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Crompton D, Gudla S, Waters JH, Sundd P, Kameneva MV. Hemorheological Approach to Improve Perfusion of Red Blood Cells with Reduced Deformability Using Drag-Reducing Polymer (In Vitro Study). ASAIO J 2022; 68:707-713. [PMID: 34406139 PMCID: PMC8847539 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000001559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Drag-reducing polymers (DRPs) are nontoxic water-soluble blood additives that have been shown to beneficially alter hemodynamics when delivered intravenously in nanomolar concentrations. This study examines the ability of DRPs to alter the traffic of mixtures of normal and less-deformable red blood cells (RBCs) through branched microchannels and is intended to support and expand upon previous experiments within straight capillary tubes to promote DRPs for future clinical use. Branched polydimethylsiloxane microchannels were perfused with a mixture of normal bovine RBCs also containing heat-treated less-deformable RBCs at a hematocrit of 30% with 10 ppm of the DRP poly(ethylene oxide) (MW 4M Da). Suspensions were driven by syringe pump, collected at outlets, and RBC dimensions measured while subject to shear stress to determine the proportion of healthy RBCs in each sample. DRPs eliminated evidence of the plasma skimming phenomena and significantly increased the pressure drop across microchannels. Further, DRPs were found to cause an increase in the proportion of healthy RBCs exiting the branch outlet from -8.5 ± 2.5% (control groups) to +12.1 ± 5.4% (n = 6, p = 0.02). These results suggest DRP additives may be used to improve the perfusion of less-deformable RBCs in vivo and indicates their potential for future clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Crompton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shushma Gudla
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan H. Waters
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Prithu Sundd
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marina V. Kameneva
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Crompton D, Vats R, Pradhan-Sundd T, Sundd P, Kameneva MV. Drag-reducing polymers improve hepatic vaso-occlusion in SCD mice. Blood Adv 2020; 4:4333-4336. [PMID: 32915976 PMCID: PMC7509886 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanomolar concentrations of drag-reducing polymer (DRP) reduce vaso-occlusion in the liver of sickle cell disease (SCD) mice. The potential for DRP as a rheology-based treatment/therapy for SCD warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Crompton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- McGowan Center for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Ravi Vats
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute and
| | | | - Prithu Sundd
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute and
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; and
| | - Marina V Kameneva
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- McGowan Center for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
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Hu F, Wang Y, Gong K, Ge G, Cao M, Zhao P, Sun X, Zhang Z. Protective effects of drag-reducing polymers on ischemic reperfusion injury of isolated rat heart. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2016; 62:1-11. [PMID: 25633566 DOI: 10.3233/ch-151925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Drag-reducing polymers (DRPs) are blood-soluble macromolecules that can increase blood flow and reduce vascular resistance. The purpose of the present study was to observe the effect of DRPs on ischemic reperfusion (I/R) injury of isolated rat hearts. Experiments were performed on isolated rat hearts subjected to 30 min of ischemia followed by 90 min of reperfusion in Langendorff preparations. Adult Wistar rats were divided into the following five groups: control group, I/R group, group III (I/R and 2×10(-7) g/ml PEO reperfusion), group IV (I/R and 1×10(-6) g/ml PEO reperfusion), and group V (I/R and 5×10(-6) g/ml PEO reperfusion). Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), maximum rate of ventricular pressure increase and decrease ( ± dp/dtmax), heart rate (HR) and coronary flow were measured. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) activity and coronary flow, myocardial infarction size and cardiomyocytes apoptosis were also assayed. Our results showed that PEO decreased LVEDP and increased LVSP, ± dP/dtmax in group IV and group V compared with the I/R group (all P < 0.05). The coronary flow significantly increased and the activities of LDH and CK in the coronary flow significantly decreased in group IV and group V compared with those in the I/R group (all P < 0.05). Cell apoptosis and myocardial infarction size were reduced in group IV and group V compared with the I/R group (all P < 0.05). Collectively, these results suggested that DRPs had a protective effect on cardiac I/R injury of isolated rat hearts and it may offer a new potential approach for the treatment of acute ischemic heart diseases.
