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Razanajatovo IM, Andrianomiadana L, Habib A, Randrianarisoa MM, Razafimanjato H, Rakotondrainipiana M, Andriantsalama P, Randriamparany R, Andriamandimby SF, Vonaesch P, Sansonetti PJ, Lacoste V, Randremanana RV, Collard JM, Heraud JM. Factors Associated with Carriage of Enteropathogenic and Non-Enteropathogenic Viruses: A Reanalysis of Matched Case-Control Data from the AFRIBIOTA Site in Antananarivo, Madagascar. Pathogens 2023; 12:1009. [PMID: 37623969 PMCID: PMC10459613 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12081009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental Enteric Dysfunction (EED) is an associate driver of stunting in poor settings, and intestinal infections indirectly contribute to the pathophysiology underlying EED. Our work aimed at assessing whether enteric viral carriage is determinant to stunting. A total of 464 healthy and asymptomatic children, aged 2 to 5 years, were recruited, and classified as non-stunted, moderately stunted, or severely stunted. Among the recruited children, 329 stool samples were obtained and screened for enteric and non-enteric viruses by real-time polymerase chain reaction. We statistically tested for the associations between enteric viral and potential risk factors. Approximately 51.7% of the stool samples were positive for at least one virus and 40.7% were positive for non-enteric adenoviruses. No statistical difference was observed between virus prevalence and the growth status of the children. We did not find any statistically significant association between viral infection and most of the socio-demographic risk factors studied, except for having an inadequate food quality score or an over-nourished mother. In addition, being positive for Ascaris lumbricoides was identified as a protective factor against viral infection. In conclusion, we did not find evidence of a direct link between stunting and enteropathogenic viral carriage in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iony Manitra Razanajatovo
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (I.M.R.); (H.R.); (S.F.A.); (V.L.)
| | - Lova Andrianomiadana
- Experimental Bacteriology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar (A.H.); (J.-M.C.)
| | - Azimdine Habib
- Experimental Bacteriology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar (A.H.); (J.-M.C.)
| | - Mirella Malala Randrianarisoa
- Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (M.M.R.); (M.R.); (P.A.); (R.R.); (R.V.R.)
| | - Helisoa Razafimanjato
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (I.M.R.); (H.R.); (S.F.A.); (V.L.)
| | - Maheninasy Rakotondrainipiana
- Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (M.M.R.); (M.R.); (P.A.); (R.R.); (R.V.R.)
| | - Prisca Andriantsalama
- Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (M.M.R.); (M.R.); (P.A.); (R.R.); (R.V.R.)
| | - Ravaka Randriamparany
- Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (M.M.R.); (M.R.); (P.A.); (R.R.); (R.V.R.)
| | - Soa Fy Andriamandimby
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (I.M.R.); (H.R.); (S.F.A.); (V.L.)
| | - Pascale Vonaesch
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, 1002 Lausanne, Switzerland;
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Vincent Lacoste
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (I.M.R.); (H.R.); (S.F.A.); (V.L.)
| | - Rindra Vatosoa Randremanana
- Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (M.M.R.); (M.R.); (P.A.); (R.R.); (R.V.R.)
| | - Jean-Marc Collard
- Experimental Bacteriology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar (A.H.); (J.-M.C.)
| | - Jean-Michel Heraud
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (I.M.R.); (H.R.); (S.F.A.); (V.L.)
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Farahmand M, Khales P, Salavatiha Z, Sabaei M, Hamidzade M, Aminpanah D, Tavakoli A. Worldwide prevalence and genotype distribution of human astrovirus in gastroenteritis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2023:106209. [PMID: 37385570 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM Human astrovirus (HAstV) is an important causative agent of gastroenteritis in humans, which mainly infects young children and the elderly. The goal of this study was to conduct a meta-analytic review of the prevalence of HAstV amongst patients with gastroenteritis, and to shed light on the connection between HAstV infection and gastroenteritis. METHODS Systematic literature searches were conducted to identify all potentially relevant studies recorded up to April 8th, 2022. For study weighting, the inverse variance method was employed and the random-effects model was applied to evaluate data. For case-control studies, the pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to establish the relationship between HAstV infection and gastroenteritis. RESULTS Among 302423 gastroenteritis patients from 69 different countries, the overall pooled prevalence of HAstV infection was 3.48% (95% CI: 3.11%-3.89%). Case-control approach was used in 39 investigations, and the overall prevalence of HAstV infection among the 11342 healthy controls was 2.01% (95% CI: 1.40%-2.89%). Gastroenteritis and HAstV infection were associated with a pooled OR of 2.16 (95% CI: 1.72-2.71; P < 0.0001; I2 = 33.7%). The most commonly found HAstV genotypes in gastroenteritis patients were HAstV1 (62.18%), HAstV7 (33.33%), and HAstV-MLB1 (17.43%). CONCLUSION The frequency of HAstV infection was the highest in children under the age of five, and in developing countries. The prevalence rate of HAstV was not influenced by gender. Semi-nested and nested RT-PCR were highly sensitive assays for detecting HAstV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Farahmand
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Khales
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Salavatiha
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Sabaei
- Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Malihe Hamidzade
