-venc 4D flow MRI and TCD. The MRI data were quantified by two independent observers (S.M and Y.M.) and TCD was performed by a trained technician (A.L.M.). We assessed the agreement between 4D flow MRI and TCD measures, and the interobserver agreement of 4D flow MRI measurements. STATISTICAL TESTS Peak velocity from MRI and TCD was compared using Bland-Altman analysis and coefficient of variance. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess MRI interobserver agreement. A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS There was excellent interobserver agreement in dual-venc 4D flow MRI-based measurements of peak velocity in bilateral MCA (ICC = 0.97 and 0.96 for the left and right MCA, respectively). Dual-venc 4D flow MRI significantly underestimated peak velocity in the left and right MCA compared to TCD (bias = 0.13 [0.59, -0.33] m/sec and 0.15 [0.47, -0.17] m/sec, respectively). The coefficient of variance between dual-venc 4D flow MRI and TCD measurements was 26% for the left MCA and 22% for the right MCA. DATA CONCLUSION There was excellent interobserver agreement for the assessment of MCA peak velocity using dual-venc 4D flow MRI, and ≤20% under-estimation compared with TCD. EVIDENCE LEVEL 3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Mahinrad
- Department of NeurologyNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Can Ozan Tan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Cerebrovascular Research LaboratorySpaulding Rehabilitation HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of RadiologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Yue Ma
- Department of RadiologyNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Department of RadiologyShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityChina
| | - Maria Aristova
- Department of RadiologyNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIllinoisUSA
| | - Andrew L. Milstead
- Department of NeurologyNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Donald Lloyd‐Jones
- Department of Preventive MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Susanne Schnell
- Department of RadiologyNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Institute of Physics, Department of Medical PhysicsUniversity of GreifswaldGermany
| | - Michael Markl
- Department of RadiologyNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIllinoisUSA
| | - Farzaneh A. Sorond
- Department of NeurologyNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
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Gao X, Hsieh YL, Wang S, Shi S, Wang W. Intracranial pressure, lateral sinus patency, and jugular ultrasound hemodynamics in patients with venous pulsatile tinnitus. Front Neurol 2022; 13:992416. [PMID: 36188386 PMCID: PMC9523694 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.992416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical and hemodynamic characteristics of venous pulsatile tinnitus (PT) patients with normal or elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP) have not been clearly differentiated. This study aimed to explore CSFP among patients with PT as the solitary symptom, as well as quantitatively and qualitatively assess the role of the degree of transverse sinus (TS) stenosis and jugular hemodynamics in venous PT patients. A total of 50 subjects with venous PT with or without sigmoid sinus wall anomalies (SSWAs) were enrolled in this study. In addition to radiologic assessments for TS stenosis and invagination of arachnoid granulation (AG) in TS, CSFP and jugular hemodynamics were measured via cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) manometry and Doppler ultrasound. Apart from group comparisons and correlation analyses, multivariate linear regression, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) models were used to identify the sensitivity and specificity of the index of transverse sinus stenosis (ITSS) and hemodynamic variables with inferential significance. The mean CSFP of all cases was 199.5 ± 52.7 mmH2O, with no statistical difference in CSFP between the diverticulum and dehiscence groups. Multivariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that CSFP was linearly correlated with ITSS and pulsatility index (PI). ROC analysis showed that the area under the ROC curve of PI was 0.693 at 200 mmH2O threshold, and the best PI cut-off value was 0.467, with a sensitivity of 65.7% and specificity of 81.8%. For 250 mmH2O threshold, the area under the ROC curve of PI was 0.718, and the best PI cut-off value was 0.467 with a sensitivity of 68.4% and specificity of 75.0%. Additionally, the area under the ROC curve of ITSS was 0.757, and the best ITSS cutoff value was 8.5 (p = 0.002, 95% CI = 0.616–0.898) with a sensitivity of 72.4% and specificity of 75.0% at 200 mmH2O threshold. In conclusion, patients with venous PT as the only presenting symptom should be suspected of having borderline or increased CSFP when they present with high ITSS, BMI and low PI. Further, AG in TS without encephalocele and empty sellae are not limiting findings for differentiating the level of CSFP in patients with venous PT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Gao
- Department of Radiology, Eye Ear Nose & Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Eye Ear Nose & Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenjiang Wang
- Department of Radiology, Eye Ear Nose & Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suming Shi
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Eye Ear Nose & Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wuqing Wang
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Eye Ear Nose & Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wuqing Wang
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Gao X, Hsieh YL, Wang X, Wang W. Retroauricular/Transcranial Color-Coded Doppler Ultrasound Approach in Junction With Ipsilateral Neck Compression on Real-Time Hydroacoustic Variation of Venous Pulsatile Tinnitus. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:862420. [PMID: 35782046 PMCID: PMC9240288 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.862420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in dural venous sinus hemodynamics have recently been suggested as the major contributing factors in venous pulsatile tinnitus (PT). Nevertheless, little is known about the association between real-time alterations in hemodynamics and the subjective perception of venous PT. This study aimed to investigate the hydroacoustic correlations among diverticular vortices, mainstream sinus flow, and PT using various Doppler ultrasound techniques. Nineteen venous PT patients with protrusive diverticulum were recruited. The mainstream sinus and diverticular hemodynamics before and after ipsilateral internal jugular vein (IJV) compression were investigated using an innovative retroauricular color-coded Doppler (RCCD) method to examine the correlation between the disappearance of PT and hemodynamic alterations. To reveal the hydroacoustic characteristics of disparate segments of venous return, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique combined with the transcranial color-coded Doppler method was performed. When the ipsilateral IJV was compressed, PT disappeared, as the mean velocity of mainstream sinus flow and diverticular vortex decreased by 51.2 and 50.6%, respectively. The vortex inside the diverticulum persisted in 18 of 19 subjects. The CFD simulation showed that the flow amplitude generated inside the transverse–sigmoid sinus was segmental, and the largest flow amplitude difference was 20.5 dB. The difference in flow amplitude between the mainstream sinus flow and the diverticular flow was less than 1 dB. In conclusion, the sensation of PT is closely associated with the flow of kinetic energy rather than the formation of a vortex, whereby the amplitude of PT is correlated to the magnitude of the flow velocity and pressure gradient. Additionally, the range of velocity reduction revealed by the RCCD method may serve as a presurgical individual baseline curative marker that may potentially optimize the surgical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Gao
- Department of Radiology, Eye Ear Nose & Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Eye Ear Nose & Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Wang
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, China
| | - Wuqing Wang
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Eye Ear Nose & Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wuqing Wang,
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Isoda H, Fukuyama A. Quality Control for 4D Flow MR Imaging. Magn Reson Med Sci 2022; 21:278-292. [PMID: 35197395 PMCID: PMC9680545 DOI: 10.2463/mrms.rev.2021-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, 4D flow MRI has become increasingly important in clinical applications for the blood vessels in the whole body, heart, and cerebrospinal fluid. 4D flow MRI has advantages over 2D cine phase-contrast (PC) MRI in that any targeted area of interest can be analyzed post-hoc, but there are some factors to be considered, such as ensuring measurement accuracy, a long imaging time and post-processing complexity, and interobserver variability.Due to the partial volume phenomenon caused by low spatial and temporal resolutions, the accuracy of flow measurement in 4D flow MRI is reduced. For spatial resolution, it is recommended to include at least four voxels in the vessel of interest, and if possible, six voxels. In large vessels such as the aorta, large voxels can be secured and SNR can be maintained, but in small cerebral vessels, SNR is reduced, resulting in reduced accuracy. A temporal resolution of less than 40 ms is recommended. The velocity-to-noise ratio (VNR) of low-velocity blood flow is low, resulting in poor measurement accuracy. The use of dual velocity encoding (VENC) or multi-VENC is recommended to avoid velocity wrap around and to increase VNR. In order to maintain sufficient spatio-temporal resolution, a longer imaging time is required, leading to potential patient movement during examination and a corresponding decrease in measurement accuracy.For the clinical application of new technologies, including various acceleration techniques, in vitro and in vivo accuracy verification based on existing accuracy-validated 2D cine PC MRI and 4D flow MRI, as well as accuracy verification on the conservation of mass' principle, should be performed, and intraobserver repeatability, interobserver reproducibility, and test-retest reproducibility should be checked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Isoda
- Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Biomedical Imaging Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fukuyama
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Radiological Sciences, Japan Healthcare University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Alattar Y, Soulat G, Gencer U, Messas E, Bollache E, Kachenoura N, Mousseaux E. Left ventricular diastolic early and late filling quantified from 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging. Diagn Interv Imaging 2022; 103:345-352. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Secchi F, Monti CB, Capra D, Vitale R, Mazzaccaro D, Conti M, Jin N, Giese D, Nano G, Sardanelli F, Marrocco-Trischitta MM. Carotid Phase-Contrast Magnetic Resonance before Treatment: 4D-Flow versus Standard 2D Imaging. Tomography 2021; 7:513-522. [PMID: 34698250 PMCID: PMC8544659 DOI: 10.3390/tomography7040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of agreement between flow/velocity data obtained from 2D-phase-contrast (PC) and 4D-flow in patients scheduled for treatment of carotid artery stenosis. Image acquisition was performed using a 1.5 T scanner. We compared mean flow rates, vessel areas, and peak velocities obtained during the acquisition with both techniques in 20 consecutive patients, 15 males and 5 females aged 69 ± 5 years (mean ± standard deviation). There was a good correlation between both techniques for the CCA flow (r = 0.65, p < 0.001), whereas for the ICA flow and ECA flow the correlation was only moderate (r = 0.4, p = 0.011 and r = 0.45, p = 0.003, respectively). Correlations of peak velocities between methods were good for CCA (r = 0.56, p < 0.001) and moderate for ECA (r = 0.41, p = 0.008). There was no correlation for ICA (r = 0.04, p = 0.805). Cross-sectional area values between methods showed no significant correlations for CCA (r = 0.18, p = 0.269), ICA (r = 0.1, p = 0.543), and ECA (r = 0.05, p = 0.767). Conclusion: the 4D-flow imaging provided a good correlation of CCA and a moderate correlation of ICA flow rates against 2D-PC, underestimating peak velocities and overestimating cross-sectional areas in all carotid segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Secchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20100 Milan, Italy; (C.B.M.); (D.C.); (R.V.); (G.N.); (F.S.)