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Wang Y, Hu F, Mu X, Wu F, Yang D, Zheng G, Sun X, Gong K, Zhang Z. Protective effects of drag-reducing polymers in a rat model of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. Biorheology 2016; 53:13-22. [PMID: 26889655 DOI: 10.3233/bir-15062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Drag-reducing polymers (DRPs) are blood-soluble macromolecules which may increase blood flow and reduce vascular resistance. The purpose of the present study was to observe the effect of DRPs on monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH) in the rat model. METHODS A total of 64 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: Group I (pulmonary hypertension model + DRP treatment); Group II (pulmonary hypertension model + saline treatment); Group III (control + DRP treatment); Group IV (control + saline treatment). After five weeks, comparisons were made of the following indices: survival rate, body weight, blood pressure, right ventricular systolic pressure, right ventricular hypertrophy, wall thickness of pulmonary arteries, the internal diameter of small pulmonary arteries, plasma IL-1β and IL-6. RESULTS The survival rate after 5 weeks varied significantly across all groups (P=0.013), but the survival rates of Groups I and II were not statistically significantly different. Administration of DRP (intravenous injection twice weekly) attenuated the PH-induced increase in right ventricular systolic pressure and suppressed the increases in right ventricular (RV) weight and the ratio of right ventricular weight to left ventricle plus septum weight (RV/LV + S). DRP treatment also significantly decreased the wall thickness of pulmonary arteries, augmented the internal diameter of small pulmonary arteries, and suppressed increases in the plasma levels of IL-1β and IL-6. CONCLUSIONS DRP treatment with intravenous injection effectively inhibited the development of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in the rat model. DRPs may have potential application for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Wang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Feng Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Mu
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dechun Yang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guixiang Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoning Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kaizheng Gong
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhengang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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New insights into the microvascular mechanisms of drag reducing polymers: effect on the cell-free layer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77252. [PMID: 24124610 PMCID: PMC3790673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drag-reducing polymers (DRPs) significantly increase blood flow, tissue perfusion, and tissue oxygenation in various animal models. In rectangular channel microfluidic systems, DRPs were found to significantly reduce the near-wall cell-free layer (CFL) as well as modify traffic of red blood cells (RBC) into microchannel branches. In the current study we further investigated the mechanism by which DRP enhances microvascular perfusion. We studied the effect of various concentrations of DRP on RBC distribution in more relevant round microchannels and the effect of DRP on CFL in the rat cremaster muscle in vivo. In round microchannels hematocrit was measured in parent and daughter branch at baseline and after addition of DRP. At DRP concentrations of 5 and 10 ppm, the plasma skimming effect in the daughter branch was eliminated, as parent and daughter branch hematocrit were equivalent, compared to a significantly lowered hematocrit in the daughter branch without DRPs. In anesthetized rats (N=11) CFL was measured in the cremaster muscle tissue in arterioles with a diameter of 32.6 ± 1.7 µm. In the control group (saline, N=6) there was a significant increase in CFL in time compared to corresponding baseline. Addition of DRP at 1 ppm (N=5) reduced CFL significantly compared to corresponding baseline and the control group. After DRP administration the CFL reduced to about 85% of baseline at 5, 15, 25 and 35 minutes after DRP infusion was complete. These in vivo and in vitro findings demonstrate that DRPs induce a reduction in CFL width and plasma skimming in the microvasculature. This may lead to an increase of RBC flux into the capillary bed, and thus explain previous observations of a DRP mediated enhancement of capillary perfusion.
