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Gao Z, Ge C, Baker RC, Tikekar RV, Buchanan RL. Evaluation of Potential for Butyl and Heptyl Para-Hydroxybenzoate Enhancement of Thermal Inactivation of Cronobacter sakazakii during Rehydration of Powdered Infant Formula and Nonfat Dry Milk. J Food Prot 2022; 85:1133-1141. [PMID: 35588155 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-22-044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT In previous studies, parabens in model systems enhanced the thermal inactivation of foodborne pathogens, including Cronobacter sakazakii, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes. However, few studies have been conducted to evaluate this phenomenon in actual food systems. In the present study, the potential enhancement of thermal inactivation of C. sakazakii by butyl para-hydroxybenzoate (BPB) was evaluated in powdered infant formula (PIF) and nonfat dry milk (NFDM) in dry and rehydrated forms. When PIF was rehydrated with water at designated temperatures (65 to 80°C) in baby bottles, BPB did not enhance thermal inactivation. When rehydrated NFDM and lactose solutions with BPB were inoculated and heated at 58°C, BPB enhancement of thermal inactivation of C. sakazakii was negatively associated with the concentration of NFDM solutions in a dose-dependent manner, whereas thermal inactivation was enhanced in the presence of lactose regardless of its concentration, suggesting an interaction between proteins and BPB. Fluorescence testing further indicated an interaction between BPB and the proteins in PIF and NFDM. In inoculated dry NFDM with and without BPB stored at 24 and 55°C for 14 days, BPB did not substantially enhance bacterial inactivation. This study suggests that BPB is not likely to enhance mild thermal bacterial inactivation treatments in foods that have appreciable amounts of protein. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhujun Gao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Beijing 101047, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongtao Ge
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Beijing 101047, People's Republic of China
| | - Robert C Baker
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Beijing 101047, People's Republic of China
| | - Rohan V Tikekar
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Beijing 101047, People's Republic of China
| | - Robert L Buchanan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Beijing 101047, People's Republic of China.,Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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2
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Ke A, Parreira VR, Farber JM, Goodridge L. Selection of a Potential Synbiotic against Cronobacter sakazakii. J Food Prot 2022; 85:1240-1248. [PMID: 35435968 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-22-048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen that can be fatal to infants; it is commonly associated with powdered infant formula due to contamination during manufacturing processes or during preparation in hospitals or homes. This project aimed to select a potential synbiotic, a combination of probiotic strains with a prebiotic product, to inhibit the growth of C. sakazakii in an in vitro dynamic infant gut model (Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem). A total of 16 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were tested for their inhibitory properties against four different C. sakazakii strains by a zone of inhibition test. Lactobacillus and Pediococcus species were able to inhibit the growth (>15-mm inhibition zones) of all C. sakazakii strains tested, and only one strain from the two genera exhibited atypical resistance to tetracycline. All C. sakazakii strains and the selected LAB strains, which inhibited C. sakazakii and did not exhibit atypical antibiotic resistance, were grown in Luria-Bertani or de Man Rogosa Sharpe broth, respectively, containing 1% dextrose or 1% commercial prebiotic (w/v) to compare their ability to metabolize the prebiotic product. Overall, based on the growth inhibition of C. sakazakii, antibiotic susceptibility, and prebiotic metabolism, 6 of the 16 LAB were chosen to be part of a potential synbiotic. This study has provided valuable information that will help with the development of a synbiotic that can be used in powdered infant formula to reduce the potential for C. sakazakii-related illnesses in infants. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Ke
- Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Valeria R Parreira
- Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Jeffrey M Farber
- Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Lawrence Goodridge
- Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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Holý O, Alsonosi A, Hochel I, Röderová M, Zatloukalová S, Mlynárčik P, Kolář M, Petrželová J, Alazraq A, Chmelař D, Forsythe S. Antibiotic Susceptibility of Cronobacter spp. Isolated from Clinical Samples. Pol J Microbiol 2018; 68:5-14. [PMID: 31050248 PMCID: PMC7256753 DOI: 10.21307/pjm-2019-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. have been recognized as causative agents of various severe infections in pre-term or full-term infants as well as elderly adults suffering from serious underlying disease or malignancy. A surveillance study was designed to identify antibiotic resistance among clinical Cronobacter spp. strains, which were isolated from patients of two hospitals between May 2007 and August 2013. Altogether, 52 Cronobacter spp. isolates were analyzed. Although MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry recognized all Cronobacter sakazakii and Cronobacter malonaticus strains, it could not identify Cronobacter muytjensii strain. Nevertheless, all strains were identified as Cronobacter spp. using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Strains were tested against 17 types of antibiotics, using the standard microdilution method according to the 2018 European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing criteria. Three Cronobacter species were identified as C. sakazakii (n = 33), C. malonaticus (n = 18), and C. muytjensii (n = 1); all isolates were susceptible to all tested antibiotics. All strains were PCR-negative for blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M β-lactamase genes, as well. Even though the results of this study showed that Cronobacter spp. isolates were pan-susceptible, continued antibiotic resistance surveillance is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Holý
