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Johnson CW, Ohashi M, Tang Y. How Fungi Biosynthesize 3-Nitropropanoic Acid: The Simplest yet Lethal Mycotoxin. Org Lett 2024; 26:3158-3163. [PMID: 38588324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
We uncovered the biosynthetic pathway of the lethal mycotoxin 3-nitropropanoic acid (3-NPA) from koji mold Aspergillus oryzae. The biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) of 3-NPA, which encodes an amine oxidase and a decarboxylase, is conserved in many fungi used in food processing, although most of the strains have not been reported to produce 3-NPA. Our discovery will lead to efforts that improve the safety profiles of these indispensable microorganisms in making food, alcoholic beverages, and seasoning.
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Sørensen T, Petersen C, Muurmann AT, Christiansen JV, Brundtø ML, Overgaard CK, Boysen AT, Wollenberg RD, Larsen TO, Sørensen JL, Nielsen KL, Sondergaard TE. Apiospora arundinis, a panoply of carbohydrate-active enzymes and secondary metabolites. IMA Fungus 2024; 15:10. [PMID: 38582937 PMCID: PMC10999098 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-024-00141-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The Apiospora genus comprises filamentous fungi with promising potential, though its full capabilities remain undiscovered. In this study, we present the first genome assembly of an Apiospora arundinis isolate, demonstrating a highly complete and contiguous assembly estimated to 48.8 Mb, with an N99 of 3.0 Mb. Our analysis predicted a total of 15,725 genes, with functional annotations for 13,619 of them, revealing a fungus capable of producing very high amounts of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) and secondary metabolites. Through transcriptomic analysis, we observed differential gene expression in response to varying growth media, with several genes related to carbohydrate metabolism showing significant upregulation when the fungus was cultivated on a hay-based medium. Finally, our metabolomic analysis unveiled a fungus capable of producing a diverse array of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, Aalborg, 9220, Denmark
| | - Celine Petersen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, Aalborg, 9220, Denmark
| | - Asmus T Muurmann
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, Aalborg, 9220, Denmark
| | - Johan V Christiansen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Mathias L Brundtø
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, Aalborg, 9220, Denmark
| | - Christina K Overgaard
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, Aalborg, 9220, Denmark
| | - Anders T Boysen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, Aalborg, 9220, Denmark
| | - Rasmus D Wollenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, Aalborg, 9220, Denmark
| | - Thomas O Larsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Jens L Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Niels-Bohrs Vej 8, Esbjerg, 6700, Denmark
| | - Kåre L Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, Aalborg, 9220, Denmark.
| | - Teis E Sondergaard
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, Aalborg, 9220, Denmark.
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3
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Liao J, Liang X, Li H, Mo L, Mo R, Chen W, Wei Y, Wang T, Jiang W. Biocontrol ability of Bacillus velezensis T9 against Apiospora arundinis causing Apiospora mold on sugarcane. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1314887. [PMID: 38188586 PMCID: PMC10766759 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1314887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) may be infected with Apiospora, which can produce the toxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) during improper transportation and storage. The consumption of sugarcane that contains 3-NPA can lead to food poisoning. Therefore, this study sought to explore a novel biocontrol agent to prevent and control Apiospora mold. Bacteria were isolated from the soil of healthy sugarcane and identified as Bacillus velezensis T9 through colony morphological, physiological and biochemical characterization and molecular identification. The inhibitory effect of B. velezensis T9 on Apiospora mold on sugarcane was analyzed. Assays of the cell suspension of strain T9 and its cell-free supernatant showed that T9 had significant in vitro antifungal activities against Apiospora arundinis and thus, would be a likely antagonist. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed that treatment with T9 significantly distorted the A. arundinis mycelia, perforated the membrane, contracted the vesicles, and decomposed most organelles into irregular fragments. A re-isolation experiment demonstrates the ability of T9 to colonize the sugarcane stems and survive in them. This strain can produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are remarkably strong inhibitors, and it can also form biofilms. Additionally, the cell-free supernatant significantly reduced the ability of A. arundinis to produce 3-NPA and completely inhibited its production at 10%. Therefore, strain T9 is effective at controlling A. arundinis and has the potential for further development as a fungal prevention agent for agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tianshun Wang
- Agro-Products Quality Safety and Testing Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Wenyan Jiang
- Agro-Products Quality Safety and Testing Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
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4
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Zhang JY, Chen ML, Boonmee S, Wang YX, Lu YZ. Four New Endophytic Apiospora Species Isolated from Three Dicranopteris Species in Guizhou, China. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1096. [PMID: 37998901 PMCID: PMC10672413 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi isolated from medicinal ferns serve as significant natural resources for drug precursors or bioactive metabolites. During our survey on the diversity of endophytic fungi from Dicranopteris species (a genus of medicinal ferns) in Guizhou, Apoiospora was observed as a dominant fungal group. In this study, seven Apiospora strains, representing four new species, were obtained from the healthy plant tissues of three Dicranopteris species-D. ampla, D. linearis, and D. pedata. The four new species, namely Apiospora aseptata, A. dematiacea, A. dicranopteridis, and A. globosa, were described in detail with color photographs and subjected to phylogenetic analyses using combined LSU, ITS, TEF1-α, and TUB2 sequence data. This study also documented three new hosts for Apiospora species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Zhang
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang 550003, China; (J.-Y.Z.); (M.-L.C.); (Y.-X.W.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand;
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Meng-Lan Chen
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang 550003, China; (J.-Y.Z.); (M.-L.C.); (Y.-X.W.)