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Danesh Aminpanah
- Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Tavakoli
- Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Razizadeh MH, Pourrostami K, Kachooei A, Zarei M, Asghari M, Hamldar S, Khatami A. An annoying enteric virus: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of human astroviruses and gastrointestinal complications in children. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2389. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kumars Pourrostami
- Department of Pediatrics School of Medicine Alborz University of Medical Sciences Karaj Iran
- Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center Alborz University of Medical Sciences Karaj Iran
| | - Atefeh Kachooei
- Department of Virology Faculty of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Renal Division Harvard Medical School Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Milad Asghari
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Basic Science Tabriz Branch Islamic Azad University Tabriz Iran
| | - Shahrzad Hamldar
- Department of Virology Faculty of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Alireza Khatami
- Department of Virology Faculty of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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Human Astrovirus Outbreak in a Daycare Center and Propagation among Household Contacts. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061100. [PMID: 34207617 PMCID: PMC8229506 DOI: 10.3390/v13061100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis due to human astrovirus in a daycare center, describing the transmission mechanism, the most affected age groups, conditioning factors and the extent of the outbreak among household contacts of the daycare center attenders. Data were collected from persons exposed at the daycare center and their home contacts. Fecal samples from affected and non-affected daycare center attenders were analyzed for viruses causing acute gastroenteritis by RT-PCR. The percentage of households affected and the attack rates (AR) were calculated. The attack rates were compared using the rate ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals. Information was obtained from 245 people (76 attenders and 169 contacts) of whom 49 were clinical cases. Five HAstV-4, two HAstV-8 and three non-typable HAstV cases were identified (six from clinical cases and four from asymptomatic infected people). The global AR was 20% (41.2% in children aged < 2 years). Data were obtained from 67 households: 20 households of affected attenders and 47 of non-affected attendees. Household contacts of affected attenders had a higher AR (74.3%) than that of non-affected attendees (2.4%). We found asymptomatic infections amongst daycare attendees. The transmission of HAstV during the outbreak was not limited to the daycare center but extended to household contacts of both affected and non-affected attenders.
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Shrestha SK, Shrestha J, Andreassen AK, Strand TA, Dudman S, Dembinski JL. Genetic Diversity of Astrovirus in Children From a Birth Cohort in Nepal. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:588707. [PMID: 33613461 PMCID: PMC7893100 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.588707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study describes the types of Human astroviruses detected in stool samples collected from a birth cohort of children in Nepal. Methods: Using a commercial kit (ProSpecT), a total of 5,224 diarrheal and non-diarrheal stool samples were screened for Human astrovirus by ELISA. RT-PCR was performed on ELISA positive samples (2.8%) for further confirmation. The primary RT-PCR assay used targets the ORF2 region and detects human astrovirus type 1–8. Samples that were negative in this assay were further analyzed using primers that target the ORF1b region of human astrovirus which detect both classical type (HAstV 1–8) and novel types (MLB1–5, VA 1–5). PCR positive samples were analyzed by Sanger sequencing to determine the genotype. Results: A total of 148 available ELISA positive stool samples were analyzed by RT-PCR and further genotyped. RT-PCR analysis of these samples using the ORF2 and ORF1b assay revealed that 124 (84%) were positive for classical human types (HAstV 1–8). Seven different classical HAstV genotypes based on ORF2 and ORF1a were identified (HAstV 1- HAstV 8) with the greatest prevalence of HAstV 5 genotype (42.2%), followed by HAstV 1 (34.7%), HAstV 2 and HAstV 8 (7.4%), HAstV 4 (4.1%), HAstV 3 (3.3%), and HAstV 6 (0.8%). Non-classical types were not detected in our study. Conclusion: A high diversity of circulating Astrovirus strains were detected in young children, both with and without symptoms of gastroenteritis. HAstV 5 and HAstV 1 were the most common genotypes in young children in Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjaya Kumar Shrestha
- Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Walter Reed/Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences Research Unit Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Jasmin Shrestha
- Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Walter Reed/Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences Research Unit Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Tor A Strand
- Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Susanne Dudman