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Caterina Beatrice Monti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20100 Milan, Italy; (C.B.M.); (D.C.); (R.V.); (G.N.); (F.S.)
| | - Davide Capra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20100 Milan, Italy; (C.B.M.); (D.C.); (R.V.); (G.N.); (F.S.)
| | - Renato Vitale
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20100 Milan, Italy; (C.B.M.); (D.C.); (R.V.); (G.N.); (F.S.)
| | - Daniela Mazzaccaro
- Unit of Vascular Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy; (D.M.); (M.M.M.-T.)
| | - Michele Conti
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Ning Jin
- Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc., Malvern, PA 19355, USA;
| | - Daniel Giese
- Magnetic Resonance, Siemens Healthcare GmbH, 91052 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Giovanni Nano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20100 Milan, Italy; (C.B.M.); (D.C.); (R.V.); (G.N.); (F.S.)
- Unit of Vascular Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy; (D.M.); (M.M.M.-T.)
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20100 Milan, Italy; (C.B.M.); (D.C.); (R.V.); (G.N.); (F.S.)
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Massimiliano M. Marrocco-Trischitta
- Unit of Vascular Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy; (D.M.); (M.M.M.-T.)
- Clinical Research Unit, Cardiovascular Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy
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11
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Park CC, El Sayed R, Risk BB, Haussen DC, Nogueira RG, Oshinski JN, Allen JW. Carotid webs produce greater hemodynamic disturbances than atherosclerotic disease: a DSA time-density curve study. J Neurointerv Surg 2021; 14:729-733. [PMID: 34315802 PMCID: PMC9209666 DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2021-017588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Carotid webs (CaWs) are associated with ischemic strokes in younger patients without degrees of stenosis that are traditionally considered clinically significant. Objective To compare the hemodynamic parameters in the internal carotid artery (ICA) bulbar segment in patients with CaW with those in patients with atherosclerotic lesions using time–density curve (TDC) analysis of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) images. Methods We retrospectively assessed DSA images of 47 carotid arteries in 41 adult patients who underwent ICA catheter angiography for evaluation after ischemic stroke. Hemodynamic parameters, including full width at half maximum (FWHM) and area under the time–density curve (AUC) as proxies for increased flow stasis, were calculated using TDC analyses of a region of interest (ROI) in the ICA bulb immediately rostral to the web/atherosclerotic plaque, relative to a standardized ROI in the ipsilateral distal common carotid artery (eg, relative FWHM (rFWHM)). Hemodynamic parameters were compared using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis tests. Logistic regression was used to predict CaW versus mild/moderate atherosclerosis for each hemodynamic parameter, adjusting for degree of stenosis. Results Mean age of patients was 56.0±13 years, with 22 (53.7%) women. 17 CaWs, 22 atherosclerotic plaques (15 mild/moderate and 7 severe), and eight normal carotid arteries were assessed. Significant between-group differences were present in the relative total AUC (p<0.001), relative AUC at wash out (p=0.031), and relative FWHM (p=0.001). Logistic regression to predict CaW versus mild/moderate atherosclerosis showed that rAUC total had the highest predictive value (pAUC=0.96, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.00), followed by rFWHM (0.87, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.00), and rAUC WO (0.74, 95% CI (0.57 to 0.91). Conclusion CaW results in larger local hemodynamic disruption, characterized by flow stasis, than mild/moderate carotid atherosclerotic lesions, suggesting that CaWs may produce larger regions of thrombogenic flow stasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie C Park
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Retta El Sayed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Benjamin B Risk
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Diogo C Haussen
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Raul G Nogueira
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John N Oshinski
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jason W Allen
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA .,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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12
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Abstract
MRI is an essential diagnostic tool in the anatomic and functional evaluation of cardiovascular disease. In many practices, 2D phase-contrast (2D-PC) has been used for blood flow quantification. 4D Flow MRI is a time-resolved volumetric acquisition that captures the vector field of blood flow along with anatomic images. 4D Flow MRI provides a simpler acquisition compared to 2D-PC and facilitates a more accurate and comprehensive hemodynamic assessment. Advancements in accelerated imaging have significantly shortened scan times of 4D Flow MRI while preserving image quality, enabling this technology to transition from the research arena to routine clinical practice. In this article, we review technical optimization based on our clinical experience of over 10 years with 4D Flow MRI. We also present pearls and pitfalls in the practical application of 4D Flow MRI, including how to quantify cardiovascular shunts, valvular or vascular stenosis, and valvular regurgitation. As experience increases, and as 4D Flow sequences and post-processing software become more broadly available, 4D Flow MRI will likely become an essential component of cardiac imaging for practices involved in the management of congenital and acquired structural heart disease.
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13
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Ziegler M, Alfraeus J, Bustamante M, Good E, Engvall J, de Muinck E, Dyverfeldt P. Automated segmentation of the individual branches of the carotid arteries in contrast-enhanced MR angiography using DeepMedic. BMC Med Imaging 2021; 21:38. [PMID: 33639893 PMCID: PMC7912466 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-021-00568-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-invasive imaging is of interest for tracking the progression of atherosclerosis in the carotid bifurcation, and segmenting this region into its constituent branch arteries is necessary for analyses. The purpose of this study was to validate and demonstrate a method for segmenting the carotid bifurcation into the common, internal, and external carotid arteries (CCA, ICA, ECA) in contrast-enhanced MR angiography (CE-MRA) data. Methods A segmentation pipeline utilizing a convolutional neural network (DeepMedic) was tailored and trained for multi-class segmentation of the carotid arteries in CE-MRA data from the Swedish CardioPulmonsary bioImage Study (SCAPIS). Segmentation quality was quantitatively assessed using the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC), F2, F0.5, and True Positive Ratio (TPR). Segmentations were also assessed qualitatively, by three observers using visual inspection. Finally, geometric descriptions of the carotid bifurcations were generated for each subject to demonstrate the utility of the proposed segmentation method. Results Branch-level segmentations scored DSC = 0.80 ± 0.13, MCC = 0.80 ± 0.12, F2 = 0.82 ± 0.14, F0.5 = 0.78 ± 0.13, and TPR = 0.84 ± 0.16, on average in a testing cohort of 46 carotid bifurcations. Qualitatively, 61% of segmentations were judged to be usable for analyses without adjustments in a cohort of 336 carotid bifurcations without ground-truth. Carotid artery geometry showed wide variation within the whole cohort, with CCA diameter 8.6 ± 1.1 mm, ICA 7.5 ± 1.4 mm, ECA 5.7 ± 1.0 mm and bifurcation angle 41 ± 21°. Conclusion The proposed segmentation method automatically generates branch-level segmentations of the carotid arteries that are suitable for use in further analyses and help enable large-cohort investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Ziegler
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden. .,Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Jesper Alfraeus
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mariana Bustamante
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Elin Good
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Cardiology, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jan Engvall
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ebo de Muinck
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Cardiology, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Petter Dyverfeldt
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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14
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Schmidt S, Flassbeck S, Schmelter S, Schmeyer E, Ladd ME, Schmitter S. The impact of 4D flow displacement artifacts on wall shear stress estimation. Magn Reson Med 2021; 85:3154-3168. [PMID: 33421221 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the amplitude and spatial distribution of errors in wall shear stress (WSS) values derived from 4D flow measurements caused by displacement artifacts intrinsic to the 4D flow acquisition. METHODS Phase-contrast MRI velocimetry was performed in a model of a stenotic aorta using two different timing schemes, both of which are commonly applied in vivo but differ in their resulting displacement artifacts. Whereas one scheme is optimized to minimize the duration of the encoding gradients (herein called FAST), the other aims to specifically minimize displacement artifacts by synchronizing all three spatial-encoding time points (called ECHO). WSS estimates were calculated and compared to unbiased WSS values obtained by a 5-hour single-point imaging acquisition. In addition, MRI simulations based on computational fluid dynamics data were carried out to investigate the impact of gradient timings corresponding to different spatial resolutions. RESULTS 4D flow displacement artifacts were found to have an impact on the quantified WSS peak values, spatial location, and overall WSS pattern. FAST leads to the underestimation of local WSS values in the phantom arch by up to 90%. Moreover, the corresponding WSS estimates depend on the image orientation. This effect was avoided using ECHO, which, however, results in biased WSS values within the stenosis, yielding an underestimation of peak WSS by up to 17%. Computational fluid dynamics-based simulation results show that the bias in WSS due to displacement artifacts increases with increasing spatial resolution, thus counteracting the resolution benefit for WSS due to reduced partial volume effects and segmentation errors. CONCLUSIONS 4D flow displacement artifacts can significantly impact the WSS estimates and depend on the timing scheme as well as potentially the image orientation. Whereas FAST might allow correct WSS estimation for lower resolutions, ECHO is recommended especially when spatial resolutions of 1 mm and smaller are used. Users need to be aware of this nonnegligible effect, particularly when conducting inter-site studies or studies between vendors. The timing scheme should thus be explicitly mentioned in publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schmidt
- Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Flassbeck
- Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sonja Schmelter
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Ellen Schmeyer
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark E Ladd
- Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schmitter
- Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
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15