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Abdlrhman Alsonosi
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Sabha University , Sabha , Libya
| | - Igor Hochel
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Magdaléna Röderová
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Simona Zatloukalová
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Patrik Mlynárčik
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Milan Kolář
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Jana Petrželová
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Aiyda Alazraq
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sabha University , Sabha , Libya
| | - Dittmar Chmelař
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava , Ostrava , Czech Republic
| | - Stephen Forsythe
- foodmicrobe.com, Adams Hill, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire , United Kingdom
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Abstract
The Cronobacter group of pathogens, associated with severe and potentially life-threatening diseases, until recently were classified as a single species, Enterobacter sakazakii. The group was reclassified in 2007 into the genus Cronobacter as a member of the Enterobacteriaceae. This chapter outlines the history behind the epidemiology, analyzes how our understanding of these bacteria has evolved, and highlights the clinical significance the Cronobacter spp. have for neonatal and elderly patient populations and treatment of the associated infections.
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Li Z, Ge W, Li K, Gan J, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Luo R, Chen L, Liang Y, Wang Q, Xi M, Xia X, Wang X, Yang B. Prevalence and Characterization of Cronobacter sakazakii in Retail Milk-Based Infant and Baby Foods in Shaanxi, China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:221-7. [PMID: 26886843 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii (formerly Enterobacter sakazakii) is an opportunistic pathogen that causes meningitis, sepsis, and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates and infants through consumption of contaminated milk-based foods. In this study, the prevalence of C. sakazakii in 705 retail milk-based infant and baby food samples was investigated in 12 cities in Shaanxi, China, in 2010 and 2012. One hundred and nineteen samples (16.9%) were C. sakazakii positive. The isolates were further characterized for antimicrobial susceptibility to 14 antibiotics, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles, and presence of the virulence genes. Samples of brand W, Y, A, and G in 2010 and 2012 were C. sakazakii positive. All isolates recovered in 2010 and 2012 were susceptible to levofloxacin and cefoperazone. In 2012, no isolate was resistant to gentamicin, cefoxitin, chloramphenicol, gatifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and ceftriaxone. Antibiotic resistance of the isolates was most commonly found to rifampicin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, streptomycin, tetracycline, and ampicillin in both 2010 and 2012, except to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in 2012. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles indicated that C. sakazakii isolates were genotypically diverse, although these isolates were prevalent in infant and baby foods with the same brand. A total of 34 virulence gene profiles of the C. sakazakii isolates in 2010 and 2012 were detected. Isolates that co-carried hly-ompX-eitCBAD-iucABCD/iutA genes in 2012 were significantly (p < 0.05) more prevalent than those in 2010. The results added new epidemiological evidence for the widespread occurrence of C. sakazakii in retail milk-based infant and baby foods and this should be an indicator of potential health risk for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- 1 College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Wupeng Ge
- 1 College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Keting Li
- 1 College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Jing Gan
- 1 College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- 2 Hanzhong Products Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute , Hanzhong, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- 1 College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Rong Luo
- 3 National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing, China
| | - Limin Chen
- 4 Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Liang
- 1 College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Qianning Wang
- 1 College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Meili Xi
- 1 College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- 1 College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Xin Wang
- 1 College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Baowei Yang
- 1 College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
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Pan Z, Cui J, Lyu G, Du X, Qin L, Guo Y, Xu B, Li W, Cui Z, Zhao C. Isolation and Molecular Typing ofCronobacterspp. in Commercial Powdered Infant Formula and Follow-Up Formula. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 11:456-61. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Pan
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jinghua Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Guoping Lyu
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaoli Du
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Liyun Qin
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yumei Guo
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Baohong Xu
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan Zhao
