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Braunsteiner J, Siedler S, Jarczak D, Kluge S, Nierhaus A. Septic shock due to Capnocytophaga canimorsus treated with IgM-enriched immunoglobulin as adjuvant therapy in an immunocompetent woman. JOURNAL OF INTENSIVE MEDICINE 2024; 4:265-268. [PMID: 38681795 PMCID: PMC11043631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jointm.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Braunsteiner
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Siedler
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Jarczak
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kluge
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Axel Nierhaus
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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2
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Horiuchi H, Suzuki M, Imaoka K, Hayakawa S, Niida S, Okano H, Otsuka T, Miyazaki H, Furuya R. Non-severe Serovar Type E Capnocytophaga canimorsus Infection in a Post-splenectomy Male: A Case Report. Cureus 2023; 15:e37630. [PMID: 37200665 PMCID: PMC10186175 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.37630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Capnocytophaga canimorsus (CP) causes severe infections in immunocompromised individuals. Three serovars (A, B, and C) are known to be responsible for more than 90% of infections associated with dog bites, although these three constitute only 8% of the serovars carried by dogs. We experienced a post-splenectomy non-severe case of CP withserovar type E, which has never been isolated in Japan. The prognosis of type E CP infections may be better than that of types A, B, and C infections because of the disproportion of serovars between clinical human isolates and dog oral isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Horiuchi
- Department of Critical Care and Emergency Medicine, National Hospital Organization Yokohama Medical Center, Yokohama City, JPN
| | - Michio Suzuki
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, JPN
| | - Koichi Imaoka
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, JPN
| | - Syo Hayakawa
- Department of Critical Care and Emergency Medicine, National Hospital Organization Yokohama Medical Center, Yokohama City, JPN
| | - Shoko Niida
- Department of Critical Care and Emergency Medicine, National Hospital Organization Yokohama Medical Center, Yokohama City, JPN
| | - Hiromu Okano
- Department of Critical Care and Emergency Medicine, National Hospital Organization Yokohama Medical Center, Yokohama City, JPN
| | - Tsuyoshi Otsuka
- Department of Critical Care and Emergency Medicine, National Hospital Organization Yokohama Medical Center, Yokohama City, JPN
| | - Hiroshi Miyazaki
- Department of Critical Care and Emergency Medicine, National Hospital Organization Yokohama Medical Center, Yokohama City, JPN
| | - Ryosuke Furuya
- Department of Critical Care and Emergency Medicine, National Hospital Organization Yokohama Medical Center, Yokohama City, JPN
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3
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Schuler F, Padberg JS, Hullermann C, Kümpers P, Lepper J, Schulte M, Uekötter A, Schaumburg F, Kahl BC. Lethal Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome caused by Capnocytophaga canimorsus in an asplenic patient. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:696. [PMID: 35978295 PMCID: PMC9382606 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07590-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Capnocytophaga canimorsus, a Gram-negative rod, belongs to the Flavobacteriaceae family and colonizes the oropharynx of dogs and cats. Infections with C. canimorsus are rare and can induce a systemic infection with a severe course of the disease. So far, only five case reports of C. canimorsus infections associated with Waterhouse–Friderichsen Syndrome (WFS) have been reported with only two of the patients having a history of splenectomy. Case presentation Here, we report a fatal case of WFS due to C. canimorsus bacteremia and mycetal superinfection in a 61-year-old female asplenic patient. Despite extensive therapy including mechanical ventilation, antibiotic coverage with meropenem, systemic corticosteroids medication, vasopressor therapy, continuous renal replacement therapy, therapeutic plasma exchange, multiple transfusions of blood products and implantation of a veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation the patient died 10 days after a dog bite. The autopsy showed bilateral hemorrhagic necrosis of the adrenal cortex and septic embolism to heart, kidneys, and liver. Diagnosis of C. canimorsus was prolonged due to the fastidious growth of the bacteria. Conclusions The occurrence of a severe sepsis after dog bite should always urge the attending physician to consider C. canimorsus as the disease-causing pathogen. A therapeutic regimen covering C. canimorsus such as aminopenicillins or carbapenems should be chosen. However, despite maximum therapy, the prognosis of C. canimorsus-induced septic shock remains very poor. Asplenic or otherwise immunocompromised patients are at higher risk for a severe course of disease and should avoid exposure to dogs and cats and consider antibiotic prophylaxis after animal bite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Schuler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Jan-Sören Padberg