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Youn SW, Lee J. From 2D to 4D Phase-Contrast MRI in the Neurovascular System: Will It Be a Quantum Jump or a Fancy Decoration? J Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 55:347-372. [PMID: 33236488 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the crosstalk between the flow and vessel wall, hemodynamic assessment of the neurovascular system may offer a well-integrated solution for both diagnosis and management by adding prognostic significance to the standard CT/MR angiography. 4D flow MRI or time-resolved 3D velocity-encoded phase-contrast MRI has long been promising for the hemodynamic evaluation of the great vessels, but challenged in clinical studies for assessing intracranial vessels with small diameter due to long scan times and low spatiotemporal resolution. Current accelerated MRI techniques, including parallel imaging with compressed sensing and radial k-space undersampling acquisitions, have decreased scan times dramatically while preserving spatial resolution. 4D flow MRI visualized and measured 3D complex flow of neurovascular diseases such as aneurysm, arteriovenous shunts, and atherosclerotic stenosis using parameters including flow volume, velocity vector, pressure gradients, and wall shear stress. In addition to the noninvasiveness of the phase contrast technique and retrospective flow measurement through the wanted windows of the analysis plane, 4D flow MRI has shown several advantages over Doppler ultrasound or computational fluid dynamics. The evaluation of the flow status and vessel wall can be performed simultaneously in the same imaging modality. This article is an overview of the recent advances in neurovascular 4D flow MRI techniques and their potential clinical applications in neurovascular disease. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Won Youn
- Department of Radiology, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jongmin Lee
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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16
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A test-retest multisite reproducibility study of cardiovascular four-dimensional flow MRI without respiratory gating. Clin Radiol 2020; 76:236.e1-236.e8. [PMID: 33077153 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM To systematically investigate the multisite reproducibility, test-retest reliability, and observer variability of non-respiratory-gated four-dimensional (4D) flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the thoracic great vessels for the assessment of blood flow and peak velocity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated 4D flow MRI data were acquired without respiratory gating in 10 healthy volunteers. To analyse multisite reproducibility, 4D flow was scanned at three different sites using a 3 T GE MRI machine with identical protocols for the group of participants. In addition, to evaluate test-retest reliability, the same volunteers were scanned in each centre during a second visit. Data analysis included calculation of peak systolic velocity and time-resolved and total flow of both the ascending aorta and pulmonary artery. Two observers conducted the above measurements to assess the interobserver variability. RESULTS Multisite, test-retest, interobserver agreement were good for the calculation of total flow and peak systolic velocity (mean differences <10% of the average flow parameter). CONCLUSION Non-respiratory-gated 4D MRI-based assessment of aortic and pulmonary blood flow can be performed with good reproducibility. It may facilitate the potential clinical application of this technique.
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17
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Saito K, Abe S, Kumamoto M, Uchihara Y, Tanaka A, Sugie K, Ihara M, Koga M, Yamagami H. Blood Flow Visualization and Wall Shear Stress Measurement of Carotid Arteries Using Vascular Vector Flow Mapping. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2020; 46:2692-2699. [PMID: 32753289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carotid artery ultrasound is extensively used to assess early- and late-stage atherosclerosis via the intima-media thickness and increased blood flow velocity caused by stenosis, respectively. However, the effect of wall shear stress (WSS) has not been considered to date. This study aimed to visualize the blood flow of carotid arteries and measured WSS using vector flow mapping (VFM) developed specifically for vascular use. Patients with cerebrovascular diseases were prospectively enrolled and examined with carotid ultrasound using VFM Vascular. WSS was calculated in the common carotid artery and internal carotid artery. Blood flow in 82 common carotid arteries was visualized with VFM Vascular. The maximum and mean WSSs were negatively correlated with age and intima-media thickness. The WSS in 16 internal carotid artery plaques was significantly higher upstream of the plaque than downstream. Therefore, VFM Vascular is a promising method that provides a novel indicator of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozue Saito
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan.
| | - Soichiro Abe
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaya Kumamoto
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuto Uchihara
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Akito Tanaka
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Kazuma Sugie
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamagami
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
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18
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Age and anatomical location related hemodynamic changes assessed by 4D flow MRI in the carotid arteries of healthy adults. Eur J Radiol 2020; 128:109035. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.109035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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19
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Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an important tool for the clinical evaluation of patients with cardiac and vascular diseases. Since its introduction in the late 1980s, quantitative flow imaging with MRI has become a routine part of standard-of-care cardiothoracic and vascular MRI for the assessment of pathological changes in blood flow in patients with cardiovascular disease. More recently, time-resolved flow imaging with velocity encoding along all three flow directions and three-dimensional (3D) anatomic coverage (4D flow MRI) has been developed and applied to enable comprehensive 3D visualization and quantification of hemodynamics throughout the human circulatory system. This article provides an overview of the use of 4D flow applications in different cardiac and vascular regions in the human circulatory system, with a focus on using 4D flow MRI in cardiothoracic and cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Soulat
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Patrick McCarthy
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Michael Markl
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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20
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Urmeneta Ulloa J, Álvarez Vázquez A, Martínez de Vega V, Cabrera JÁ. Evaluation of Cardiac Shunts With
4D
Flow Cardiac Magnetic Resonance: Intra‐ and Interobserver Variability. J Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 52:1055-1063. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Urmeneta Ulloa
- Cardiology Department. Quirón‐Salud University Hospital European University of Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Ana Álvarez Vázquez
- Radiology Department. Quirón‐Salud University Hospital European University of Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Vicente Martínez de Vega
- Radiology Department. Quirón‐Salud University Hospital European University of Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - José Ángel Cabrera
- Cardiology Department. Quirón‐Salud University Hospital European University of Madrid Madrid Spain
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21
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Schmitter S, Adriany G, Waks M, Moeller S, Aristova M, Vali A, Auerbach EJ, Van de Moortele PF, Ugurbil K, Schnell S. Bilateral Multiband 4D Flow MRI of the Carotid Arteries at 7T. Magn Reson Med 2020; 84:1947-1960. [PMID: 32187742 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Simultaneous multislab (SMSb) 4D flow MRI was developed and implemented at 7T for accelerated acquisition of the 3D blood velocity vector field in both carotid bifurcations. METHODS SMSb was applied to 4D flow to acquire blood velocities in both carotid bifurcations in sagittal orientation using a local transmit/receive coil at 7T. B 1 + transmit efficiency was optimized by B 1 + shimming. SMSb 4D flow was obtained in 8 healthy subjects in single-band (SB) and multiband (MB) fashion. Additionally, MB data were retrospectively undersampled to simulate GRAPPA R = 2 (MB2_GRAPPA2), and both SB datasets were added to form an artificial MB dataset (SumSB). The band separation performance was quantified by signal leakage. Peak velocity and total flow values were calculated and compared to SB via intraclass correlation analysis (ICC). RESULTS Clean slab separation was achieved yielding a mean signal leakage of 13% above the mean SB noise level. Mean total flow for MB2, SumSB, and MB_GRAPPA2 deviated less than 9% from the SB values. Peak velocities averaged over all vessels and subjects were 0.48 ± 0.11 m/s for SB, 0.47 ± 0.12 m/s for SumSB, 0.50 ± 0.13 m/s for MB2, and 0.53 ± 0.13 m/s for MB2_GRAPPA2. ICC revealed excellent absolute agreement and consistency of total flow for all methods compared to SB2. Peak velocity showed good to excellent agreement and consistency for SumSB and MB2 and MB2_GRAPPA2 method showed poor to excellent agreement and good to excellent consistency. CONCLUSION Simultaneous multislab 4D Flow MRI allows accurate quantification of total flow and peak velocity while reducing scan times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schmitter
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Gregor Adriany
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Matt Waks
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Steen Moeller
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Maria Aristova
- McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA.,Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Alireza Vali
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Edward J Auerbach
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Kamil Ugurbil
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Susanne Schnell
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
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22
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Debbich A, Ben Abdallah A, Maatouk M, Hmida B, Sigovan M, Clarysse P, Bedoui MH. A Spatiotemporal exploration and 3D modeling of blood flow in healthy carotid artery bifurcation from two modalities: Ultrasound-Doppler and phase contrast MRI. Comput Biol Med 2020; 118:103644. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Four-Dimensional Flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Assessment of Velocity Magnitudes and Flow Patterns in The Human Carotid Artery Bifurcation: Comparison with Computational Fluid Dynamics. Diagnostics (Basel) 2019; 9:diagnostics9040223. [PMID: 31847224 PMCID: PMC6963916 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics9040223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Knowledge of the hemodynamics in the vascular system is important to understand and treat vascular pathology. The present study aimed to evaluate the hemodynamics in the human carotid artery bifurcation measured by four-dimensional (4D) flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as compared to computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Methods: This protocol used MRI data of 12 healthy volunteers for the 3D vascular models and 4D flow MRI measurements for the boundary conditions in CFD simulation. We compared the velocities measured at the carotid bifurcation and the 3D velocity streamlines of the carotid arteries obtained by these two methods. Results: There was a good agreement for both maximum and minimum velocity values between the 2 methods for velocity magnitude at the bifurcation plane. However, on the 3D blood flow visualization, secondary flows, and recirculation regions are of poorer quality when visualized through the 4D flow MRI. Conclusion: 4D flow MRI and CFD show reasonable agreement in demonstrated velocity magnitudes at the carotid artery bifurcation. However, the visualization of blood flow at the recirculation regions and the assessment of secondary flow characteristics should be enhanced for the use of 4D flow MRI in clinical situations.
