MiR-29a suppresses cell proliferation by targeting SIRT1 in hepatocellular carcinoma

Oxidative Stress and Epigenetics: miRNA Involvement in Rare Autoimmune Diseases

Autoimmune diseases (ADs) such as Sjögren’s syndrome, Kawasaki disease, and systemic sclerosis are characterized by chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and autoantibodies, which cause joint tissue damage, vascular injury, fibrosis, and debilitation. Epigenetics participate in immune cell proliferation and differentiation, which regulates the development and function of the immune system, and ultimately interacts with other tissues. Indeed, overlapping of certain clinical features between ADs indicate that numerous immunologic-related mechanisms may directly participate in the onset and progression of these diseases. Despite the increasing number of studies that have attempted to elucidate the relationship between miRNAs and oxidative stress, autoimmune disorders and oxidative stress, and inflammation and miRNAs, an overall picture of the complex regulation of these three actors in the pathogenesis of ADs has yet to be formed. This review aims to shed light from a critical perspective on the key AD-related mechanisms by explaining the intricate regulatory ROS/miRNA/inflammation axis and the phenotypic features of these rare autoimmune diseases. The inflamma-miRs miR-155 and miR-146, and the redox-sensitive miR miR-223 have relevant roles in the inflammatory response and antioxidant system regulation of these diseases. ADs are characterized by clinical heterogeneity, which impedes early diagnosis and effective personalized treatment. Redox-sensitive miRNAs and inflamma-miRs can help improve personalized medicine in these complex and heterogeneous diseases.

MicroRNA-29a and MicroRNA-124 as novel biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Numerous microRNAs (miRNAs) have been observed to be abnormally expressed in cancer. Therefore, miRNA signatures could be potential noninvasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

AIMS

To correlate miRNA-29a and miRNA-124 expression levels with the clinical features and survival rates of HCC patients.

METHODS

Serum miRNA expression in 150 samples (50 patients with HCC, 50 patients with liver cirrhosis, and 50 healthy controls) were quantified using real-time qRT-PCR.

RESULTS

The expression levels of serum miRNA-29a were higher and the levels of miRNA-124 were lower in patients with HCC than in patients with liver cirrhosis and controls. ROC curve analysis showed promising accuracy for both miRNAs in distinguishing patients with HCC from those with liver cirrhosis. Levels of miRNA-29a were related to tumor number, size, stage, and outcome, whereas levels of miRNA-124 were related to vascular invasion. The overall survival rate of patients with low miRNA-29a expression was significantly higher than that of patients with high expression. Additionally, the multivariate analysis identified miRNA-29a as an independent prognostic variable.

CONCLUSIONS

The investigated miRNAs showed acceptable accuracy in the diagnosis of HCC; therefore, both could be utilized as diagnostic biomarkers. Additionally, miRNA-29a could be used as a prognostic biomarker.

The Role of miR-29s in Human Cancers—An Update

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that directly bind to the 3’ untranslated region (3’-UTR) of the target mRNAs to inhibit their expression. The miRNA-29s (miR-29s) are suggested to be either tumor suppressors or oncogenic miRNAs that are strongly dysregulated in various types of cancer. Their dysregulation alters the expression of their target genes, thereby exerting influence on different cellular pathways including cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion, thereby contributing to carcinogenesis. In the present review, we aimed to provide an overview of the current knowledge on the miR-29s biological network and its functions in cancer, as well as its current and potential applications as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and/or a therapeutic target in major types of human cancer.

Potential biomarkers of miRNA in non-functional pituitary adenomas

BACKGROUND

The abnormal expression of microRNA (miRNA) has been proved to be closely related to the occurrence and progression of tumors. A unique expression of multiple miRNAs has been found in different types of tumors. However, the correlation between miRNA and non-functional pituitary adenoma (NFPA) is not clear. In this study, miRNAs (miRNA-26b, miRNA-138, miRNA-206, and miRNA-let-7e) have been used as detection genes to compare the miRNA expression levels of NFPA subjects and healthy controls and to explore the expression of four different miRNAs in NFPA.

