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Kasahara C, Tamura T, Wakai K, Tamada Y, Kato Y, Kubo Y, Okada R, Nagayoshi M, Hishida A, Imaeda N, Goto C, Otonari J, Ikezaki H, Nishida Y, Shimanoe C, Oze I, Koyanagi YN, Nakamura Y, Kusakabe M, Nishimoto D, Shimoshikiryo I, Suzuki S, Watanabe M, Ozaki E, Omichi C, Kuriki K, Takashima N, Miyagawa N, Arisawa K, Katsuura-Kamano S, Takeuchi K, Matsuo K. Association between consumption of small fish and all-cause mortality among Japanese: the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort Study. Public Health Nutr 2024; 27:e135. [PMID: 38698584 PMCID: PMC11148834 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980024000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although small fish are an important source of micronutrients, the relationship between their intake and mortality remains unclear. This study aimed to clarify the association between intake of small fish and all-cause and cause-specific mortality. DESIGN We used the data from a cohort study in Japan. The frequency of the intake of small fish was assessed using a validated FFQ. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) for all-cause and cause-specific mortality according to the frequency of the intake of small fish by sex were estimated using a Cox proportional hazard model with adjustments for covariates. SETTING The Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort Study. PARTICIPANTS A total of 80 802 participants (34 555 males and 46 247 females), aged 35-69 years. RESULTS During a mean follow-up of 9·0 years, we identified 2482 deaths including 1495 cancer-related deaths. The intake of small fish was statistically significantly and inversely associated with the risk of all-cause and cancer mortality in females. The multivariable-adjusted HR (95 % CI) in females for all-cause mortality according to the intake were 0·68 (0·55, 0·85) for intakes 1-3 times/month, 0·72 (0·57, 0·90) for 1-2 times/week and 0·69 (0·54, 0·88) for ≥ 3 times/week, compared with the rare intake. The corresponding HR (95 % CI) in females for cancer mortality were 0·72 (0·54, 0·96), 0·71 (0·53, 0·96) and 0·64 (0·46, 0·89), respectively. No statistically significant association was observed in males. CONCLUSIONS Intake of small fish may reduce the risk of all-cause and cancer mortality in Japanese females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinatsu Kasahara
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Tamura
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenji Wakai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yudai Tamada
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of International and Community Oral Health, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Kato
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoko Kubo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Rieko Okada
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mako Nagayoshi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Asahi Hishida
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Nahomi Imaeda
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Wellness, Shigakkan University, Obu, Japan
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chiho Goto
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Health and Nutrition, School of Health and Human Life, Nagoya Bunri University, Inazawa, Japan
| | - Jun Otonari
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ikezaki
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Comprehensive General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Faculty of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nishida
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | | | - Isao Oze
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuriko N Koyanagi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yohko Nakamura
- Cancer Prevention Center, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Miho Kusakabe
- Cancer Prevention Center, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Daisaku Nishimoto
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ippei Shimoshikiryo
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
- Environmental Epidemiology Section, Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Sadao Suzuki
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Miki Watanabe
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Etsuko Ozaki
- Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chie Omichi
- Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Kiyonori Kuriki
- Laboratory of Public Health, Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Takashima
- Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Naoko Miyagawa
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kokichi Arisawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Sakurako Katsuura-Kamano
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kenji Takeuchi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of International and Community Oral Health, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
- Division for Regional Community Development, Liaison Center for Innovative Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Mitchell E, Comerford K, Knight M, McKinney K, Lawson Y. A review of dairy food intake for improving health among black adults in the US. J Natl Med Assoc 2024; 116:253-273. [PMID: 38378306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnma.2024.