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24
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Optimal 4DFlow MR sequence parameters for the assessment of internal carotid artery stenosis: a simulation study. Neuroradiology 2019; 61:1137-1144. [PMID: 31197413 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-019-02237-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In patients with ICA stenosis, increased peak systolic velocity is a marker of stenosis at risk of ischemic stroke. 4DFlow MRI is a reproducible technique to evaluate velocities in ICA stenosis, although it seems to underestimate velocities as compared with Doppler ultrasonography. The purpose of our study was to confirm that velocities were underestimated on a new set of data acquired with a clinical 4DFlow sequence, and to devise optimal acquisition parameters for ICA stenosis exploration based on a numerical simulation. METHODS After review board approval, 15 healthy controls and 12 patients presenting ICA stenosis were explored with Doppler ultrasonography and 4DFlow MRI. We created a 2-dimensional simulation of ICA stenosis and its corresponding 4DFlow acquisition, and compared its mean peak systolic velocity underestimation to real MRI and Doppler. We then simulated the acquisition for voxel size ranging from 0.5 to 1.25 mm and number of phases per cardiac cycle ranging from 10 to 25. RESULTS On acquired data, 4DFlow MR underestimated peak systolic velocities (mean difference between Doppler and 4DFlow: - 35 cm/s), especially high velocities. With spatial and temporal resolutions equivalent to MR acquisition, our simulation yielded similar underestimation (mean difference: - 31 cm/s, P = 0.30). Simulations showed that 0.7-mm resolution and 20 phases per cardiac cycle would be necessary to record peak systolic velocities up to 250 cm/s. CONCLUSION Higher spatial resolution can provide accurate peak systolic velocities measurement with 4DFlow MRI, thus allowing better ICA stenosis assessment. Further studies are needed to validate the proposed parameters.
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Schuchardt FF, Kaller CP, Strecker C, Lambeck J, Wehrum T, Hennemuth A, Anastasopoulos C, Mader I, Harloff A. Hemodynamics of cerebral veins analyzed by 2d and 4d flow mri and ultrasound in healthy volunteers and patients with multiple sclerosis. J Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 51:205-217. [PMID: 31102341 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemodynamic alterations of extracranial veins are considered an etiologic factor in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, ultrasound and MRI studies could not confirm a pathophysiological link. Because of technical challenges using standard diagnostics, information about the involvement of superficial intracranial veins in proximity to the affected brain in MS is scarce. PURPOSE To comprehensively investigate the hemodynamics of intracranial veins and of the venous outflow tract in MS patients and controls. STUDY TYPE Prospective. POPULATION Twenty-eight patients with relapsing-remitting MS (EDSS1.9 ± 1.1; range 0-3) and 41 healthy controls. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 3T/2D phase-contrast and time-resolved 4D flow MRI, extra- and transcranial sonography. ASSESSMENT Hemodynamics within the superficial and deep intracranial venous system and outflow tract including the internal, basal, and great cerebral vein, straight, superior sagittal, and transverse sinuses, internal jugular and vertebral veins. Sonography adhered to the chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) criteria. STATISTICAL TESTS Multivariate repeated measure analysis of variance, Student's two-sample t-test, chi-square, Fisher's exact test; separate analysis of the entire cohort and 32 age- and sex-matched participants. RESULTS Multi- and univariate main effects of the factor group (MS patient vs. control) and its interactions with the factor vessel position (lower flow within dorsal superior sagittal sinus in MS, 3 ± 1 ml/s vs. 3.8 ± 1 ml/s; P < 0.05) in the uncontrolled cohort were attributable to age-related differences. Age- and sex-matched pairs showed a different velocity gradient in a single segment within the deep cerebral veins (great cerebral vein, vena cerebri magna [VCM] 7.6 ± 1.7 cm/s; straight sinus [StS] 10.5 ± 2.2 cm/s vs. volunteers: VCM 9.2 ± 2.3 cm/s; StS 10.2 ± 2.3 cm/s; P = 0.01), reaching comparable velocities instantaneously downstream. Sonography was not statistically different between groups. DATA CONCLUSION Consistent with previous studies focusing on extracranial hemodynamics, our comprehensive analysis of intracerebral venous blood flow did not reveal relevant differences between MS patients and controls. Level of Evidence 1. Technical Efficacy Stage 3. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:205-217.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian F Schuchardt
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph P Kaller
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Strecker
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johann Lambeck
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Wehrum
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anja Hennemuth
- Fraunhofer Institute for Medical Image Computing MEVIS, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Cardiovascular Computer-assisted Medicine, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Germany
| | - Constantinos Anastasopoulos
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Radiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Irina Mader
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Radiology, Schön-Klinik, Vogtareuth, Germany
| | - Andreas Harloff
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
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Liu P, Qi Y, Lin Z, Guo Q, Wang X, Lu H. Assessment of cerebral blood flow in neonates and infants: A phase-contrast MRI study. Neuroimage 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Brandt AH, Hansen KL, Ewertsen C, Holbek S, Olesen JB, Moshavegh R, Thomsen C, Jensen JA, Nielsen MB. A Comparison Study of Vector Velocity, Spectral Doppler and Magnetic Resonance of Blood Flow in the Common Carotid Artery. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2018; 44:1751-1761. [PMID: 29804906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance phase contrast angiography (MRA) is the gold standard for blood flow evaluation. Spectral Doppler ultrasound (SDU) is the first clinical choice, although the method is angle dependent. Vector flow imaging (VFI) is an angle-independent ultrasound method. The aim of the study was to compare VFI- and SDU-estimated peak systolic velocities (PSV) of the common carotid artery (CCA) with PSV obtained by MRA. Furthermore, intra- and inter-observer agreement was determined. MRA estimates were significantly different from SDU estimates (left CCA: p < 0.001, right CCA: p < 0.001), but not from VFI estimates (left CCA: p = 0.28, right CCA: p = 0.18). VFI measured lower PSV in both CCAs compared with SDU (p < 0.001) with improved precision (VFI: left: 24%, right: 18%; SDU: left 38%, right: 23%). Intra- and inter-observer agreement was almost perfect for VFI and SDU (inter-observer correlation coefficient: VFI 0.88, SDU 0.91; intra-observer correlation coefficient: VFI 0.96, SDU 0.97). VFI is more accurate than SDU in evaluating PSV compared with MRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hjelm Brandt
- Department of Radiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | - Caroline Ewertsen
- Department of Radiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Holbek
- Center for Fast Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jacob Bjerring Olesen
- Center for Fast Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ramin Moshavegh
- Center for Fast Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Carsten Thomsen
- Department of Radiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Radiology, Zealand University Hospital Roskilde, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Arendt Jensen
- Center for Fast Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Jensen J, Hoyos CAV, Traberg MS, Olesen JB, Tomov BG, Moshavegh R, Holbek S, Stuart MB, Ewertsen C, Hansen KL, Thomsen C, Nielsen MB, Jensen JA. Accuracy and Precision of a Plane Wave Vector Flow Imaging Method in the Healthy Carotid Artery. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2018; 44:1727-1741. [PMID: 29735315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study described here was to investigate the accuracy and precision of a plane wave 2-D vector flow imaging (VFI) method in laminar and complex blood flow conditions in the healthy carotid artery. The approach was to study (i) the accuracy for complex flow by comparing the velocity field from a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation to VFI estimates obtained from the scan of an anthropomorphic flow phantom and from an in vivo scan; (ii) the accuracy for laminar unidirectional flow in vivo by comparing peak systolic velocities from VFI with magnetic resonance angiography (MRA); (iii) the precision of VFI estimation in vivo at several evaluation points in the vessels. The carotid artery at the bifurcation was scanned using both fast plane wave ultrasound and MRA in 10 healthy volunteers. The MRA geometry acquired from one of the volunteers was used to fabricate an anthropomorphic flow phantom, which was also scanned using the fast plane wave sequence. The same geometry was used in a CFD simulation to calculate the velocity field. Results indicated that similar flow patterns and vortices were estimated with CFD and VFI in the phantom for the carotid bifurcation. The root-mean-square difference between CFD and VFI was within 0.12 m/s for velocity estimates in the common carotid artery and the internal branch. The root-mean-square difference was 0.17 m/s in the external branch. For the 10 volunteers, the mean difference between VFI and MRA was -0.17 m/s for peak systolic velocities of laminar flow in vivo. The precision in vivo was calculated as the mean standard deviation (SD) of estimates aligned to the heart cycle and was highest in the center of the common carotid artery (SD = 3.6% for velocity magnitudes and 4.5° for angles) and lowest in the external branch and for vortices (SD = 10.2% for velocity magnitudes and 39° for angles). The results indicate that plane wave VFI measures flow precisely and that estimates are in good agreement with a CFD simulation and MRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Jensen
- Center for Fast Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | | | - Marie Sand Traberg
- Center for Fast Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jacob Bjerring Olesen
- Center for Fast Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Borislav Gueorguiev Tomov
- Center for Fast Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ramin Moshavegh
- Center for Fast Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Simon Holbek
- Center for Fast Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Matthias Bo Stuart
- Center for Fast Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Caroline Ewertsen
- Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Carsten Thomsen
- Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jørgen Arendt Jensen
