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Wiener A, Rohr CS, Naor N, Villringer A, Okon-Singer H. Emotion Regulation in Essential Hypertension: Roles of Anxiety, Stress, and the Pulvinar. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:80. [PMID: 32547376 PMCID: PMC7270409 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Avigail Wiener
- Department of Psychology, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBR), University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Christiane S Rohr
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Navot Naor
- Department of Psychology,University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Arno Villringer
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hadas Okon-Singer
- Department of Psychology, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBR), University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Wiener A, Goldstein P, Alkoby O, Doenyas K, Okon‐Singer H. Blood pressure reaction to negative stimuli: Insights from continuous recording and analysis. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13525. [PMID: 31922263 PMCID: PMC7078923 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with a tendency toward abnormally enhanced cardiovascular responses to stress are at greater risk of developing essential hypertension later in life. Accurate profiling of continuous blood pressure (BP) reactions in healthy populations is crucial for understanding normal and abnormal emotional reaction patterns. To this end, we examined the continuous time course of BP reactions to aversive pictures among healthy participants. In two experiments, we showed participants negative and neutral pictures while simultaneously measuring their continuous BP and heart rate (HR) reactions. In this study, BP reactions were analyzed continuously, in contrast to previous studies, in which BP responses were averaged across blocks. To compare time points along a temporal continuum, we applied a multi-level B-spline model, which is innovative in the context of BP analysis. Additionally, HR was similarly analyzed in order to examine its correlation with BP. Both experiments revealed a similar pattern of BP reactivity and association with HR. In line with previous studies, a decline in BP and HR levels was found in response to negative pictures compared to neutral pictures. In addition, in both conditions, we found an unexpected elevation of BP toward the end of the stimuli exposure period. These findings may be explained by the recruitment of attention resources in the presence of negative stimuli, which is alleviated toward the end of the stimulation. This study highlights the importance of continuous measurement and analysis for characterizing the time course of BP reactivity to emotional stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avigail Wiener
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of HaifaHaifaIsrael
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBR)University of HaifaHaifaIsrael
| | - Pavel Goldstein
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and the Institute for Cognitive ScienceUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColorado USA
- School of Public HealthUniversity of HaifaHaifaIsrael
| | - Oren Alkoby
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of HaifaHaifaIsrael
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBR)University of HaifaHaifaIsrael
| | - Keren Doenyas
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionAssaf Harofeh Medical Center, Sackler School of MedicineTel‐Aviv UniversityTel‐AvivIsrael
- Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and ResearchAssaf Harofeh Medical CenterTel‐Aviv UniversityTel‐AvivIsrael
| | - Hadas Okon‐Singer
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of HaifaHaifaIsrael
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBR)University of HaifaHaifaIsrael
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Lemche E, Chaban OS, Lemche AV. Neuroendocrinological and Epigenetic Mechanisms Subserving Autonomic Imbalance and HPA Dysfunction in the Metabolic Syndrome. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:142. [PMID: 27147943 PMCID: PMC4830841 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Impact of environmental stress upon pathophysiology of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been substantiated by epidemiological, psychophysiological, and endocrinological studies. This review discusses recent advances in the understanding of causative roles of nutritional factors, sympathomedullo-adrenal (SMA) and hypothalamic-pituitary adrenocortical (HPA) axes, and adipose tissue chronic low-grade inflammation processes in MetS. Disturbances in the neuroendocrine systems for leptin, melanocortin, and neuropeptide Y (NPY)/agouti-related protein systems have been found resulting directly in MetS-like conditions. The review identifies candidate risk genes from factors shown critical for the functioning of each of these neuroendocrine signaling cascades. In its meta-analytic part, recent studies in epigenetic modification (histone methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination) and posttranscriptional gene regulation by microRNAs are evaluated. Several studies suggest modification mechanisms of early life stress (ELS) and diet-induced obesity (DIO) programming in the hypothalamic regions with populations of POMC-expressing neurons. Epigenetic modifications were found in cortisol (here HSD11B1 expression), melanocortin, leptin, NPY, and adiponectin genes. With respect to adiposity genes, epigenetic modifications were documented for fat mass gene cluster APOA1/C3/A4/A5, and the lipolysis gene LIPE. With regard to inflammatory, immune and subcellular metabolism, PPARG, NKBF1, TNFA, TCF7C2, and those genes expressing cytochrome P450 family enzymes involved in steroidogenesis and in hepatic lipoproteins were documented for epigenetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Lemche