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Xu X, Wu Q, Zhang J, Ye Y, Yang X, Dong X. Occurrence and characterization of Cronobacter spp. in powdered formula from Chinese retail markets. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 11:307-12. [PMID: 24437706 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. (formerly known as Enterobacter sakazakii) are foodborne pathogens that cause rare but life-threatening diseases in neonates and infants through consumption of contaminated powdered infant formula. This study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of Cronobacter spp. in powdered formula in China and to further characterize Cronobacter isolates. Isolates were identified to the species level based on the fusA gene sequence, and strains of C. sakazakii were further subtyped by applying the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based serotyping method. A total of 23 strains of Cronobacter spp. isolated from 530 powdered formula samples were identified using conventional biochemical methods and duplex PCR. Cronobacter spp. were detected in 6.25%, 1.82%, 3.64%, 5.45%, and 2.50% of the general formula, infant formula (age <6 months), follow-up formula (6-12 months of age), growing-up formula (1-3 years of age), and children's formula (3-6 years of age), respectively. The individual species were identified as C. sakazakii (22 isolates) and C. malonaticus (1 isolate). Among 22 C. sakazakii isolates, representatives of all but two O-antigen serotypes (serotypes O5 and O6) were recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, South China (The Ministry-Province Joint Development), Guangdong Institute of Microbiology , Guangzhou, China
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8
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Li Y, Cao L, Zhang C, Chen Q, Lu F, Bie X, Lu Z. Development and evaluation of a PCR-ELISA assay for the detection and quantification of Cronobacter spp. Int Dairy J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Chen W, Ai L, Yang J, Ren J, Li Y, Guo B. Development of a PCR assay for rapid detection ofCronobacterspp. from food. Can J Microbiol 2013; 59:656-61. [PMID: 24102218 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2013-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of outbreaks of necrotizing meningitis caused by Cronobacter spp. in neonates highlights the need for rapid detection and accurate identification of this pathogenic species. The gold standard for isolation and identification of Cronobacter spp. from powdered infant formula is time consuming and labor intensive. The gyrB gene that encodes the B subunit of DNA gyrase (topoisomerase type II) was found to be suitable for the identification of Cronobacter spp. A region of the gyrB gene of 38 Cronobacter spp. strains and 5 Enterobacter spp. strains was amplified and sequenced, and a pair of primers was designed and synthesized based on the sequence of the gyrB gene. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) system was developed and optimized to detect Cronobacter spp. The PCR assay amplified a 438 bp DNA product from all 38 Cronobacter spp. strains tested but not from 34 other bacteria. The detection limit was 1.41 pg/PCR (equivalent 282 genomic copies) when the genomic DNA of Cronobacter sakazakii ATCC 29544 was 10-fold diluted. Infant formula powders from 3 different commercial brands were inoculated with strains ATCC 29544 at a level of 56 colony-forming units, and the target fragment were produced after samples were enriched for 6 h at 37 °C. Twenty-five food samples were evaluated by the PCR assay and the conventional method. A PCR product of the expected size was obtained from 3 samples; however, Cronobacter spp. strains were isolated from only 2 samples by the conventional method. This method is a useful tool for rapid identification of Cronobacter spp. in food and potentially environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Technology Center of Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., 1518 West Jiangchang Road, Shanghai 200436, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lianzhong Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Technology Center of Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., 1518 West Jiangchang Road, Shanghai 200436, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jielin Yang
- Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, 1208 Minsheng Road, Shanghai 200135, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Technology Center of Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., 1518 West Jiangchang Road, Shanghai 200436, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Benheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Technology Center of Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., 1518 West Jiangchang Road, Shanghai 200436, People’s Republic of China
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10
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Tsai HY, Liao CH, Huang YT, Lee PI, Hsueh PR. Cronobacter infections not from infant formula, Taiwan. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19:167-9. [PMID: 23260041 PMCID: PMC3557994 DOI: 10.3201/eid1901.120774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
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11
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Sonbol H, Joseph S, McAuley CM, Craven HM, Forsythe SJ. Multilocus sequence typing of Cronobacter spp. from powdered infant formula and milk powder production factories. Int Dairy J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Ruan J, Li M, Liu YP, Li YQ, Li YX. Rapid and sensitive detection of Cronobacter spp. (previously Enterobacter sakazakii) in food by duplex PCR combined with capillary electrophoresis–laser-induced fluorescence detector. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 921-922:15-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Cetinkaya E, Joseph S, Ayhan K, Forsythe SJ. Comparison of methods for the microbiological identification and profiling of Cronobacter species from ingredients used in the preparation of infant formula. Mol Cell Probes 2012; 27:60-4. [PMID: 23089182 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. (formerly Enterobacter sakazakii) can be isolated from a wide range of foods and environments, and its association with neonatal infections has drawn considerable attention from regulatory authorities. The principle route of neonatal infection has been identified as the ingestion of contaminated infant formula. A number of methods have been developed to identify Cronobacter spp., however these were before the most recent (2012) taxonomic revision of the genus into seven species. In this study, phenotyping, protein profiling and molecular methods were used to identify Cronobacter strains which had been recently isolated from ingredients used in the preparation of infant formula. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis revealed that different Cronobacter strains had been recovered from the same food products. All isolates were identified as Cronobacter sakazakii according to four genus specific PCR-probes and protein profiling using MALDI-TOF analysis. However, 16S rDNA sequence analyses and fusA allele sequencing gave more accurate identification: four strains were C. sakazakii, one strain was Cronobacter malonaticus and the remaining strain was Cronobacter universalis. Multilocus sequence typing showed the strains were different sequence types. These results demonstrate the presence of different Cronobacter species in food ingredients used in the preparation of infant formula, and also the need for molecular identification and profiling methods to be revised according to taxonomic revisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esin Cetinkaya
- Ankara University, Engineering Faculty, Food Engineering Department, Diskapi, Ankara 06110, Turkey
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14
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Fang T, Gurtler JB, Huang L. Growth Kinetics and Model Comparison ofCronobacter sakazakiiin Reconstituted Powdered Infant Formula. J Food Sci 2012; 77:E247-55. [PMID: 22900603 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02873.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Fang
- School of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry Univ, Fuzhou, China
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15
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Brengi SP, O'Brien SB, Pichel M, Iversen C, Arduino M, Binsztein N, Jensen B, Pagotto F, Ribot EM, Stephan R, Cernela N, Cooper K, Fanning S. Development and validation of a PulseNet standardized protocol for subtyping isolates of Cronobacter species. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012; 9:861-7. [PMID: 22891917 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter (formerly known as Enterobacter sakazakii) is a genus comprising seven species regarded as opportunistic pathogens that can be found in a wide variety of environments and foods, including powdered infant formula (PIF). Cronobacter sakazakii, the major species of this genus, has been epidemiologically linked to cases of bacteremia, meningitis in neonates, and necrotizing enterocolitis, and contaminated PIF has been identified as an important source of infection. Robust and reproducible subtyping methods are required to aid in the detection and investigation, of foodborne outbreaks. In this study, a pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) protocol was developed and validated for subtyping Cronobacter species. It was derived from an existing modified PulseNet protocol, wherein XbaI and SpeI were the primary and secondary restriction enzymes used, generating an average of 14.7 and 20.3 bands, respectively. The PFGE method developed was both reproducible and discriminatory for subtyping Cronobacter species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina P Brengi
- Servicio Enterobacterias, Departamento Bacteriología, INEI-ANLIS Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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16
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Yan QQ, Condell O, Power K, Butler F, Tall BD, Fanning S. Cronobacter species (formerly known as Enterobacter sakazakii) in powdered infant formula: a review of our current understanding of the biology of this bacterium. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:1-15. [PMID: 22420458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cronobacter species (formerly known as Enterobacter sakazakii) are opportunistic pathogens that can cause necrotizing enterocolitis, bacteraemia and meningitis, predominantly in neonates. Infection in these vulnerable infants has been linked to the consumption of contaminated powdered infant formula (PIF). Considerable research has been undertaken on this organism in the past number of years which has enhanced our understanding of this neonatal pathogen leading to improvements in its control within the PIF production environment. The taxonomy of the organism resulted in the recognition of a new genus, Cronobacter, which consists of seven species. This paper presents an up-to-date review of our current knowledge of Cronobacter species. Taxonomy, genome sequencing, current detection protocols and epidemiology are all discussed. In addition, consideration is given to the control of this organism in the manufacturing environment, as a first step towards reducing the occurrence of this pathogen in PIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Q Yan
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research, Reference & Training on Cronobacter, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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17
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Use of rpoB gene sequence analysis for phylogenetic identification of Cronobacter species. J Microbiol Methods 2012; 88:316-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Elguindi J, Alwathnani HA, Rensing C. Rapid inactivation of Cronobacter sakazakii on copper alloys following periods of desiccation stress. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 28:1837-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0972-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Amalaradjou MAR, Venkitanarayanan K. Proteomic Analysis of the Mode of Antibacterial Action ofTrans-Cinnamaldehyde AgainstCronobacter sakazakii415. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:1095-102. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.0841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Arku B, Fanning S, Jordan K. Heat Adaptation and Survival ofCronobacterspp. (FormerlyEnterobacter sakazakii). Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:975-81. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Arku