- Center for Fast Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Farag ES, van Ooij P, Planken RN, Dukker KC, de Heer F, Bouma BJ, Robbers‐Visser D, Groenink M, Nederveen AJ, de Mol BA, Kluin J, Boekholdt SM. Aortic valve stenosis and aortic diameters determine the extent of increased wall shear stress in bicuspid aortic valve disease. J Magn Reson Imaging 2018; 48:522-530. [PMID: 29451963 PMCID: PMC6099246 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Use of 4-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging (4D-flow MRI) derived wall shear stress (WSS) heat maps enables identification of regions in the ascending aorta with increased WSS. These regions are subject to dysregulation of the extracellular matrix and elastic fiber degeneration, which is associated with aortic dilatation and dissection. PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of the presence of aortic valve stenosis and the aortic diameter on the peak WSS and surface area of increased WSS in the ascending aorta. STUDY TYPE Prospective. SUBJECTS In all, 48 bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) patients (38.1 ± 12.4 years) and 25 age- and gender-matched healthy individuals. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE Time-resolved 3D phase contrast MRI with three-directional velocity encoding at 3.0T. ASSESSMENT Peak systolic velocity, WSS, and aortic diameters were assessed in the ascending aorta and 3D heat maps were used to identify regions with elevated WSS. STATISTICAL TESTS Comparisons between groups were performed by t-tests. Correlations were investigated by univariate and multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS Elevated WSS was present in 15 ± 11% (range; 1-35%) of the surface area of the ascending aorta of BAV patients with aortic valve stenosis (AS) (n = 10) and in 6 ± 8% (range; 0-31%) of the ascending aorta of BAV patients without AS (P = 0.005). The mid-ascending aortic diameter negatively correlated with the peak ascending aortic WSS (R = -0.413, P = 0.004) and the surface area of elevated WSS (R = -0.419, P = 0.003). Multivariate linear regression analysis yielded that the height of peak WSS and the amount of elevated WSS depended individually on the presence of aortic valve stenosis and the diameter of the ascending aorta. DATA CONCLUSION The extent of increased WSS in the ascending aorta of BAV patients depends on the presence of aortic valve stenosis and aortic dilatation and is most pronounced in the presence of AS and a nondilated ascending aorta. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2018;48:522-530.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile S. Farag
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryAcademic Medical CenterAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Pim van Ooij
- Department of RadiologyAcademic Medical CenterAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - R. Nils Planken
- Department of RadiologyAcademic Medical CenterAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | | | - Frederiek de Heer
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryAcademic Medical CenterAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Berto J. Bouma
- Department of CardiologyAcademic Medical CenterAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | | | - Maarten Groenink
- Department of RadiologyAcademic Medical CenterAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Department of CardiologyAcademic Medical CenterAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Aart J. Nederveen
- Department of RadiologyAcademic Medical CenterAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Bas A.J.M. de Mol
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryAcademic Medical CenterAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Jolanda Kluin
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryAcademic Medical CenterAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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Siedek F, Giese D, Weiss K, Ekdawi S, Brinkmann S, Schroeder W, Bruns C, Chang DH, Persigehl T, Maintz D, Haneder S. 4D flow MRI for the analysis of celiac trunk and mesenteric artery stenoses. Magn Reson Imaging 2018; 53:52-62. [PMID: 30008436 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to assess the feasibility of 4D flow MRI measurements in complex vascular territories; namely, the celiac artery (CA) and superior mesenteric artery (SMA). MATERIALS AND METHODS In this prospective study, 22 healthy volunteers and 10 patients were scanned at 3 T. Blood flow parameters were compared between healthy volunteers and patients with stenosis of the CA and/or SMA as a function of stenosis grade characterized by prior contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CE-CT). The 4D flow MRI acquisition covered the CA, SMA and adjusting parts of the abdominal aorta (AO). Measurements of velocity- (peak velocity [PV], average velocity [AV]) and volume-related parameters (peak flow [PF], stroke volume [SV]) were conducted. Further, stenosis grade and wall shear stress in the CA, SMA and AO were evaluated. RESULTS In patients, prior evaluation by CE-CT revealed 11 low- and 5 mid-grade stenoses of the CA and/or SMA. PV and AV were significantly higher in patients than in healthy volunteers [PV: p < 0.0001; AV: p = 0.03, p < 0.001]. PF and SV did not differ significantly between healthy volunteers and patients; however, a trend towards lower PF and SV could be detected in patients with mid-grade stenoses. Comparison of 4D flow MRI with CE-CT revealed a strong positive correlation in estimated degree of stenosis (CA: r = 0.86, SMA: r = 0.98). Patients with mid-grade stenoses had a significantly higher average WSS magnitude (AWM) than healthy volunteers (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION This feasibility study suggests that 4D flow MRI is a viable technique for the evaluation of complex flow characteristics in small vessels such as the CA and SMA. 4D flow MRI approves comparable to the morphologic assessment of complex vascular territories using CE-CT but, in addition, offers the functional evaluation of flow parameters that goes beyond the morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Siedek
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Daniel Giese
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kilian Weiss
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Philips Healthcare Germany, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Ekdawi
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brinkmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Tumor Surgery, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schroeder
- Department of General, Visceral and Tumor Surgery, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christiane Bruns
- Department of General, Visceral and Tumor Surgery, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - De-Hua Chang
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Thorsten Persigehl
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - David Maintz
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Haneder
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
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Dai Y, Lv P, Javadzadegan A, Tang X, Qian Y, Lin J. Hemodynamic analysis of carotid artery after endarterectomy: a preliminary and quantitative imaging study based on computational fluid dynamics and magnetic resonance angiography. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2018; 8:399-409. [PMID: 29928605 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2018.05.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background The carotid blood flow following carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is not fully understood. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a promising method to study blood flow. This study is to investigate local hemodynamic characteristics after CEA via the use of unenhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and CFD. Methods Eight carotid arteries with atherosclerosis and sixteen normal carotid arteries were included in this study. Time-of-flight (TOF) and phase contrast (PC) MRA were applied for the measurement of three-dimensional artery geometries and velocity profile under CFD simulation. The hemodynamic parameters of the proximal internal carotid artery (ICA) including velocity, ICA/common carotid artery (CCA) velocity ratio, mean, maximum, minimum and gradient of wall shear stress (WSSmean, WSSmax, WSSmin and WSSG) were calculated before and after CEA. Morphologic characteristics of the carotid including bifurcation angle, tortuosity and planarity were also analyzed. Results Compared with pre-CEA, there was a significant reduction in post-CEA velocity, WSSmax, WSSmean, and WSSG, by 87.24%±13.38%, 86.86%±14.97%, 57.32%±56.71% and 69.74%±37.03% respectively, whereas WSSmin was almost unchanged. ICA/ CCA velocity ratios increased significantly after CEA. We also found that the post-CEA flow conditions were positively remodelled to approximate the conditions in normal arteries. The correlation between PC-MRA and CFD was excellent for the measurement of maximum velocity at the external carotid artery (r=0.846). Conclusions Our preliminary results indicated that major flow dynamics were restored shortly following CEA, and CFD based on MRA measurements could be useful for quantitative evaluation of hemodynamic outcomes after CEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Dai
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University and Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peng Lv
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University and Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ashkan Javadzadegan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Xiao Tang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yi Qian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jiang Lin
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University and Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai 200032, China
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Pagé G, Bettoni J, Salsac AV, Balédent O. Influence of principal component analysis acceleration factor on velocity measurement in 2D and 4D PC-MRI. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 31:469-481. [PMID: 29357015 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-018-0673-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine how to optimize 2D and 4D phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) acquisitions to acquire flow velocities in millimetric vessels. In particular, we search for the best compromise between acquisition time and accuracy and assess the influence of the principal component analysis (PCA). MATERIALS AND METHODS 2D and 4D PC-MRI measurements are conducted within two in vitro vessel phantoms: a Y-bifurcation phantom, the branches of which range from 2 to 5 mm in diameter, and a physiological subject-specific phantom of the carotid bifurcation. The same sequences are applied in vivo in carotid vasculature. RESULTS For a vessel oriented in the axial direction, both 2D and axial 4D PC-MRI provided accuracy measurements regardless of the k-t PCA factor, while the acquisition time is reduced by a factor 6 for k-t PCA maximum value. The in vivo measurements show that the proposed sequences are adequate to acquire 2D and 4D velocity fields in millimetric vessels and with clinically realistic time durations. CONCLUSION The study shows the feasibility of conducting fast, high-resolution PC-MRI flow measurements in millimetric vessels and that it is worth maximizing the k-t PCA factor to reduce the acquisition time in the case of 2D and 4D axial acquisitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenaël Pagé
- BioFlow Image, University Hospital of Amiens Picardy, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue Rene Laennec, Salouël, 80480, Amiens, France.