| | - Saranyaphat Boonmee
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand;
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Yu-Xuan Wang
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang 550003, China; (J.-Y.Z.); (M.-L.C.); (Y.-X.W.)
| | - Yong-Zhong Lu
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang 550003, China; (J.-Y.Z.); (M.-L.C.); (Y.-X.W.)
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5
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Li WJ, Zhang X, Shen M, Liu HL, Ding LR. Sulforaphane alleviates the meiosis defects induced by 3-nitropropionic acid in mouse oocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 181:114083. [PMID: 37783421 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NP) is a mycotoxin commonly found in plants and fungi that has been linked to mammalian intoxication. Previously, we found 3-NP treatment exhibited reproductive toxicity by inducing oxidative stress in mouse ovary; however, the toxic effects of 3-NP on mouse oocyte maturation have not been investigated. Sulforaphane (SFN) is a naturally bioactive phytocompound derived from cruciferous vegetables that has been shown to possess cytoprotective properties. The present study was designed to investigate the cytotoxicity of 3-NP during mouse oocyte maturation and the protective effects of SFN on oocytes challenged with 3-NP. The results showed 3-NP had a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on oocyte maturation, and SFN significantly alleviated the defects caused by 3-NP, including failed first polar body extrusion and abnormal spindle assembly. Furthermore, 3-NP caused abnormal mitochondrial distribution in oocytes and disrupted mitochondrial functions, including mitochondrial depolarization, decreased ATP levels, and increased mitochondrial-derived ROS. Finally, 3-NP induced oxidative stress in oocytes, leading to increased apoptosis and autophagy, while SFN supplementation had significant cytoprotective effects on these damages. Collectively, our results provide insight on the mechanism of 3-NP toxicity in mouse oocytes and suggest the application of SFN may be a viable intervention strategy to mitigate 3-NP-induced reproductive toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ming Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hong-Lin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Li-Ren Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Takács O, Nagyné Nedves A, Boldizsár I, Höhn M, Béni S, Gampe N. Analysis of 3-nitropropionic acid in Fabaceae plants by HPLC-MS/MS. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2022; 33:1205-1213. [PMID: 36111358 PMCID: PMC10087496 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) is a toxic compound that can accumulate in esterified form in the Fabaceae family. In the Lotae tribe, many species have been identified as 3-NPA producers (e.g., Securigera varia), while some of the genetically close Lotae plants were formerly reported as 3-NPA-free (e.g., Lotus corniculatus and Anthyllis vulneraria). These plants are used as forage and have a tradition in ethnomedicine, also, the extracts of A. vulneraria are used in cosmetics. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to investigate the 3-NPA content of these selected Fabaceae species and to develop a validated quantitative method to evaluate 3-NPA concentrations in extracts of different herbal parts and cosmetic products. MATERIALS AND METHODS A UHPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS/MS method was applied for detection and identification of 3-NPA derivatives in the form of glucose esters. For the quantitative analysis, an optimized sample processing method was developed. The free 3-NPA content was determined using HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. RESULTS 3-NPA esters could be detected in all three species, but their quantity showed a high variation. S. varia contained 0.5-1.0 g/100 g of 3-NPA, while in L. corniculatus samples only trace quantities were detectable, below the LOQ (25 ng/ml). Most of the A. vulneraria samples showed similarly low concentrations, but one sample had 3-NPA levels comparable to S. varia. 3-NPA could not be detected in the tested cosmetics containing A. vulneraria extracts. CONCLUSIONS Using highly sensitive analytical methods, new 3-NPA-containing species were identified. The developed validated quantitative method is suitable for the determination of 3-NPA concentrations in herbal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Takács
- Department of PharmacognosySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | | | - Imre Boldizsár
- Department of PharmacognosySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Bioactive Compounds Group, Institutional Excellence ProgramEötvös Loránd UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Mária Höhn
- Department of BotanyHungarian University of Agriculture and Life SciencesBudapestHungary
| | - Szabolcs Béni
- Department of PharmacognosySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Nóra Gampe
- Department of PharmacognosySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
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Overgaard ML, Aalborg T, Zeuner EJ, Westphal KR, Lau FA, Nielsen VS, Carstensen KB, Hundebøll EA, Westermann TA, Rathsach GG, Sørensen JL, Frisvad JC, Wimmer R, Sondergaard TE. Quick guide to secondary metabolites from Apiospora and Arthrinium. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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Insect Gut Isolate Pseudomonas sp. Strain Nvir Degrades the Toxic Plant Metabolite Nitropropionic Acid. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0071922. [PMID: 36154165 PMCID: PMC9552603 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00719-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitropropionic acid (NPA) is a widely distributed naturally occurring nitroaliphatic toxin produced by leguminous plants and fungi. The Southern green shield bug feeds on leguminous plants and shows no symptoms of intoxication. Likewise, its gut-associated microorganisms are subjected to high levels of this toxic compound. In this study, we isolated a bacterium from this insect's gut system, classified as Pseudomonas sp. strain Nvir, that was highly resistant to NPA and was fully degrading it to inorganic nitrogen compounds and carbon dioxide. In order to understand the metabolic fate of NPA, we traced the fate of all atoms of the NPA molecule using isotope tracing experiments with [15N]NPA and [1-13C]NPA, in addition to experiments with uniformly 13C-labeled biomass that was used to follow the incorporation of 12C atoms from [U-12C]NPA into tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. With the help of genomics and transcriptomics, we uncovered the isolate’s NPA degradation pathway, which involves a putative propionate-3-nitronate monooxygenase responsible for the first step of NPA degradation. The discovered protein shares only 32% sequence identity with previously described propionate-3-nitronate monooxygenases. Finally, we advocate that NPA-degrading bacteria might find application in biotechnology, and their unique enzymes might be used in biosynthesis, bioremediation, and in dealing with postharvest NPA contamination in economically important products. IMPORTANCE Plants have evolved sophisticated chemical defense mechanisms, such as the production of plant toxins in order to deter herbivores. One example of such a plant toxin is nitropropionic acid (NPA), which is produced by leguminous plants and also by certain fungi. In this project, we have isolated a bacterium from the intestinal tract of a pest insect, the Southern green shield bug, that is able to degrade NPA. Through a multiomics approach, we identified the respective metabolic pathway and determined the metabolic fate of all atoms of the NPA molecule. In addition, we provide a new genetic marker that can be used for genome mining toward NPA degradation. The discovery of degradation pathways of plant toxins by environmental bacteria opens new possibilities for pretreatment of contaminated food and feed sources and characterization of understudied enzymes allows their broad application in biotechnology.
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Dietrich P, Alli S, Mulligan MK, Cox R, Ashbrook DG, Williams RW, Dragatsis I. Identification of cyclin D1 as a major modulator of 3-nitropropionic acid-induced striatal neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 162:105581. [PMID: 34871739 PMCID: PMC8717869 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria dysfunction occurs in the aging brain as well as in several neurodegenerative disorders and predisposes neuronal cells to enhanced sensitivity to neurotoxins. 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) is a naturally occurring plant and fungal neurotoxin that causes neurodegeneration predominantly in the striatum by irreversibly inhibiting the tricarboxylic acid respiratory chain enzyme, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), the main constituent of the mitochondria respiratory chain complex II. Significantly, although 3-NP-induced inhibition of SDH occurs in all brain regions, neurodegeneration occurs primarily and almost exclusively in the striatum for reasons still not understood. In rodents, 3-NP-induced striatal neurodegeneration depends on the strain background suggesting that genetic differences among genotypes modulate toxicant variability and mechanisms that underlie 3-NP-induced neuronal cell death. Using the large BXD family of recombinant inbred (RI) strains we demonstrate that variants in Ccnd1 - the gene encoding cyclin D1 - of the DBA/2 J parent underlie the resistance to 3-NP-induced striatal neurodegeneration. In contrast, the Ccnd1 variant inherited from the widely used C57BL/6 J parental strain confers sensitivity. Given that cellular stress triggers induction of cyclin D1 expression followed by cell-cycle re-entry and consequent neuronal cell death, we sought to determine if the C57BL/6 J and DBA/2 J Ccnd1 variants are differentially modulated in response to 3-NP. We confirm that 3-NP induces cyclin D1 expression in striatal neuronal cells of C57BL/6 J, but this response is blunted in the DBA/2 J. We further show that striatal-specific alternative processing of a highly conserved 3'UTR negative regulatory region of Ccnd1 co-segregates with the C57BL/6 J parental Ccnd1 allele in BXD strains and that its differential processing accounts for sensitivity or resistance to 3-NP. Our results indicate that naturally occurring Ccnd1 variants may play a role in the variability observed in neurodegenerative disorders involving mitochondria complex II dysfunction and point to cyclin D1 as a possible therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Dietrich
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA,Corresponding authors: ,
| | - Shanta Alli
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Megan K. Mulligan
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Rachel Cox
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA,The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - David G. Ashbrook
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Robert W. Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Ioannis Dragatsis
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA,Corresponding authors: ,
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10