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Fredly S, Fugelseth D, Wester T, Häggblad E, Kvernebo K. Skin microcirculation in healthy term newborn infants--assessment of morphology, perfusion and oxygenation. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2013; 59:309-22. [PMID: 24002120 DOI: 10.3233/ch-131764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Despite microcirculation's fundamental role, assessments of its function are limited. We explored the applicability of Computer Assisted Video Microscope (CAVM), Laser Doppler Perfusion Measurements (LDPM) and Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS) to study skin microvascular morphology, perfusion and oxygen saturation in twenty-five healthy newborns day 1-3 of life. RESULTS Day 1-3 (mean (SD)): Microvascular density (CAVM; number of microvessels crossing a grid of lines/mm line, c/mm): Chest: 11.3 (1.5), 11.0 (1.7), 10.7 (1.6). Hand: 13.2 (2.0), 13.2 (1.9), 12.4 (1.6). Capillary density was significantly higher in the hand than in the chest each day (p < 0.001). Perfusion (LDPM; arbitrary units): Chest: 109.1 (26.0), 101.4 (24.6), 100.8 (25.3). Hand: 58.9 (17.5), 54.3 (15.8), 46.9 (14.8). Perfusion was significantly higher in the chest than in the hand each day (p < 0.01). Microvascular oxygen saturation (DRS; %): Chest: 88.1 (5.2), 87.8 (10.0), 86.7 (9.0). Hand: 79.9 (15.2), 82.7 (11.8), 82.2 (12.1) (p < 0.05). Capillary flow velocities (CAVM) were similar in the chest and hand: 60-70% capillaries had "continuous high flow" and 30-40% "continuous low flow".Multimodal skin microvascular assessments with CAVM, LDPM and DRS are feasible with reproducible data in newborns. The hand has lower perfusion, higher capillary density and higher oxygen extraction than the chest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siv Fredly
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Drude Fugelseth
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torjus Wester
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erik Häggblad
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Knut Kvernebo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
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Pacella JJ, Kameneva MV, Brands J, Lipowsky HH, Vink H, Lavery LL, Villanueva FS. Modulation of pre-capillary arteriolar pressure with drag-reducing polymers: a novel method for enhancing microvascular perfusion. Microcirculation 2013; 19:580-5. [PMID: 22578102 DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-8719.2012.00190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have shown that drag-reducing polymers (DRP) enhance capillary perfusion during severe coronary stenosis and increase red blood cell velocity in capillaries, through uncertain mechanisms. We hypothesize that DRP decreases pressure loss from the aorta to the arteriolar compartment. METHODS Intravital microscopy of the rat cremaster muscle and measurement of pressure in arterioles (diameters 20-132 μm) was performed in 24 rats. DRP (polyethylene oxide, 1 ppm) was infused i.v. and measurements were made at baseline and 20 minutes after completion of DRP infusion. In a 10-rat subset, additional measurements were made three minutes after the start, and one to five and 10 minutes after completion of DRP. RESULTS Twenty minutes after the completion of DRP, mean arteriolar pressure was 22% higher than baseline (from 42 ± 3 to 49 ± 3 mmHg, p < 0.005, n = 24). DRP decreased the pressure loss from the aorta to the arterioles by 24% (from 35 ± 6 to 27 ± 5 mmHg, p = 0.001, n = 10). In addition, there was a strong trend toward an increase in pressure at 10 minutes after the completion of DRP (n = 10). CONCLUSIONS Drag-reducing polymers diminish pressure loss between the aorta and the arterioles. This results in a higher pre-capillary pressure and probably explains the observed DRP enhancement in capillary perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Pacella
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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Zhao R, Marhefka JN, Antaki JF, Kameneva MV. Drag-reducing polymers diminish near-wall concentration of platelets in microchannel blood flow. Biorheology 2011; 47:193-203. [PMID: 21084744 DOI: 10.3233/bir-2010-0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of platelets near the blood vessel wall or artificial surface is an important factor in the cascade of events responsible for coagulation and/or thrombosis. In small blood vessels and flow channels this phenomenon has been attributed to the blood phase separation that creates a red blood cell (RBC)-poor layer near the wall. We hypothesized that blood soluble drag-reducing polymers (DRP), which were previously shown to lessen the near-wall RBC depletion layer in small channels, may consequently reduce the near-wall platelet excess. This study investigated the effects of DRP on the lateral distribution of platelet-sized fluorescent particles (diam. = 2 μm, 2.5 × 10⁸/ml) in a glass square microchannel (width and depth = 100 μm). RBC suspensions in PBS were mixed with particles and driven through the microchannel at flow rates of 6-18 ml/h with and without added DRP (10 ppm of PEO, MW = 4500 kDa). Microscopic flow visualization revealed an elevated concentration of particles in the near-wall region for the control samples at all tested flow rates (between 2.4 ± 0.8 times at 6 ml/h and 3.3 ± 0.3 times at 18 ml/h). The addition of a minute concentration of DRP virtually eliminated the near-wall particle excess, effectively resulting in their even distribution across the channel, suggesting a potentially significant role of DRP in managing and mitigating thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Zhao
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Hughes EL, Gavins FN. Troubleshooting methods: Using intravital microscopy in drug research. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2010; 61:102-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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