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The adult life stage encompasses a range of new experiences, opportunities, and responsibilities that impact health and well-being. During this life stage, health disparities continue to increase for Black Americans, with Black adults having a disproportionate burden of obesity, chronic diseases, comorbidities, and worse treatment outcomes compared to their White peers. While many of the underlying factors for these disparities can be linked to longstanding sociopolitical factors such as systemic racism, food insecurity, and poor access to healthcare, there are also several modifiable risk factors that are known to significantly impact health outcomes, such as improving diet quality, increasing physical activity, and not smoking. Of all the modifiable risk factors known to impact health, improving dietary habits is the factor most consistently associated with better outcomes for body weight and chronic disease. Of the major food groups recommended by the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) for achieving healthier dietary patterns, dairy foods have a nutrient profile which matches most closely to what Black Americans are inadequately consuming (e.g., vitamin A, vitamin D, calcium, magnesium). However, Black adults tend to consume less than half the recommended daily servings of dairy foods, in part, due to issues with lactose intolerance, making higher intake of dairy foods an ideal target for improving diet quality and health in this population. This review examines the current body of evidence exploring the links between dairy intake, obesity, cardiometabolic disease risk, chronic kidney disease, and the most common types of cancer, with a special focus on health and disparities among Black adults. Overall, the evidence from most systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses published in the last decade on dairy intake and health outcomes has been conducted on White populations and largely excluded research on Black populations. The findings from this extensive body of research indicate that when teamed with an energy-restricted diet, meeting or exceeding the DGA recommended 3 daily servings of dairy foods is associated with better body weight and composition outcomes and lower rates of most common chronic diseases than lower intake (<2 servings per day). In addition to the number of daily servings consumed, the specific types (e.g., milk, yogurt, cheese) and subtypes (e.g., low-fat, fermented, fortified) consumed have also been shown to play major roles in how these foods impact health. For example, higher intake of fermented dairy foods (e.g., yogurt) and vitamin D fortified dairy products appear to have the most protective effects for reducing chronic disease risk. Along with lactose-free milk and cheese, yogurt is also generally low in lactose, making it an excellent option for individuals with lactose intolerance, who are trying to meet the DGA recommendations for dairy food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Mitchell
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer at Jefferson, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kevin Comerford
- OMNI Nutrition Science, California Dairy Research Foundation, Davis, CA, United States.
| | - Michael Knight
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington D.C., United States
| | - Kevin McKinney
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Yolanda Lawson
- Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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Wimalawansa SJ. Physiological Basis for Using Vitamin D to Improve Health. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1542. [PMID: 37371637 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is essential for life-its sufficiency improves metabolism, hormonal release, immune functions, and maintaining health. Vitamin D deficiency increases the vulnerability and severity of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cancer, obesity, and infections. The active enzyme that generates vitamin D [calcitriol: 1,25(OH)2D], CYP27B1 (1α-hydoxylase), and its receptors (VDRs) are distributed ubiquitously in cells. Once calcitriol binds with VDRs, the complexes are translocated to the nucleus and interact with responsive elements, up- or down-regulating the expression of over 1200 genes and modulating metabolic and physiological functions. Administration of vitamin D3 or correct metabolites at proper doses and frequency for longer periods would achieve the intended benefits. While various tissues have different thresholds for 25(OH)D concentrations, levels above 50 ng/mL are necessary to mitigate conditions such as infections/sepsis, cancer, and reduce premature deaths. Cholecalciferol (D3) (not its metabolites) should be used to correct vitamin D deficiency and raise serum 25(OH)D to the target concentration. In contrast, calcifediol [25(OH)D] raises serum 25(OH)D concentrations rapidly and is the agent of choice in emergencies such as infections, for those who are in ICUs, and for insufficient hepatic 25-hydroxylase (CYP2R1) activity. In contrast, calcitriol is necessary to maintain serum-ionized calcium concentration in persons with advanced renal failure and hypoparathyroidism. Calcitriol is, however, ineffective in most other conditions, including infections, and as vitamin D replacement therapy. Considering the high costs and higher incidence of adverse effects due to narrow therapeutic margins (ED50), 1α-vitamin D analogs, such as 1α-(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D, should not be used for other conditions. Calcifediol analogs cost 20 times more than D3-thus, they are not indicated as a routine vitamin D supplement for hypovitaminosis D, osteoporosis, or renal failure. Healthcare workers should resist accepting inappropriate promotions, such as calcifediol for chronic renal failure and calcitriol for osteoporosis or infections-there is no physiological rationale for doing so. Maintaining the population's vitamin D sufficiency (above 40 ng/mL) with vitamin D3 supplements and/or daily sun exposure is the most cost-effective way to reduce chronic diseases and sepsis, overcome viral epidemics and pandemics, and reduce healthcare costs. Furthermore, vitamin D sufficiency improves overall health (hence reducing absenteeism), reduces the severity of chronic diseases such as metabolic and cardiovascular diseases and cancer, decreases all-cause mortality, and minimizes infection-related complications such as sepsis and COVID-19-related hospitalizations and deaths. Properly using vitamin D is the most cost-effective way to reduce chronic illnesses and healthcare costs: thus, it should be a part of routine clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil J Wimalawansa