- Teagasc, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
- UCD Centre for Food Safety and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research, Reference and Training on Cronobacter, UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD Centre for Food Safety and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research, Reference and Training on Cronobacter, UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kieran Jordan
- Teagasc, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
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Zhou X, Fu S, Gao J, Chen H. Enterobacter sakazakii: an emerging foodborne pathogenic bacterium. ANN MICROBIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-011-0274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Amalaradjou MAR, Venkitanarayanan K. Effect of Trans-Cinnamaldehyde on Reducing Resistance to Environmental Stresses inCronobacter sakazakii. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:403-9. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Yulong Z, Xia Z, Hongwei Z, Wei L, Wenjie Z, Xitai H. Rapid and sensitive detection of Enterobacter sakazakii by cross-priming amplification combined with immuno-blotting analysis. Mol Cell Probes 2010; 24:396-400. [PMID: 20850522 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Enterobacter sakazakii is a widespread and life-threatening bacterium especially in polluted powdered infant milk formula. Several methods have been developed for detection of E. sakazakii such as physiological and biochemical methods, PCR and loop-mediated isothermal amplification. However, these procedures were disadvantages due to a long assay time, low sensitivity or the use of toxic reagents. Our method of cross-priming amplification (CPA) under isothermal conditions combined with immuno-blotting analysis made the whole detection procedure more sensitivity and lower time-consuming. A set of specific displacement primers, cross primers and testing primers were designed based on six specific sequences in E. sakazakii 16S-23S rDNA internal transcribed spacer. Under isothermal condition at 63 °C for 60 min, the specific amplification and hybridization steps were processed simultaneously. The specificity of the CPA was tested in panel of 54 different bacterial strains and 236 milk powder products. Two red signal lines were developed on the BioHelix Express strip in all of positive E. sakazakii strains, and only one signal line was demonstrated by non- E. sakazakii bacterial strains. The limit of decetion of CPA was 6.3 ± 2.7277 fg for the genomic DNA, 88 ± 8.7892 cfu/ml for pure bacterial culture, and 3.2 ± 2.0569 cfu per 100 g milk powder with pre-enrichment. The current study demonstrated that the assay method of CPA combined with immuno-blotting analysis was a specific and sensitive detection for the rapid detection of E. sakazakii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yulong
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Healy B, Cooney S, O'Brien S, Iversen C, Whyte P, Nally J, Callanan JJ, Fanning S. Cronobacter (Enterobacter sakazakii): an opportunistic foodborne pathogen. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:339-50. [PMID: 19958103 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. (Enterobacter sakazakii) are a recently described genus that is comprised of six genomospecies. The classification of these organisms was revised based on a detailed polyphasic taxonomic study. Cronobacter spp. are regarded as ubiquitous organisms having been isolated from a wide variety of foods. These bacteria are opportunistic pathogens and are linked with life-threatening infections in neonates. Clinical symptoms of Cronobacter infection include necrotizing enterocolitis, bacteremia, and meningitis, with case fatality rates of 50-80% being reported. Contaminated powdered infant formula has been epidemiologically linked with infections. Recently, infections among immunocompromised adults, mainly the elderly, have also been reported. A high tolerance to osmotic stress and elevated temperatures contribute to the survival of Cronobacter spp. in dried foods such as powdered infant formula. Controlling the organism in the production environment, thereby reducing dissemination, necessitates the provision of suitable diagnostic tools. Studies demonstrated that a high degree of variability exists amongst the phenotypic-based methods used to identify Cronobacter spp. However, advances in molecular detection and subtyping techniques have significantly improved the identification and characterization of Cronobacter spp. The dose required to induce infection has yet to be determined. In vitro virulence studies have shown that Cronobacter spp. may survive in macrophage cells and efficiently attach to and invade epithelial cell lines. The production of exopolysaccharide may contribute to the formation of biofilm and active efflux pumps promote resistance to antimicrobial agents such as bile salts and disinfectants. A holistic approach combining techniques such as comparative genome analysis, proteomics, and in vivo challenges could help unravel the complex interactions between this pathogen and its host. These data would help identify those properties in Cronobacter spp. which enable the bacterium to survive in the production environment and infect vulnerable neonates via the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Healy
- Centres for Food Safety and Foodborne Zoonomics, School of Agriculture, Food Science, and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Landraud L, Brisse S. Enterobacteriaceae. Infect Dis (Lond) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-04579-7.00169-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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