| | - Jérémie Bettoni
- Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University Hospital of Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Anne-Virginie Salsac
- Biomechanics and Bioengineering Laboratory (UMR CNRS 7338), Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne-CNRS, Compiègne, France
| | - Olivier Balédent
- BioFlow Image, University Hospital of Amiens Picardy, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue Rene Laennec, Salouël, 80480, Amiens, France.,Laboratory of Image Processing, University Hospital of Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
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Wehrum T, Guenther F, Fuchs A, Schuchardt F, Hennemuth A, Harloff A. Measurement of cardiac valve and aortic blood flow velocities in stroke patients: a comparison of 4D flow MRI and echocardiography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2018; 34:939-946. [DOI: 10.1007/s10554-018-1298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lin CJ, Yang HC, Chien AC, Guo WY, Wu CC, Hung SC, Chen KK, Wu HM, Luo CB, Chu WF, Hong JS, Wu CSF. In-room assessment of intravascular velocity from time-resolved rotational angiography in patients with arteriovenous malformation: a pilot study. J Neurointerv Surg 2017; 10:580-586. [DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2017-013387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundTime-resolved rotational angiography (t-RA) enables interventionists to better comprehend complex arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), thereby facilitating endovascular treatment. However, its use in evaluating hemodynamic changes has rarely been explored.ObjectiveThis study uses t-RA to estimate intravascular flow in patients with AVM to compare this with flow in the normal population.MethodsPatients with available t-RA scans were prospectively categorized into one of three groups: hemorrhagic AVM, non-hemorrhagic AVM and control. Pulsatile time–density curves (TDCs) for C1, C6 and VOIMCA were used for amplitude and velocity estimation. C1 was at the cervical internal carotid artery (ICA), 2–3 cm below the carotid canal, C6 was at the paraclinoid segment of the ICA, and VOIMCA was at the junction of the first and second segment of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). A waveform amplitude ratio was defined as (peak − trough)/trough contrast intensity. VICA was defined as the distance between C6 and C1 divided by the time required for the wave to pass, and correspondingly, the average velocity of MCA (VMCA) was defined as the distance between C6 and VOIMCA divided by the duration for the same peak to travel from C6 and VOIMCA, AVM volume was estimated by MR angiography.ResultsAmplitude ratios AC1 and AC6, and average flow velocities VICA and VMCA were significantly larger in the non-hemorrhagic group than in the control group, while the hemorrhagic AVM group was not significantly different from the controls. VICA and VMCA showed moderate to good correlations with AVM volume (r=0.51 and 0.73, respectively). VMCA (33.0±9.1) was significantly lower than VICA (41.3±13.2) in the control group, but not in the two AVM groups.ConclusionTDC waveform propagation derived from t-RA can quantify hemodynamic differences between AVM and the control group. t-RA provides both real-time anatomic and hemodynamic evaluation, and can thus potentially improve the interventional workflow.
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Holbek S, Hansen KL, Bouzari H, Ewertsen C, Stuart MB, Thomsen C, Nielsen MB, Jensen JA. Common Carotid Artery Flow Measured by 3-D Ultrasonic Vector Flow Imaging and Validated with Magnetic Resonance Imaging. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2017; 43:2213-2220. [PMID: 28711283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound (US) examination of the common carotid artery was compared with a through-plane magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence to validate a recently proposed technique for 3-D US vector flow imaging. Data from the first volunteer examined were used as the training set, before volume flow and peak velocities were calculated for the remaining eight volunteers. Peak systolic velocities (PSVs) and volume flow obtained with 3-D US were, on average, 34% higher and 24% lower than those obtained with MRI, respectively. A high correlation was observed for PSV (r = 0.79), whereas a lower correlation was observed for volume flow (r = 0.43). The overall standard deviations were ±5.7% and ±5.7% for volume flow and PSV with 3-D US, compared with ±2.7% and ±3.2% for MRI. Finally, the data were re-processed with a change in the parameter settings for the echo-canceling filter to investigate its influence on overall performance. PSV was less affected by the re-processing, whereas the difference in volume flow between 3-D vector flow imaging and MRI was reduced to -9%, and with an improved overall standard deviation of ±4.7%. The results illustrate the feasibility of using 3-D US for precise and angle-independent volume flow and PSV estimation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Holbek
- Center for Fast Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | | | - Hamed Bouzari
- Center for Fast Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Caroline Ewertsen
- Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias Bo Stuart
- Center for Fast Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Carsten Thomsen
- Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jørgen Arendt Jensen
- Center for Fast Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Holbek S, Ewertsen C, Bouzari H, Pihl MJ, Hansen KL, Stuart MB, Thomsen C, Nielsen MB, Jensen JA. Ultrasonic 3-D Vector Flow Method for Quantitative In Vivo Peak Velocity and Flow Rate Estimation. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2017; 64:544-554. [PMID: 27992335 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2016.2639318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Current clinical ultrasound (US) systems are limited to show blood flow movement in either 1-D or 2-D. In this paper, a method for estimating 3-D vector velocities in a plane using the transverse oscillation method, a 32×32 element matrix array, and the experimental US scanner SARUS is presented. The aim of this paper is to estimate precise flow rates and peak velocities derived from 3-D vector flow estimates. The emission sequence provides 3-D vector flow estimates at up to 1.145 frames/s in a plane, and was used to estimate 3-D vector flow in a cross-sectional image plane. The method is validated in two phantom studies, where flow rates are measured in a flow-rig, providing a constant parabolic flow, and in a straight-vessel phantom ( ∅=8 mm) connected to a flow pump capable of generating time varying waveforms. Flow rates are estimated to be 82.1 ± 2.8 L/min in the flow-rig compared with the expected 79.8 L/min, and to 2.68 ± 0.04 mL/stroke in the pulsating environment compared with the expected 2.57 ± 0.08 mL/stroke. Flow rates estimated in the common carotid artery of a healthy volunteer are compared with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measured flow rates using a 1-D through-plane velocity sequence. Mean flow rates were 333 ± 31 mL/min for the presented method and 346 ± 2 mL/min for the MRI measurements.