- Medicine, Endocrinology & Nutrition, Cardio Metabolic Institute, (Former) Rutgers University, North Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Cherrie JW, Cherrie MPC. Workplace exposure to UV radiation and strategies to minimize cancer risk. Br Med Bull 2022; 144:45-56. [PMID: 35973164 PMCID: PMC9744745 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Workplace exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) causes malignant melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The evidence for beneficial effects of solar UV exposure in reducing the risks for other cancers is increasing. The intensity of UV radiation at the Earth's surface is dependent on latitude, but even in northern European countries exposure can be high enough for outdoor work to cause skin cancer. GROWING POINTS Awareness of the health risks and benefits of occupational solar UV exposure is poor. Actions to reduce the risk of skin cancer have been identified and employers should recognize their responsibility to actively manage these risks. There is evidence for reduced risks for breast, ovarian and colorectal cancer and possibly other cancers linked to solar UV exposure. SOURCES OF DATA This narrative review draws on published scientific articles and material designed to assist identifying strategies to protect workers from solar UV exposure. AREAS OF AGREEMENT Solar UV exposure can be harmful. Wavelengths in the UVB range are more effective in causing erythema and DNA damage. Solar UV is the main source of vitamin D for most people. Primary and secondary prevention for skin cancer can potentially eliminate these risks but the evidence for effectiveness is limited. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY Potential health benefits of UV exposure, particularly for reduced cancer risk. Determining and communicating optimal exposure to maximize health benefits. The risk of non-melanoma skin cancers may be more than doubled for some workers in temperate latitudes. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH Exposure-response epidemiological studies; studies of the health benefits of occupational UV exposure; studies of the effectiveness of intervention strategies to prevent skin cancer. Use of low-cost UV sensors in workplaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Cherrie
- IOM, Research Avenue North, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK.,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
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Montégut L, de Cabo R, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G. Science-Driven Nutritional Interventions for the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer. Cancer Discov 2022; 12:2258-2279. [PMID: 35997502 PMCID: PMC10749912 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-22-0504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In population studies, dietary patterns clearly influence the development, progression, and therapeutic response of cancers. Nonetheless, interventional dietary trials have had relatively little impact on the prevention and treatment of malignant disease. Standardization of nutritional interventions combined with high-level mode-of-action studies holds the promise of identifying specific entities and pathways endowed with antineoplastic properties. Here, we critically review the effects of caloric restriction and more specific interventions on macro- and micronutrients in preclinical models as well as in clinical studies. We place special emphasis on the prospect of using defined nutrition-relevant molecules to enhance the efficacy of established anticancer treatments. SIGNIFICANCE The avoidance of intrinsically hypercaloric and toxic diets contributes to the prevention and cure of cancer. In addition, specific diet-induced molecules such as ketone bodies and micronutrients, including specific vitamins, have drug-like effects that are clearly demonstrable in preclinical models, mostly in the context of immunotherapies. Multiple trials are underway to determine the clinical utility of such molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Montégut
- Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Institut Universitaire de France, Inserm U1138, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, ClinicObiome, Villejuif, France
- INSERM U1015, Paris, France
- Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
- Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) BIOTHERIS, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Institut Universitaire de France, Inserm U1138, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Department of Biology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
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Lavorgna TR, Hussein M, Issa PP, Toraih E, Kandil E. Ultraviolet Light Exposure Decreases Thyroid Cancer Risk: A National Perspective. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102452. [PMID: 36289713 PMCID: PMC9598664 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) light has been reported to have both pro-oncogenic and anti-oncogenic effects. Since patient pigmentation can influence the role of UV light exposure, we thought to investigate the recent trends in thyroid cancer incidence and survival with an emphasis on patient race and UV exposure. Patients diagnosed with thyroid cancer from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database were identified. A total of 284,178 patients were enrolled. Data were stratified according to population sex, race, and state. UV exposure data in Watt-Hours Per Square Meter for the state were obtained from the National Cancer Institute Cancer Atlas. Thyroid cancer incidence rate varied by race, ranging from 14.9 cases per 100,000 in Asian or Pacific Islanders and 14.7 per 100,000 in Caucasians, to 8.7 per 100,000 in African American and 8.0 per 100,000 in Native Americans. UV exposure was negatively correlated with thyroid cancer incidence when analyzed across all populations (r = −0.299, p = 0.035). UV exposure was most steeply negatively correlated with thyroid cancer rates in Black populations (r = −0.56, p < 0.001). Despite this, Black men had the worst 5-year survival rate when compared to other ethnic populations. Overall, UV exposure does not increase the risk of thyroid cancer and may serve as a protective factor in the development of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Hussein
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Peter P. Issa
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Eman Toraih
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Genetics Unit, Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-504-988-2301; Fax: +1-504-988-4762