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Jeong HS, Jeong A, Cheon DS. Epidemiology of astrovirus infection in children. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2012; 55:77-82. [PMID: 22474461 PMCID: PMC3315622 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2012.55.3.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human astrovirus (HAstV) is a major cause of acute diarrhea among children, resulting in outbreaks of diarrhea and occasionally hospitalization. Improved surveillance and application of sensitive molecular diagnostics have further defined the impact of HAstV infections in children. These studies have shown that HAstV infections are clinically milder (diarrhea, vomiting, fever) than infections with other enteric agents. Among the 8 serotypes of HAstV identified, serotype 1 is the predominant strain worldwide. In addition to serotype 1, the detection rate of HAstV types 2 to 8 has increased by using newly developed assays. HAstV is less common compared with other major gastroenteritis viruses, including norovirus and rotavirus; however, it is a potentially important viral etiological agent with a significant role in acute gastroenteritis. A better understanding of the molecular epidemiology and characteristics of HAstV strains may be valuable to develop specific prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Sook Jeong
- Division of Enteric and Hepatitis Viruses, Center for Infectious Disease, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongwon, Korea
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Etiology and epidemiology of viral diarrhea in children under the age of five hospitalized in Tianjin, China. Arch Virol 2012; 157:881-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1235-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Jeong AY, Jeong HS, Jo MY, Jung SY, Lee MS, Lee JS, Jee YM, Kim JH, Cheon DS. Molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of human astrovirus in South Korea from 2002 to 2007. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17:404-8. [PMID: 20491833 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to survey the prevalence and genotypic distribution of human astrovirus (HAstV) circulating in South Korea. Of 160,027 patients with acute gastroenteritis, 2,057 (1.3%) were positive for HAstV antigen. We determined the genotypes of 187 HAstV strains collected from laboratories across the country. Genetic analysis revealed genotype 1 to be the most prevalent, accounting for 72.19% of the strains, followed by genotypes 8 (9.63%), 6 (6.95%), 4 (6.42%), 2 (3.21%) and 3 (1.60%). Our findings indicate that HAstV is less common but, even so, a potentially important viral agent of gastroenteritis in South Korea, with significant genetic diversity among circulating HAstV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Jeong
- Division of Enteric and Hepatitis Viruses, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Seoul, South Korea
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Acute gastroenteritis is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children in the developing world. With improvements in hygiene and sanitation, the burden of disease due to bacterial and parasitic infections has decreased and an increasing proportion of diarrhoea hospitalizations are attributed to viruses. This review focuses on enteric viruses and their role in childhood diarrhoea in the developing world. RECENT FINDINGS With the use of sensitive molecular techniques, it is evident that a significant proportion of childhood diarrhoea is attributable to enteric viruses, with at least one viral agent in nearly 43% of samples from childhood diarrhoea in developing countries. Rotaviruses remain the most common pathogens in children, followed by noroviruses in almost all countries. There is increasing evidence that both rotaviruses and caliciviruses spread beyond the gut in a large proportion of infections. SUMMARY The review highlights the importance of viral agents of gastroenteritis in developing countries. Wider use of molecular techniques is resulting in rapid identification of new or emerging strains and in the detection of extra-intestinal spread. There is a need to better understand susceptibility and immune response to these agents to be able to design suitable interventions.
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Sdiri-Loulizi K, Gharbi-Khelifi H, de Rougemont A, Hassine M, Chouchane S, Sakly N, Pothier P, Guédiche MN, Aouni M, Ambert-Balay K. Molecular epidemiology of human astrovirus and adenovirus serotypes 40/41 strains related to acute diarrhea in Tunisian children. J Med Virol 2009; 81:1895-902. [PMID: 19774695 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human astrovirus (AstV) and adenovirus types 40 and 41 (AdV 40/41) are responsible for epidemic and endemic acute gastroenteritis in children and adults. The present study was designed to evaluate the prevalence and genetic diversity of enteric viruses in children in Tunisia. A total of 788 fecal samples were collected during a 4-year period in the region of Monastir, from children under 12 years old, hospitalized or presenting in dispensaries with symptoms of acute gastroenteritis. AstV and AdV40/41 were detected by immunoenzymatic methods and confirmed by PCR/RT-PCR and sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analyses were performed for nucleotide homology with reference strains. AstV and AdV40/41 were characterized as a causative agent in 28 (3.6%) and 18 (2.3%) of the fecal samples, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the AstVs belonged to the serotypes 3 (n = 4; 14.3%) and 1 (n = 24; 85.7%), and the enteric AdVs to the serotypes 40 (n = 1; 5.6%) and 41 (n = 17; 94.4%). This is the first report that describes the molecular epidemiology of AstV and AdV40/41 in Tunisian children. Their respective detection rate was very low, far below that of rotavirus and norovirus. The genetic diversity among these two viruses is relatively limited and varies depending on the area.
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Andreasi MSA, Cardoso DDDDP, Fernandes SM, Tozetti IA, Borges AMT, Fiaccadori FS, Santos RAT, Souza M. Adenovirus, calicivirus and astrovirus detection in fecal samples of hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis from Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2008; 103:741-4. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762008000700020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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