METHODS

Ten untreated NFPA volunteers were served as subjects, and 10 normal subjects were selected as controls. Peripheral blood samples were collected, and four differentiated expressed miRNAs (miRNA-26b, miRNA-138, miRNA-206, and miRNA-let-7e) obtained in the early stage of the test group were detected, recorded, and archived by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). The difference and significance of endogenous miRNA expressions were explored through statistical analysis, hoping to find biomarkers for clinical treatment.

RESULTS

The levels of miRNA-26b, miRNA-138, miRNA-206, and miRNA-let-7e in the peripheral serum of patients with NFPA were significantly lower than those in normal subjects (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

miRNA-26b, miRNA-138, miRNA-206, and miRNA-let-7e may be involved in the occurrence and progress of NFPAs. This study aims to study the biological targets of NFPA. It starts from the study of whether miRNA, miRNA-26b, miRNA-138, miRNA-206, and miRNA-let-7e may be tumor suppressor genes in NFPA, which provides a basis for further exploration of tumor markers of pituitary adenoma.

Enhanced expression of miR-889 forecasts an unfavorable prognosis and facilitates cell progression in hepatocellular carcinoma

Background

As a new type of molecular marker, microRNAs (miRNAs) can be used for early diagnosis and prognosis prediction of malignant tumors, and has broad clinical application prospects. This paper mainly studies the important role of miR-889 in the occurrence and development of hepatocellular carcinoma and the prognostic significance of miR-889 in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Methods

Quantitative real-time PCR analysis detected the expression levels of miR-889 in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and cell lines. Kaplan-Meier curve and Cox regression analysis were used to explore the prognostic significance of miR-889 in hepatocellular carcinoma. The CCK-8 and Transwell assays assay were used to assess cell proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities ability.

Results

The expression of miR-889 in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent tissues. Overexpression of miR-889 was significantly associated with TNM stage, hepatitis B virus infection, and cirrhosis. Patients with high miR-889 expression had shorter overall survival than those with low miR-889 expression. And functional studies in two hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines have shown that overexpression of miR-889 significantly promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro.

Conclusions

Overall, miR-889 was upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and cell lines, and overexpression of miR-889 promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Based on our findings, high expression of miR-889 may promote the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma, and high expression of miR-889 is also forecasted for an unfavorable prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma.

MIR29A Impedes Metastatic Behaviors in Hepatocellular Carcinoma via Targeting LOX, LOXL2, and VEGFA

Primary liver cancer accounts for the third most deadly type of malignant tumor globally, and approximately 80% of the cases are hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which highly relies on the activity of hypoxia responsive pathways to bolster its metastatic behaviors. MicroRNA-29a (MIR29A) has been shown to exert a hepatoprotective effect on hepatocellular damage and liver fibrosis induced by cholestasis and diet stress, while its clinical and biological role on the activity hypoxia responsive genes including LOX, LOXL2, and VEGFA remains unclear. TCGA datasets were retrieved to confirm the differential expression and prognostic significance of all genes in the HCC and normal tissue. The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset was used to corroborate the differential expression and diagnostic value of MIR29A. The bioinformatic identification were conducted to examine the interaction of MIR29A with LOX, LOXL2, and VEGFA. The suppressive activity of MIR29A on LOX, LOXL2, and VEGF was verified by qPCR, immunoblotting, and luciferase. The effect of overexpression of MIR29A-3p mimics in vitro on apoptosis markers (caspase-9, -3, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)); cell viability and wound healing performance were examined using immunoblot and a WST-1 assay and a wound healing assay, respectively. The HCC tissue presented low expression of MIR29A, yet high expression of LOX, LOXL2, and VEGFA as compared to normal control. Serum MIR29A of HCC patients showed decreased levels as compared to that of normal control, with an area under curve (AUC) of 0.751 of a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Low expression of MIR29A and high expression of LOX, LOXL2, and VEGFA indicated poor overall survival (OS). MIR29A-3p was shown to target the 3'UTR of LOX, LOXL2, and VEGFA. Overexpression of MIR29A-3p mimic in HepG2 cells led to downregulated gene and protein expression levels of LOX, LOXL2, and VEGFA, wherein luciferase reporter assay confirmed that MIR29A-3p exerts the inhibitory activity via directly binding to the 3'UTR of LOX and VEGFA. Furthermore, overexpression of MIR29A-3p mimic induced the activity of caspase-9 and -3 and PARP, while it inhibited the cell viability and wound healing performance. Collectively, this study provides novel insight into a clinical-applicable panel consisting of MIR29, LOX, LOXL2, and VEGFA and demonstrates an anti-HCC effect of MIR29A via comprehensively suppressing the expression of LOX, LOXL2, and VEGFA, paving the way to a prospective theragnostic approach for HCC.