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Kümpers
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Lepper
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Miriam Schulte
- Gerhard Domagk Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Frieder Schaumburg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Barbara C Kahl
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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4
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Septic shock caused by Capnocytophaga canimorsus in a patient with heterozygous Pelger-Huët anomaly. Int J Hematol 2022; 116:807-811. [PMID: 35760941 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-022-03400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Capnocytophaga canimorsus is a Gram-negative bacillus of the commensal flora of dogs and cats that can cause infections in humans through bites, scratches or contact with oral secretions. It can be difficult to identify in clinical microbiology laboratories because of the need for specific culture media. We present the case of a patient with no relevant medical history who was admitted with septic shock, where blood smear examination was crucial for the etiologic diagnosis of Capnocytophaga canimorsus infection. The patient was also diagnosed Pelger-Huët anomaly, a condition causing a defect in neutrophil chemotaxis, which may have contributed to the severity of the infection.
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5
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Capnocytophaga zoonotic infections: a 10-year retrospective study (the French CANCAN study). Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 41:581-588. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-022-04402-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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6
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van Wezel E, van der Beek E, Siebrecht M, Stel A, Wouthuyzen-Bakker M, Meessen N. Pet-related bacterial zoonotic infections: Three cases of severe infections in the immunocompromised host. IDCases 2022; 30:e01623. [PMID: 36204686 PMCID: PMC9530478 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2022.e01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pets can have many positive effects on their owners. However, close contact with pets offers optimal conditions for transmission of micro-organisms. Especially immunocompromised patients are at risk for zoonotic infections. Here we describe the diagnosis, microbiology and treatment of three patients with severe zoonotic infections with Helicobacter canis, Pasteurella multocida and Capnocytophaga canimorsus. With this case report we would like to emphasize the importance of awareness for pet-related zoonotic infections in immunocompromised patients.
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O'Riordan F, Ronayne A, Jackson A. Capnocytophaga canimorsus meningitis and bacteraemia without a dog bite in an immunocompetent individual. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:14/7/e242432. [PMID: 34290010 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-242432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the case of an immunocompetent 75-year-old man with Capnocytophaga canimorsus bacteraemia and meningitis. C. canimorsus is commonly found in the oral flora of dogs with human infection typically occurring following a bite. Unusually, while our patient was a dog owner, there was no history of bite nor scratch mark. Admission blood cultures flagged positive for Gram-negative bacilli, but prolonged molecular analysis was required before C. canimorsus was isolated in blood and cerebrospinal fluid. There is a high mortality rate in invasive infection, and in our patient's case, antibiotic therapy was commenced prior to laboratory confirmation with our patient making a complete recovery. This case highlights the importance of including C. canimorsus in the differential diagnosis of unwell patients who keep dogs, even without a bite. This case occurred amid heightened awareness of COVID-19, which may represent predisposition for zoonoses during social isolation and increased human-pet contact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aoife Ronayne
- Microbiology, Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Arthur Jackson
- Infectious Diseases, Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
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Ducours M, Leitao J, Puges M, Pereyre S, Gabriel F, Dutronc H, Chevallier R, Pinaquy JB, Carcaud C, Berard X, Cazanave C. An Infected Arterial Aneurysm and a Dog Bite: Think at Capnocytophaga canimorsus! Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:2397-2401. [PMID: 34211284 PMCID: PMC8242143 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s281040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the fourth cases of arterial aneurysm consecutive to Capnocytophaga canimorsus infection in a 77-year-old man. The infection occurred after a dog bite. He presented fever. The thoracic-abdominal computed tomography angiography revealed aneurysms on the abdominal aorta, left common femoral artery, and left popliteal artery. The diagnosis was performed by a blood culture positive for Capnocytophaga canimorsus. The outcome was favorable with surgery and antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maïlys Ducours