| | - Emad Kandil
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Mego M, Vlkova B, Minarik G, Cierna Z, Karaba M, Benca J, Sedlackova T, Cholujova D, Gronesova P, Kalavska K, Pindak D, Mardiak J, Celec P. Vitamin D and circulating tumor cells in primary breast cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:950451. [PMID: 36158648 PMCID: PMC9489852 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.950451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) contribute to the metastatic cascade and represent an independent survival predictor in breast cancer (BC) patients. Vitamin D has pleiotropic effects, and its low concentrations are associated with breast cancer and metastasis. The aim of this study was to assess plasma vitamin D in primary BC patients in relation to CTCs. Methods This study included 91 non-metastatic BC patients (stage I–III) and 24 healthy donors. Blood samples for the analyses were drawn at the time of surgery. CTCs were assessed using a quantitative RT-PCR assay for expression of epithelial (CK19) or epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) genes (TWIST1, SNAIL1, SLUG, and ZEB1). Total 25-OH vitamin D was measured in plasma using ELISA. Plasma cytokines and angiogenic factors were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Results CTCs were detected in 30 (33%) patients. Patients with detectable CTCs in peripheral blood had significantly lower vitamin D concentrations in comparison to patients without detectable CTCs ((mean ± SD) 8.50 ± 3.89 µg/L for CTC-positive vs 9.69 ± 3.49 µg/L for CTC-negative patients, p = 0.03). The mean ( ± SD) vitamin D plasma level was 9.3 ± 3.65 µg/L for breast cancer patients compared to 18.6 ± 6.8 for healthy donors (p < 0.000001). There was no association between plasma vitamin D and other patient/tumor characteristics. Plasma vitamin D levels are inversely correlated with plasma TGF-β1, TGF-β2, IL β, IL-5, and eotaxin (all p < 0.05). Patients with vitamin D above the median had a better overall survival (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.36, 95% CI 0.16–0.80, p = 0.017), and combined analysis showed the best survival for CTC-negative patients with vitamin D levels above the median as compared to patients with opposite characteristics (HR = 0.18, 95% CI 0.05–0.63, p = 0.004). Conclusions Low vitamin D could be a consequence and hence a biomarker of a more invasive disease. Alternatively, vitamin D could be associated with survival because of its role in tumor dissemination. Whether its supplementation affects the metastatic cascade should be tested in animal experiments and interventional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Mego
- 2Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Translational Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
- *Correspondence: Michal Mego,
| | - Barbora Vlkova
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gabriel Minarik
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Cierna
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Pathology, Faculty Hospital, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Marian Karaba
- Department of Oncosurgery, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Benca
- Department of Oncosurgery, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Medicine, St. Elizabeth University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tatiana Sedlackova
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dana Cholujova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Paulina Gronesova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Kalavska
- Translational Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Daniel Pindak
- Department of Oncosurgery, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Oncosurgery, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Mardiak
- 2Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Celec
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Entrenas-Castillo M, Salinero-González L, Entrenas-Costa LM, Andújar-Espinosa R. Calcifediol for Use in Treatment of Respiratory Disease. Nutrients 2022; 14:2447. [PMID: 35745177 PMCID: PMC9231174 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcifediol is the prohormone of the vitamin D endocrine system (VDES). It requires hydroxylation to move to 1,25(OH)2D3 or calcitriol, the active form that exerts its functions by activating the vitamin D receptor (VDR) that is expressed in many organs, including the lungs. Due to its rapid oral absorption and because it does not require first hepatic hydroxylation, it is a good option to replace the prevalent deficiency of vitamin D (25 hydroxyvitamin D; 25OHD), to which patients with respiratory pathologies are no strangers. Correcting 25OHD deficiency can decrease the risk of upper respiratory infections and thus improve asthma and COPD control. The same happens with other respiratory pathologies and, in particular, COVID-19. Calcifediol may be a good option for raising 25OHD serum levels quickly because the profile of inflammatory cytokines exhibited by patients with inflammatory respiratory diseases, such as asthma, COPD or COVID-19, can increase the degradation of the active metabolites of the VDES. The aim of this narrative revision is to report the current evidence on the role of calcifediol in main respiratory diseases. In conclusion, good 25OHD status may have beneficial effects on the clinical course of respiratory diseases, including COVID-19. This hypothesis should be confirmed in large, randomized trials. Otherwise, a rapid correction of 25(OH)D deficiency can be useful for patients with respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Entrenas-Castillo
- Pneumology Department, Hospital QuironSalud, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- School of Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Luis M Entrenas-Costa
- Pneumology Department, Hospital QuironSalud, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- School of Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Rubén Andújar-Espinosa
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain
- Medicine Department, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
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