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Bendiksen Skogvold H, Yazdani M, Sandås EM, Østeby Vassli A, Kristensen E, Haarr D, Rootwelt H, Elgstøen KBP. A pioneer study on human 3-nitropropionic acid intoxication: Contributions from metabolomics. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:818-829. [PMID: 34725838 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The neurotoxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) is an inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase, an enzyme participating both in the citric acid cycle and the mitochondrial respiratory chain. In human intoxications, it produces symptoms such as vomiting and stomach ache in mild cases, and dystonia, coma, and sometimes death in severe cases. We report the results from a liquid chromatography-Orbitrap mass spectrometry metabolomics study mapping the metabolic impacts of 3-NPA intoxication in plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of a Norwegian boy initially suspected to suffer from a mitochondrial disease. In addition to the identification of 3-NPA, our findings included a large number of annotated/identified altered metabolites (80, 160, and 62 in plasma, urine, and CSF samples, respectively) belonging to different compound classes, for example, amino acids, fatty acids, and purines and pyrimidines. Our findings indicated protective mechanisms to attenuate the toxic effects of 3-NPA (e.g., decreased oleamide), occurrence of increased oxidative stress in the patient (such as increased free fatty acids and hypoxanthine) and energy turbulence caused by the intoxication (e.g., increased succinate). To our knowledge, this is the first case of 3-NPA intoxication reported in Norway and the first published metabolomics study of human 3-NPA intoxication worldwide. The unexpected identification of 3-NPA illustrates the importance for health care providers to consider intake-related intoxications during diagnostic evaluations, treatment and follow-up examinations for neurotoxicity and a wide range of metabolic derangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Bendiksen Skogvold
- Department of Mechanical, Electronic and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Art and Design, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway.,National Unit for Screening and Diagnosis of Congenital Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mazyar Yazdani
- National Unit for Screening and Diagnosis of Congenital Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elise Mørk Sandås
- National Unit for Screening and Diagnosis of Congenital Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anja Østeby Vassli
- National Unit for Screening and Diagnosis of Congenital Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erle Kristensen
- National Unit for Screening and Diagnosis of Congenital Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dagfinn Haarr
- Chief City Medical Officer, City of Kristiansand, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Helge Rootwelt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katja Benedikte Prestø Elgstøen
- National Unit for Screening and Diagnosis of Congenital Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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11
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Christiansen JV, Isbrandt T, Petersen C, Sondergaard TE, Nielsen MR, Pedersen TB, Sørensen JL, Larsen TO, Frisvad JC. Fungal quinones: diversity, producers, and applications of quinones from Aspergillus, Penicillium, Talaromyces, Fusarium, and Arthrinium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:8157-8193. [PMID: 34625822 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11597-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Quinones represent an important group of highly structurally diverse, mainly polyketide-derived secondary metabolites widely distributed among filamentous fungi. Many quinones have been reported to have important biological functions such as inhibition of bacteria or repression of the immune response in insects. Other quinones, such as ubiquinones are known to be essential molecules in cellular respiration, and many quinones are known to protect their producing organisms from exposure to sunlight. Most recently, quinones have also attracted a lot of industrial interest since their electron-donating and -accepting properties make them good candidates as electrolytes in redox flow batteries, like their often highly conjugated double bond systems make them attractive as pigments. On an industrial level, quinones are mainly synthesized from raw components in coal tar. However, the possibility of producing quinones by fungal cultivation has great prospects since fungi can often be grown in industrially scaled bioreactors, producing valuable metabolites on cheap substrates. In order to give a better overview of the secondary metabolite quinones produced by and shared between various fungi, mainly belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Talaromyces, Fusarium, and Arthrinium, this review categorizes quinones into families such as emodins, fumigatins, sorbicillinoids, yanuthones, and xanthomegnins, depending on structural similarities and information about the biosynthetic pathway from which they are derived, whenever applicable. The production of these quinone families is compared between the different genera, based on recently revised taxonomy. KEY POINTS: • Quinones represent an important group of secondary metabolites widely distributed in important fungal genera such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Talaromyces, Fusarium, and Arthrinium. • Quinones are of industrial interest and can be used in pharmacology, as colorants and pigments, and as electrolytes in redox flow batteries. • Quinones are grouped into families and compared between genera according to the revised taxonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Christiansen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - T Isbrandt
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - C Petersen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - T E Sondergaard
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - M R Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 6700, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - T B Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 6700, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - J L Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 6700, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - T O Larsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - J C Frisvad
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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