- CHU Bordeaux, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Pellegrin, Bordeaux, F-33000, France
| | - Julie Leitao
- CHU Bordeaux, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Pellegrin, Bordeaux, F-33000, France
| | - Mathilde Puges
- CHU Bordeaux, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Pellegrin, Bordeaux, F-33000, France
| | - Sabine Pereyre
- CHU Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Hôpital Pellegrin, Bordeaux, F-33000, France.,University of Bordeaux, INRAE, IHMC, USC EA 3671, Bordeaux, F-33000, France
| | - Frédéric Gabriel
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, Hôpital Pellegrin, Bordeaux, F-33000, France
| | - Hervé Dutronc
- CHU Bordeaux, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Pellegrin, Bordeaux, F-33000, France
| | - Raphaelle Chevallier
- CHU Bordeaux, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Pellegrin, Bordeaux, F-33000, France
| | | | - Claire Carcaud
- CHU Bordeaux, Service de médecine vasculaire, Bordeaux, F-33000, France
| | - Xavier Berard
- CHU Bordeaux, Service de chirurgie vasculaire, Bordeaux, F-33000, France
| | - Charles Cazanave
- CHU Bordeaux, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Pellegrin, Bordeaux, F-33000, France.,University of Bordeaux, INRAE, IHMC, USC EA 3671, Bordeaux, F-33000, France
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9
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Low risk of transmission of pathogenic bacteria between children and the assistance dog during animal-assisted therapy if strict rules are followed. J Hosp Infect 2021; 115:5-9. [PMID: 33940092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2021.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the bacterial transmission between patients and dogs during dog-assisted therapy (DAT). Twenty children (55% girls) with a median age of 7 years (range 3-17 years) were included. Two dogs assisted and the conditions were more restricted hygienically with dog 2. Samples from child and dog were collected and cultured before and after each DAT visit. The results showed that dog 1 transmitted bacteria repeatedly to the children. No bacteria were transmitted with dog 2. In conclusion, exchange of bacteria can occur between dog and child during DAT, but it can be reduced by simple infection control measures.
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10
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Amacher SA, Søgaard KK, Nkoulou C, Sutter R, Weisser M, Zingg SS, Egli A, Hollinger A, Siegemund M. Bilateral acute renal cortical necrosis after a dog bite: case report. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:231. [PMID: 33639872 PMCID: PMC7913388 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-05901-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Capnocytophaga canimorsus is a Gram-negative capnophilic rod and part of dogs/cats’ normal oral flora. It can be transmitted by bites, scratches, or even by contact of saliva with injured skin. Asplenic patients and patients with alcohol abuse are at particular risk for fulminant C. canimorsus sepsis. However, also immunocompetent patients can have a severe or even fatal infection. This is the first case of a severe C. canimorsus infection in an immunocompromised host complicated by acute renal cortical necrosis with a “reverse rim sign” in contrast-enhanced computed tomography on hospital admission. Case presentation We report the case of a 44-year functionally asplenic patient after an allogeneic stem cell transplantation, who presented with septic shock after a minor dog bite injury 4 days prior. Because of abdominal complaints, epigastric pain with local peritonism, and radiological gallbladder wall thickening, an abdominal focus was suspected after the initial work-up. The patient underwent emergent open cholecystectomy, but the clinical suspicion of abdominal infection was not confirmed. Septic shock was further complicated by cardiomyopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation. As a causative pathogen, C. canimorsus could be isolated. The clinical course was complicated by permanent hemodialysis and extensive acral necrosis requiring amputation of several fingers and both thighs. Conclusion We present a severe case of a C. canimorsus infection in a functionally asplenic patient after a minor dog bite. The clinical course was complicated by septic shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and the need for multiple amputations. In addition, the rare form of acute renal failure - bilateral acute renal cortical necrosis – was visible as “reverse rim sign” on computed tomography scan. This case is an example of the potential disastrous consequences when omitting pre-emptive antibiotic therapy in wounds inflicted by cats and dogs, particularly in asplenic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A Amacher
- Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Kirstine K Søgaard
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Coralie Nkoulou
- Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raoul Sutter
- Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maja Weisser
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandra S Zingg
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Egli
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexa Hollinger
- Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Siegemund
- Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Xu R, Lu R, Zhang T, Wu Q, Cai W, Han X, Wan Z, Jin X, Zhang Z, Zhang C. Temporal association between human upper respiratory and gut bacterial microbiomes during the course of COVID-19 in adults. Commun Biol 2021; 4:240. [PMID: 33603076 PMCID: PMC7893062 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01796-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of COVID-19. It infects multiple organs including the respiratory tract and gut. Dynamic changes of regional microbiomes in infected adults are largely unknown. Here, we performed longitudinal analyses of throat and anal swabs from 35 COVID-19 and 19 healthy adult controls, as well as 10 non-COVID-19 patients with other diseases, by 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. The results showed a partitioning of the patients into 3-4 categories based on microbial community types (I-IV) in both sites. The bacterial diversity was lower in COVID-19 patients than healthy controls and decreased gradually from community type I to III/IV. Although the dynamic change of microbiome was complex during COVID-19, a synchronous restoration of both the upper respiratory and gut microbiomes from early dysbiosis towards late more diverse status was observed in 6/8 mild COVID-19 adult patients. These findings reveal previously unknown interactions between upper respiratory and gut microbiomes during COVID-19. Rong Xu, Renfei Lu, Tao Zhang, Qunfu Wu, and colleagues perform a longitudinal analysis of throat and gut microbiomes on adult COVID-19 patients. They find initially lower bacterial diversity in COVID-19 patients, but demonstrate a restoration of microbiome diversity throughout disease progression for patients with mild forms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Pathogen Discovery and Evolution Unit, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Renfei Lu
- Clinical Laboratory, Nantong Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qunfu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Weihua Cai
- Clinical Laboratory, Nantong Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xudong Han
- Clinical Laboratory, Nantong Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhenzhou Wan
- Medical Laboratory of Taizhou Fourth People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Xia Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Chiyu Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Pathogen Discovery and Evolution Unit, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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12
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Sato K, Naya M, Hatano Y, Kondo Y, Sato M, Nagano K, Chen S, Naito M, Sato C. Biofilm Spreading by the Adhesin-Dependent Gliding Motility of Flavobacterium johnsoniae. 1. Internal Structure of the Biofilm. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1894. [PMID: 33672911 PMCID: PMC7918930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Flavobacterium johnsoniae employs gliding motility to move rapidly over solid surfaces. Gliding involves the movement of the adhesin SprB along the cell surface. F. johnsoniae spreads on nutrient-poor 1% agar-PY2, forming a thin film-like colony. We used electron microscopy and time-lapse fluorescence microscopy to investigate the structure of colonies formed by wild-type (WT) F. johnsoniae and by the sprB mutant (ΔsprB). In both cases, the bacteria were buried in the extracellular polymeric matrix (EPM) covering the top of the colony. In the spreading WT colonies, the EPM included a thick fiber framework and vesicles, revealing the formation of a biofilm, which is probably required for the spreading movement. Specific paths that were followed by bacterial clusters were observed at the leading edge of colonies, and abundant vesicle secretion and subsequent matrix formation were suggested. EPM-free channels were formed in upward biofilm protrusions, probably for cell migration. In the nonspreading ΔsprB colonies, cells were tightly packed in layers and the intercellular space was occupied by less matrix, indicating immature biofilm. This result suggests that SprB is not necessary for biofilm formation. We conclude that F. johnsoniae cells use gliding motility to spread and maturate biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Sato
- Department of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan;
| | - Masami Naya
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan; (M.N.); (Y.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Yuri Hatano
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan; (M.N.); (Y.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Yoshio Kondo
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan;
| | - Mari Sato
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan; (M.N.); (Y.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Keiji Nagano
- Department of Microbiology, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Tobetsu-cho, Ishikari-gun, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan;
| | - Shicheng Chen
- Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Oakland University, 433 Meadow Brook Road, Rochester, MI 48309, USA;
| | - Mariko Naito
- Department of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan;
| | - Chikara Sato
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan; (M.N.); (Y.H.); (M.S.)
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