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Schnell S, Ansari SA, Wu C, Garcia J, Murphy IG, Rahman OA, Rahsepar AA, Aristova M, Collins JD, Carr JC, Markl M. Accelerated dual-venc 4D flow MRI for neurovascular applications. J Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 46:102-114. [PMID: 28152256 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To improve velocity-to-noise ratio (VNR) and dynamic velocity range of 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by using dual-velocity encoding (dual-venc) with k-t generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisition (GRAPPA) acceleration. MATERIALS AND METHODS A dual-venc 4D flow MRI sequence with k-t GRAPPA acceleration was developed using a shared reference scan followed by three-directional low- and high-venc scans (repetition time / echo time / flip angle = 6.1 msec / 3.4 msec / 15°, temporal/spatial resolution = 43.0 msec/1.2 × 1.2 × 1.2 mm3 ). The high-venc data were used to correct for aliasing in the low-venc data, resulting in a single dataset with the favorable VNR of the low-venc but without velocity aliasing. The sequence was validated with a 3T MRI scanner in phantom experiments and applied in 16 volunteers to investigate its feasibility for assessing intracranial hemodynamics (net flow and peak velocity) at the major intracranial vessels. In addition, image quality and image noise were assessed in the in vivo acquisitions. RESULTS All 4D flow MRI scans were acquired successfully with an acquisition time of 20 ± 4 minutes. The shared reference scan reduced the total acquisition time by 12.5% compared to two separate scans. Phantom experiments showed 51.4% reduced noise for dual-venc compared to high-venc and an excellent agreement of velocities (ρ = 0.8, P < 0.001). The volunteer data showed decreased noise in dual-venc data (54.6% lower) compared to high-venc, and improved image quality, as graded by two observers: fewer artifacts (P < 0.0001), improved vessel conspicuity (P < 0.0001), and reduced noise (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Dual-venc 4D flow MRI exhibits the superior VNR of the low-venc acquisition and reliably incorporates low- and high-velocity fields simultaneously. In vitro and in vivo data demonstrate improved flow visualization, image quality, and image noise. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 1 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;46:102-114.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Schnell
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sameer A Ansari
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Can Wu
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Julio Garcia
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Cardiac Sciences - Stephenson Cardiac Imaging Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Ian G Murphy
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ozair A Rahman
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Amir A Rahsepar
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Maria Aristova
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jeremy D Collins
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - James C Carr
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael Markl
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Abstract
Assessment of the intracranial flow is important for the understanding and management of cerebral vascular diseases. From brain aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations lesions to intracranial and cervical stenosis, the appraisal of the blood flow can be crucial and influence positively on patients' management. The determination of the intracranial hemodynamics and the collateral pattern seems to play to a major role in the management of these lesions. 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging is a noninvasive phase contrast derived method that has been developed and applied in neurovascular diseases. It has a great potential if followed by further technical improvements and comprehensive and systematic clinical studies.
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Vestergaard MB, Lindberg U, Aachmann-Andersen NJ, Lisbjerg K, Christensen SJ, Rasmussen P, Olsen NV, Law I, Larsson HBW, Henriksen OM. Comparison of global cerebral blood flow measured by phase-contrast mapping MRI with 15 O-H 2 O positron emission tomography. J Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 45:692-699. [PMID: 27619317 PMCID: PMC5324556 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare mean global cerebral blood flow (CBF) measured by phase‐contrast mapping magnetic resonance imaging (PCM MRI) and by 15O‐H2O positron emission tomography (PET) in healthy subjects. PCM MRI is increasingly being used to measure mean global CBF, but has not been validated in vivo against an accepted reference technique. Materials and Methods Same‐day measurements of CBF by 15O‐H2O PET and subsequently by PCM MRI were performed on 22 healthy young male volunteers. Global CBF by PET was determined by applying a one‐tissue compartment model with measurement of the arterial input function. Flow was measured in the internal carotid and vertebral arteries by a noncardiac triggered PCM MRI sequence at 3T. The measured flow was normalized to total brain weight determined from a volume‐segmented 3D T1‐weighted anatomical MR‐scan. Results Mean CBF was 34.9 ± 3.4 mL/100 g/min measured by 15O‐H2O PET and 57.0 ± 6.8 mL/100 g/min measured by PCM MRI. The measurements were highly correlated (P = 0.0008, R2 = 0.44), although values obtained by PCM MRI were higher compared to 15O‐H2O PET (absolute and relative differences were 22.0 ± 5.2 mL/100 g/min and 63.4 ± 14.8%, respectively). Conclusion This study confirms the use of PCM MRI for quantification of global CBF, but also that PCM MRI systematically yields higher values relative to 15O‐H2O PET, probably related to methodological bias. Level of Evidence: 3 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:692–699.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Bitsch Vestergaard
- Functional Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Ulrich Lindberg
- Functional Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Niels Jacob Aachmann-Andersen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Lisbjerg
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Just Christensen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Rasmussen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Vidiendal Olsen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neuroanaesthesia, Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ian Law
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Bo Wiberg Larsson
- Functional Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark.,Institute for Clinical Medicine, The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Otto Mølby Henriksen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen, Denmark
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40
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Hage ZA, Alaraj A, Arnone GD, Charbel FT. Novel imaging approaches to cerebrovascular disease. Transl Res 2016; 175:54-75. [PMID: 27094991 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Imaging techniques available to the physician treating neurovascular disease have substantially grown over the past several decades. New techniques as well as advances in imaging modalities continuously develop and provide an extensive array of modalities to diagnose, characterize, and understand neurovascular pathology. Modern noninvasive neurovascular imaging is generally based on computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, or nuclear imaging and includes CT angiography, CT perfusion, xenon-enhanced CT, single-photon emission CT, positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance angiography, MR perfusion, functional magnetic resonance imaging with global and regional blood oxygen level dependent imaging, and magnetic resonance angiography with the use of the noninvasive optional vessel analysis software (River Forest, Ill). In addition to a brief overview of the technique, this review article discusses the clinical indications, advantages, and disadvantages of each of those modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad A Hage
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill, USA
| | - Ali Alaraj
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill, USA
| | - Gregory D Arnone
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill, USA
| | - Fady T Charbel
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill, USA.
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41
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Schnell S, Wu C, Ansari SA. Four-dimensional MRI flow examinations in cerebral and extracerebral vessels - ready for clinical routine? Curr Opin Neurol 2016; 29:419-28. [PMID: 27262148 PMCID: PMC4939804 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To evaluate the feasibility of 4-dimensional (4D) flow MRI for the clinical assessment of cerebral and extracerebral vascular hemodynamics in patients with neurovascular disease. RECENT FINDINGS 4D flow MRI has been applied in multiple studies to qualitatively and quantitatively study intracranial aneurysm blood flow for potential risk stratification and to assess treatment efficacy of various neurovascular lesions, including intraaneurysmal and parent artery blood flow after flow diverter stent placement and staged embolizations of arteriovenous malformations and vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations. Recently, the technique has been utilized to characterize age-related changes of normal cerebral hemodynamics in healthy individuals over a broad age range. SUMMARY 4D flow MRI is a useful tool for the noninvasive, volumetric and quantitative hemodynamic assessment of neurovascular disease without the need for gadolinium contrast agents. Further improvements are warranted to overcome technical limitations before broader clinical implementation. Current developments, such as advanced acceleration techniques (parallel imaging and compressed sensing) for faster data acquisition, dual or multiple velocity encoding strategies for more accurate arterial and venous flow quantification, ultrahigh-field strengths to achieve higher spatial resolution and streamlined postprocessing workflow for more efficient and standardized flow analysis, are promising advancements in 4D flow MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Schnell
- Dept. of Radiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Can Wu
- Dept. of Radiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Sameer A. Ansari
- Dept. of Radiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Dept. of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Dept. of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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42
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Villagomez Hoyos CA, Stuart MB, Hansen KL, Nielsen MB, Jensen JA. Accurate Angle Estimator for High-Frame-Rate 2-D Vector Flow Imaging. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2016; 63:842-853. [PMID: 27093598 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2016.2551689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a novel approach for estimating 2-D flow angles using a high-frame-rate ultrasound method. The angle estimator features high accuracy and low standard deviation (SD) over the full 360° range. The method is validated on Field II simulations and phantom measurements using the experimental ultrasound scanner SARUS and a flow rig before being tested in vivo. An 8-MHz linear array transducer is used with defocused beam emissions. In the simulations of a spinning disk phantom, a 360° uniform behavior on the angle estimation is observed with a median angle bias of 1.01° and a median angle SD of 1.8°. Similar results are obtained on a straight vessel for both simulations and measurements, where the obtained angle biases are below 1.5° with SDs around 1°. Estimated velocity magnitudes are also kept under 10% bias and 5% relative SD in both simulations and measurements. An in vivo measurement is performed on a carotid bifurcation of a healthy individual. A 3-s acquisition during three heart cycles is captured. A consistent and repetitive vortex is observed in the carotid bulb during systoles.
