Characterization of Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and History of Neurosurgery to Identify Potential Iatrogenic Cases

A Case of Multiple Intracerebral Hemorrhages Due to Early-Onset Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy With Alzheimer's Disease: Neuropathological Changes Three Decades After Childhood Neurosurgery

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a disease in which amyloid beta (Aβ) is deposited in blood vessels and meninges in the brain. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy typically occurs in the elderly but is also known to occur in younger patients with a history of childhood head trauma or dura graft following neurosurgical procedures. The patient was a 39-year-old female who had undergone neurosurgery for an arachnoid cyst in the right temporal lobe at the age of two years. Severe headache, dizziness, and right leg weakness developed abruptly. The Aβ42/40 ratio had decreased in cerebrospinal fluid. Brain MRI showed multiple cerebral hemorrhages. Considering CAA, a brain biopsy was performed. Pathological examination showed severe CAA in many leptomeningeal and cortical vessels. We reported early-onset CAA after neurosurgery in childhood. In young patients with cerebral hemorrhages, it is necessary to consider early-onset CAA following childhood head trauma or neurosurgery.

A case report of an individual with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease characterized by prolonged isolated thalamic lesions and rare MM2-cortical-type pathology

BACKGROUND

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) is essential for diagnosing Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Thalamic lesions are rarely detected by DWI in sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases with methionine homozygosity at polymorphic codon 129 (129MM) of the prion protein (PrP) gene. Here, we describe an unusual sCJD case, characterized by prolonged isolated thalamic diffusion hyperintensities and atypical brain pathology, in combination with the 129MM genotype.

CASE PRESENTATION

A 72-year-old Japanese man developed a mild unsteady gait that had persisted for 1 year. DWI revealed isolated thalamic diffusion hyperintensities. Over the following 4 years, his condition progressed to include ataxia and cognitive decline. Repeated cerebrospinal fluid tests were negative for 14-3-3 protein, total tau protein, and real-time quaking-induced conversion assay. Electroencephalography did not show periodic sharp wave complexes or generalized periodic discharges. Despite these findings, thalamic DWI abnormalities persisted and evolved to include cortical lesions in the later stage of the disease. Genetic testing confirmed a 129MM genotype with no pathogenic PrP gene variants. Brain autopsy identified type 2 pathogenic PrP and the absence of the M2-thalamic prion strain, suggesting an MM2-cortical (MM2C)-subtype of sCJD. Histopathology revealed small vacuoles (sv) and patchy-perivacuolar PrP deposits without large vacuoles (lv). Patchy-perivacuolar deposits are a characteristic feature of the MM2C (lv) subtype and indicate MM2C (lv) pathology. Thus, this case was classified as a rare MM2C (sv + lv) subtype. No PrP protein staining was observed in the thalamus, despite spongiform changes with small vacuoles.

CONCLUSIONS

This case underscores the diagnostic challenges of atypical CJD with isolated thalamic abnormalities on DWI. Despite negative cerebrospinal fluid findings and clinical diagnostic criteria, persistent DWI abnormalities and evolving clinical symptoms continued to raise suspicion of CJD. A definitive diagnosis, being the MM2C (sv + lv) subtype of sCJD, was confirmed upon pathological examination. Even when atypical findings, such as isolated thalamic abnormalities, are observed and various tests are negative, if suspicion of CJD cannot be ruled out, it is important to confirm the diagnosis and pathological subtypes via postmortem analysis.

A Systematic Review of Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Attempts

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is a rare neurodegenerative and invariably fatal disease with a fulminant course once the first clinical symptoms emerge. Its incidence appears to be rising, although the increasing figures may be related to the improved diagnostic tools. Due to the highly variable clinical picture at onset, many specialty physicians should be aware of this disease and refer the patient to a neurologist for complete evaluation. The diagnostic criteria have been changed based on the considerable progress made in research on the pathogenesis and on the identification of reliable biomarkers. Moreover, accumulated knowledge on pathogenesis led to the identification of a series of possible therapeutic targets, although, given the low incidence and very rapid course, the evaluation of safety and efficacy of these therapeutic strategies is challenging.

Historical and More Common Nongenetic Movement Disorders From Asia

Nongenetic movement disorders are common throughout the world. The movement disorders encountered may vary depending on the prevalence of certain disorders across various geographical regions. In this paper, we review historical and more common nongenetic movement disorders in Asia. The underlying causes of these movement disorders are diverse and include, among others, nutritional deficiencies, toxic and metabolic causes, and cultural Latah syndrome, contributed by geographical, economic, and cultural differences across Asia. The industrial revolution in Japan and Korea has led to diseases related to environmental toxin poisoning, such as Minamata disease and β-fluoroethyl acetate-associated cerebellar degeneration, respectively, while religious dietary restriction in the Indian subcontinent has led to infantile tremor syndrome related to vitamin B12 deficiency. In this review, we identify the salient features and key contributing factors in the development of these disorders.

Viral and Prion Infections Associated with Central Nervous System Syndromes in Brazil

Virus-induced infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are among the most serious problems in public health and can be associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, mainly in low- and middle-income countries, where these manifestations have been neglected. Typically, herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, varicella-zoster, and enterovirus are responsible for a high number of cases in immunocompetent hosts, whereas other herpesviruses (for example, cytomegalovirus) are the most common in immunocompromised individuals. Arboviruses have also been associated with outbreaks with a high burden of neurological disorders, such as the Zika virus epidemic in Brazil. There is a current lack of understanding in Brazil about the most common viruses involved in CNS infections. In this review, we briefly summarize the most recent studies and findings associated with the CNS, in addition to epidemiological data that provide extensive information on the circulation and diversity of the most common neuro-invasive viruses in Brazil. We also highlight important aspects of the prion-associated diseases. This review provides readers with better knowledge of virus-associated CNS infections. A deeper understanding of these infections will support the improvement of the current surveillance strategies to allow the timely monitoring of the emergence/re-emergence of neurotropic viruses.