- Section of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London London, UK
| | - Oleg S Chaban
- Section of Psychosomatic Medicine, Bogomolets National Medical University Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Alexandra V Lemche
- Department of Medical Science, Institute of Clinical Research Berlin, Germany
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Austin AW, Kushnick MR, Knutson MJ, McGlynn ML, Patterson SM. Resting Plasma Lipids and Cardiovascular Reactivity to Acute Psychological Stress. J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Prior research suggests that hyperlipidemia is associated with elevated blood pressure responses to acute stress but whether lipid levels influence underlying cardiac and vascular determinants of blood pressure during stress is not known. Thus, we examined whether lipids were associated with stress-induced blood pressure responses and responses of stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), and total peripheral resistance (TPR). In 19 healthy university students (15 men), blood was drawn to measure lipid levels (triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-c], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-c], total cholesterol) after a 10-min rest period. Participants then completed a 6-min mental arithmetic stressor and a 3-min cold pressor (separated by a 10-min recovery). This procedure was repeated twice, approximately 6 weeks apart. Lipids and hemodynamic values were averaged across the two sessions. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that a model including LDL-c, HDL-c, and triglycerides significantly predicted diastolic blood pressure (DBP), R2adj = .45, p = .007, and systolic blood pressure (SBP) cold pressor reactivity, R2adj = .35, p = .023. Individually, only LDL-c significantly predicted DBP, β = .64, p = .003, and SBP cold pressor reactivity, β = .64, p = .005. The same model marginally predicted CO, R2adj = .24, p = .069, and TPR, R2adj = 21, p = .091, reactivity to mental arithmetic, but only triglycerides were independently associated with CO, β = −.63, p = .012, and TPR, β = .54, p = .029 reactivity. Lipids were not associated with heart rate (HR) or SV reactivity. LDL-c was positively associated with the blood pressure response to the cold pressor, whereas triglycerides were positively and negatively associated with the TPR and CO responses, respectively, to mental arithmetic. Endothelial dysfunction and greater release of vasoconstrictors in those with high lipids may explain these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W. Austin
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, AR, USA
| | - Michael R. Kushnick
- School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratories, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Michael J. Knutson
- School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratories, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Mark L. McGlynn
- School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratories, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
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Daubert DL, Looney BM, Clifton RR, Cho JN, Scheuer DA. Elevated corticosterone in the dorsal hindbrain increases plasma norepinephrine and neuropeptide Y, and recruits a vasopressin response to stress. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R212-24. [PMID: 24829502 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00326.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Repeated stress and chronically elevated glucocorticoids cause exaggerated cardiovascular responses to novel stress, elevations in baseline blood pressure, and increased risk for cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized that elevated corticosterone (Cort) within the dorsal hindbrain (DHB) would: 1) enhance arterial pressure and neuroendocrine responses to novel and repeated restraint stress, 2) increase c-Fos expression in regions of the brain involved in sympathetic stimulation during stress, and 3) recruit a vasopressin-mediated blood pressure response to acute stress. Small pellets made of 10% Cort were implanted on the surface of the DHB in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Blood pressure was measured by radiotelemetry. Cort concentration was increased in the DHB in Cort-treated compared with Sham-treated rats (60 ± 15 vs. 14 ± 2 ng Cort/g of tissue, P < 0.05). DHB Cort significantly increased the integrated arterial pressure response to 60 min of restraint stress on days 6, 13, and 14 following pellet implantation (e.g., 731 ± 170 vs. 1,204 ± 68 mmHg/60 min in Sham- vs. Cort-treated rats, day 6, P < 0.05). Cort also increased baseline blood pressure by day 15 (99 ± 2 vs. 108 ± 3 mmHg for Sham- vs. Cort-treated rats, P < 0.05) and elevated baseline plasma norepinephrine and neuropeptide Y concentrations. Cort significantly enhanced stress-induced c-Fos expression in vasopressin-expressing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and blockade of peripheral vasopressin V1 receptors attenuated the effect of DHB Cort to enhance the blood pressure response to restraint. These data indicate that glucocorticoids act within the DHB to produce some of the adverse cardiovascular consequences of chronic stress, in part, by a peripheral vasopressin-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy L Daubert