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43
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Rose MJ, Jarvis K, Chowdhary V, Barker AJ, Allen BD, Robinson JD, Markl M, Rigsby CK, Schnell S. Efficient method for volumetric assessment of peak blood flow velocity using 4D flow MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 44:1673-1682. [PMID: 27192153 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To test the feasibility and effectiveness of using maximum intensity plots (MIPs) based on 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) velocity data to assess systolic peak velocities in a cohort of bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS 4D flow MRI at 1.5T was performed on 51 BAV patients. MIPs were generated from the 4D flow MRI velocity data and used by two users to determine peak velocities in three regions of interest (ROIs): ascending aorta (AAo), aortic arch, and descending aorta. 4D flow MRI peak velocities in the AAo were compared to peak velocities recorded by 2D phase contrast MRI (2D PCMRI) in a subcohort of 36 patients and by Doppler echocardiography in a subcohort of 34 patients. 4D flow MRI peak velocities recorded by each observer were compared for all ROIs to test for interobserver variability. RESULTS 4D flow MRI recorded significantly higher velocities compared to 2D PCMRI (2.04 ± 0.71 m/s vs. 1.69 ± 0.79 m/s, 17.2% difference, P < 0.001) and similar velocities compared to Doppler echocardiography. There was excellent agreement between the observers, with a mean difference of 0.005 m/s and an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.98. CONCLUSION 4D flow MRI velocity MIPs allow for efficient measurement of peak velocities in BAV patients with higher accuracy than 2D PCMRI and similar accuracy to Doppler echocardiography. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:1673-1682.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Rose
- Department of Medical Imaging, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kelly Jarvis
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Varun Chowdhary
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alex J Barker
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bradley D Allen
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joshua D Robinson
- Department of Medical Imaging, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael Markl
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Cynthia K Rigsby
- Department of Medical Imaging, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Susanne Schnell
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Improved Semiautomated 4D Flow MRI Analysis in the Aorta in Patients With Congenital Aortic Valve Anomalies Versus Tricuspid Aortic Valves. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2016; 40:102-8. [PMID: 26466113 DOI: 10.1097/rct.0000000000000312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to systematically investigate a newly developed semiautomated workflow for the analysis of aortic 4-dimensional flow MRI and its ability to detect hemodynamic differences in patients with congenitally altered aortic valve (bicuspid or quadricuspid valves) compared with tricuspid aortic valves. METHODS Four-dimensional flow MRI data were acquired in 20 patients with aortic dilatation (9 tricuspid aortic valves, 11 congenitally altered aortic valves). A semiautomated workflow was evaluated regarding interobserver variability, accuracy of net flow, regurgitant fraction and peak systolic velocity, and the ability to detect differences between cohorts. Results were compared with manual segmentation of vessel contours. RESULTS Despite the significantly reduced analysis time, a good interobserver agreement was found for net flow and peak systolic velocity, and a moderate agreement was found for regurgitation. Significant differences in peak velocities in the descending aorta (P = 0.014) could be detected. CONCLUSIONS Four-dimensional flow MRI-based semiautomated analysis of aortic hemodynamics can be performed with good reproducibility and accuracy.
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Turski P, Scarano A, Hartman E, Clark Z, Schubert T, Rivera L, Wu Y, Wieben O, Johnson K. Neurovascular 4DFlow MRI (Phase Contrast MRA): emerging clinical applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40809-016-0019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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Investigation of hemodynamics during cardiopulmonary bypass: A multiscale multiphysics fluid–structure-interaction study. Med Eng Phys 2016; 38:380-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Schmitter S, Schnell S, Uğurbil K, Markl M, Van de Moortele PF. Towards high-resolution 4D flow MRI in the human aorta using kt-GRAPPA and B1+ shimming at 7T. J Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 44:486-99. [PMID: 26841070 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the feasibility of aortic 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 7T with improved spatial resolution using kt-GRAPPA acceleration while restricting acquisition time and to address radiofrequency (RF) excitation heterogeneities with B1+ shimming. MATERIALS AND METHODS 4D flow MRI data were obtained in the aorta of eight subjects using a 16-channel transmit/receive coil array at 7T. Flow quantification and acquisition time were compared for a kt-GRAPPA accelerated (R = 5) and a standard GRAPPA (R = 2) accelerated protocol. The impact of different dynamic B1+ shimming strategies on flow quantification was investigated. Two kt-GRAPPA accelerated protocols with 1.2 × 1.2 × 1.2 mm(3) and 1.8 × 1.8 × 2.4 mm(3) spatial resolution were compared. RESULTS Using kt-GRAPPA, we achieved a 4.3-fold reduction in net acquisition time resulting in scan times of about 10 minutes. No significant effect on flow quantification was observed compared to standard GRAPPA with R = 2. Optimizing the B1+ fields for the aorta impacted significantly (P < 0.05) the flow quantification while specific B1+ settings were required for respiration navigators. The high-resolution protocol yielded similar flow quantification, but allowed the depiction of branching vessels. CONCLUSION 7T in combination with B1+ shimming allows for high-resolution 4D flow MRI acquisitions in the human aorta, while kt-GRAPPA limits total scan times without affecting flow quantification. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:486-499.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schmitter
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Susanne Schnell
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kâmil Uğurbil
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael Markl
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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48
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Computational study of the fluid-dynamics in carotids before and after endarterectomy. J Biomech 2016; 49:26-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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49
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Ištvanić T, Vrselja Z, Brkić H, Radić R, Lekšan I, Curic G. Extended Eversion Carotid Endarterectomy: Computation of Hemodynamics. Ann Vasc Surg 2015; 29:1598-605. [PMID: 26319145 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2015.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke prevention includes surgery for significant stenosis of internal carotid artery (ICA). Consensus on a standard approach lacks and one alternative approach is eversion carotid endarterectomy (eCEA). To overcome disadvantages of eCEA, we developed extended-eversion carotid endarterectomy (exeCEA). Aiming to investigate hemodynamics after different surgical approaches, we created computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models of exeCEA and eCEA with included progressing lumen narrowing, representation of artery restenosis at the incision line. METHODS Blood flow velocities, volume flow rates, and wall shear stress (WSS) were established in carotid arteries from models of eCEA and exeCEA with included increasing groove (1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 mm) at the "incision line", under input pressure of 120 and 150 mm Hg. RESULTS For the corresponding restenosis grade, models of exeCEA had a larger orifice toward ICA, lower blood flow velocities and higher volume flow rates in ICA, with lower volume flow rates in external carotid artery. WSS values in ICA of exeCEA models were lower than in eCEA models, later reaching the thrombotic range. CONCLUSIONS CFD showed better hemodynamic properties in exeCEA models, indicating presented approach might be better at preserving brain perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Ištvanić
- Department of Vascular Surgery of Clinic for Surgery, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Zvonimir Vrselja
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Brkić
- Department of Biophysics, Medical Statistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Radivoje Radić
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Igor Lekšan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Goran Curic
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.
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Dyverfeldt P, Bissell M, Barker AJ, Bolger AF, Carlhäll CJ, Ebbers T, Francios CJ, Frydrychowicz A, Geiger J, Giese D, Hope MD, Kilner PJ, Kozerke S, Myerson S, Neubauer S, Wieben O, Markl M. 4D flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance consensus statement. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2015; 17:72. [PMID: 26257141 PMCID: PMC4530492 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-015-0174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 543] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulsatile blood flow through the cavities of the heart and great vessels is time-varying and multidirectional. Access to all regions, phases and directions of cardiovascular flows has formerly been limited. Four-dimensional (4D) flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has enabled more comprehensive access to such flows, with typical spatial resolution of 1.5×1.5×1.5 - 3×3×3 mm(3), typical temporal resolution of 30-40 ms, and acquisition times in the order of 5 to 25 min. This consensus paper is the work of physicists, physicians and biomedical engineers, active in the development and implementation of 4D Flow CMR, who have repeatedly met to share experience and ideas. The paper aims to assist understanding of acquisition and analysis methods, and their potential clinical applications with a focus on the heart and greater vessels. We describe that 4D Flow CMR can be clinically advantageous because placement of a single acquisition volume is straightforward and enables flow through any plane across it to be calculated retrospectively and with good accuracy. We also specify research and development goals that have yet to be satisfactorily achieved. Derived flow parameters, generally needing further development or validation for clinical use, include measurements of wall shear stress, pressure difference, turbulent kinetic energy, and intracardiac flow components. The dependence of measurement accuracy on acquisition parameters is considered, as are the uses of different visualization strategies for appropriate representation of time-varying multidirectional flow fields. Finally, we offer suggestions for more consistent, user-friendly implementation of 4D Flow CMR acquisition and data handling with a view to multicenter studies and more widespread adoption of the approach in routine clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter Dyverfeldt
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Malenka Bissell
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Oxford, UK.
| | - Alex J Barker
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA.
| | - Ann F Bolger
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
| | - Carl-Johan Carlhäll
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Tino Ebbers
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | | | - Alex Frydrychowicz
- Klinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Julia Geiger
- Department of Radiology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel Giese
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Michael D Hope
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
| | - Philip J Kilner
- NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK.
| | - Sebastian Kozerke
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Saul Myerson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Oxford, UK.
| | - Stefan Neubauer
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Oxford, UK.
| | - Oliver Wieben
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
| | - Michael Markl
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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