Involvement of the Olfactory Apparatus by Gliomas

Glioma with cribriform plate involvement in 6 dogs

Distinct patterns of local infiltration are a common feature of canine oligodendroglioma and astrocytoma, and typically involve the surrounding neuroparenchyma, ventricles, or leptomeninges. Infiltration of adjacent extraneural sites is rare and has not been well documented in veterinary medicine. Here we describe 6 canine gliomas with cribriform plate involvement (compression or infiltration) and caudal nasal invasion confirmed by neuroimaging, autopsy, and/or histology. All affected dogs were adults (9-12-y-old), and 3 were brachycephalic. Clinical signs were associated with the brain tumor, with no respiratory signs reported. Magnetic resonance imaging in 2 patients revealed a rostral intraparenchymal telencephalic mass with extension into the cribriform plate. All dogs were euthanized. Gross changes consisted of poorly demarcated, white or pale-yellow, soft, and, in oligodendrogliomas, gelatinous, intraparenchymal masses that expanded the rostral portions of the telencephalon and adhered firmly to the ethmoid bone and cribriform plate. Gliomas were classified as high-grade oligodendrogliomas (4 cases) and high-grade astrocytomas (2 cases) based on histology and immunohistochemistry for OLIG2 and GFAP. In all cases, there was evidence of cribriform plate invasion and, in one case, additional invasion of the caudal nasal cavity.

Comprehensive omics analyses profile genesets related with tumor heterogeneity of multifocal glioblastomas and reveal LIF/CCL2 as biomarkers for mesenchymal subtype

Rationale: Around 10%-20% patients with glioblastoma (GBM) are diagnosed with more than one tumor lesions or multifocal GBM (mGBM). However, the understanding on genetic, DNA methylomic, and transcriptomic characteristics of mGBM is still limited.

Methods: In this study, we collected nine tumor foci from three mGBM patients followed by whole genome sequencing, whole genome bisulfite sequencing, RNA sequencing, and immunohistochemistry. The data were further examined using public GBM databases and GBM cell line.

Results: Analysis on genetic data confirmed common features of GBM, including gain of chr.7 and loss of chr.10, loss of critical tumor suppressors, high frequency of PDGFA and EGFR amplification. Through profiling DNA methylome of individual tumor foci, we found that promoter methylation status of genes involved in detection of chemical stimulus, immune response, and Hippo/YAP1 pathway was significantly changed in mGBM. Although both CNV and promoter methylation alteration were involved in heterogeneity of different tumor foci from same patients, more CNV events than promoter hypomethylation events were shared by different tumor foci, implying CNV were relatively earlier than promoter methylation alteration during evolution of different tumor foci from same mGBM. Moreover, different tumor foci from same mGBM assumed different molecular subtypes and mesenchymal subtype was prevalent in mGBM, which might explain the worse prognosis of mGBM than single GBM. Interestingly, we noticed that LIF and CCL2 was tightly correlated with mesenchymal subtype tumor focus in mGBM and predicted poor survival of GBM patients. Treatment with LIF and CCL2 produced mesenchymal-like transcriptome in GBM cells.

Conclusions: Together, our work herein comprehensively profiled multi-omics features of mGBM and emphasized that components of extracellular microenvironment, such as LIF and CCL2, contributed to the evolution and prognosis of tumor foci in mGBM patients.