- University of Florida, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Benjamin M Looney
- University of Florida, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Rebekah R Clifton
- University of Florida, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jake N Cho
- University of Florida, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Deborah A Scheuer
- University of Florida, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Gainesville, Florida
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Abstract
Chronic stress causes elevations in glucocorticoid secretion and also increases the incidence of hypertension and other manifestations of cardiovascular disease. The extent to which the elevated glucocorticoids mediate the stress-associated increase in cardiovascular disease risk is unknown. Chronically elevated glucocorticoids can cause hypertension by acting in the periphery, but their effects within the brain on blood pressure regulation remain largely unexplored. We developed a method to produce selective chronic increases in the endogenous glucocorticoid corticosterone or the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone within the hindbrain region, which includes a key cardiovascular regulatory area, the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). Experiments were performed in male Sprague-Dawley, Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and borderline hypertensive rats (BHR). The results indicate that elevated exogenous corticosterone can act within the hindbrain to enhance the arterial pressure response to novel restraint stress and to reduce the gain and increase the mid-point of the arterial baroreflex. Basal levels of endogenous corticosterone have no effect on the arterial pressure response to stress in normotensive rats but enhance this response in BHR. Chronic stress-induced increases in baseline corticosterone enhance the arterial pressure response to stress in BHR but attenuate the adaptation of the response in WKY rats. Furthermore, an elevated corticosterone concentration within the hindbrain is necessary but not sufficient to cause glucocorticoid-induced hypertension. The effects of corticosterone within the hindbrain on blood pressure regulation are mediated in part by the glucocortiocid receptor, but are also likely to involve mineralocorticoid receptor-mediated effects and NTS catecholaminergic neurons. These data support the hypothesis that elevated glucocorticoids acting within the brain probably contribute to the adverse effects of stress on cardiovascular health in susceptible people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Scheuer
- University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Room M552, PO Box 100274, Gainesville, FL 32610-0274, USA.
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Bechtold AG, Patel G, Hochhaus G, Scheuer DA. Chronic blockade of hindbrain glucocorticoid receptors reduces blood pressure responses to novel stress and attenuates adaptation to repeated stress. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 296:R1445-54. [PMID: 19279295 PMCID: PMC2689825 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00095.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous glucocorticoids act within the hindbrain to enhance the arterial pressure response to acute novel stress. Here we tested the hypothesis that endogenous glucocorticoids act at hindbrain glucocorticoid receptors (GR) to augment cardiovascular responses to restraint stress in a model of stress hyperreactivity, the borderline hypertensive rat (BHR). A 3- to 4-mg pellet of the GR antagonist mifepristone (Mif) was implanted over the dorsal hindbrain (DHB) in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and BHRs. Control pellets consisted of either sham DHB or subcutaneous Mif pellets. Rats were either subjected to repeated restraint stress (chronic stress) or only handled (acute stress) for 3-4 wk, then all rats were stressed on the final day of the experiment. BHR showed limited adaptation of the arterial pressure response to restraint, and DHB Mif significantly (P = 0.05) attenuated the arterial pressure response to restraint in both acutely and chronically stressed BHR. In contrast, WKY exhibited a substantial adaptation of the pressure response to repeated restraint that was significantly reversed by DHB Mif. DHB Mif and chronic stress each significantly increased baseline plasma corticosterone concentration and adrenal weight and reduced the corticosterone response to stress in all rats. We conclude that endogenous corticosterone acts via hindbrain GR to enhance the arterial pressure response to stress in BHR, but to promote the adaptation of the arterial pressure response to stress in normotensive rats. Endogenous corticosterone also acts in the hindbrain to restrain corticosterone at rest but to maintain the corticosterone response to stress in both BHR and WKY rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea G Bechtold
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
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