New Insights into the Role of miR-29a in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Implications in Mechanisms and Theragnostics

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains one of the most lethal human cancer globally. For advanced HCC, curable plan for advanced HCC is yet to be established, and the prognosis remains poor. The detail mechanisms underlying the progression of HCC tumorigenicity and the corruption of tumor microenvironment (TME) is complex and inconclusive. A growing body of studies demonstrate microRNAs (miRs) are important regulators in the tumorigenicity and TME development. Notably, mounting evidences indicate miR-29a play a crucial role in exerting hepatoprotective effect on various types of stress and involved in the progression of HCC, which elucidates their potential theragnostic implications. In this review, we reviewed the advanced insights into the detail mechanisms by which miR-29a dictates carcinogenesis, epigenetic program, and metabolic adaptation, and implicated in the sponging activity of competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNA) and the TME components in the scenario of HCC. Furthermore, we highlighted its clinical significance in diagnosis and prognosis, as well as the emerging therapeutics centered on the activation of miR-29a.

MicroRNA-29a inhibits cell proliferation and arrests cell cycle by modulating p16 methylation in cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is the second most common gynecological malignancy. Accumulating evidence has suggested that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the occurrence and development of cervical cancer. The present study aimed to investigate the function and underlying molecular mechanism of microRNA (miRNA/miR)-29a in cervical cancer. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and methylation-specific PCR were used to examine the expression of miR-29a and methylated status of p16 promoter, respectively. Cell Counting Kit-8 analysis and flow cytometry were performed to evaluate cell viability and cycle, respectively. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to verify the interaction between miR-29a and its targets. Western blot analysis was performed to detect the protein levels of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT)3A and DNMT3B. The results demonstrated that miR-29a expression was downregulated in cervical cancer tissues and cells, and negatively correlated with p16 promoter hypermethylation. Furthermore, cell experiments confirmed that miR-29a suppressed cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest in HeLa and C-33A cells. Mechanically, miR-29a restored normal methylation pattern of the p16 gene by sponging DNMT3A and DNMT3B. Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrated the epigenetic regulation of tumor suppressor p16 by miR-29a as a unique mechanism, thus providing a rationale for the development of miRNA-based strategies in the treatment of cervical cancer.

The possible role of Sirtuins and microRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer. Sirtuins are NAD+-dependent histone deacetylases that regulate many cellular processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, and metabolism. SIRT (silent information regulator)-1, 5, 6 and 7, members of the mammalian Sirtuin family of proteins (SIRT1-SIRT7), are involved in carcinogenesis, prognosis, metastasis, and chemical resistant of HCC. These proteins act through the deacetylation of tumor suppressor or oncogenic factors. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small non-coding RNAs that down regulate gene expression by targeting the 3'-untranslated region of miRNAs. MiRNAs can function as tumor suppressors or as oncogenes and are involved in progression, differentiation, apoptosis and drug resistance of tumor cells. The focus of this review is to delineate the relationship between some microRNAs and their target, Sirtuins, and to present an overview of their function in HCC as currently understood.

Circulating exosomal microRNAs as potential biomarkers of hepatic injury and inflammation in a murine model of glycogen storage disease type 1a

Most patients affected by glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD1a), an inherited metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase-α (G6Pase-α), develop renal and liver complications, including the development of hepatocellular adenoma/carcinoma. The purpose of this study was to identify potential biomarkers of the pathophysiology of the GSD1a-affected liver. To this end, we used the plasma exosomes of a murine model of GSD1a, the LS-G6pc ^{-/ -} mouse, to uncover the modulation in microRNA expression associated with the disease. The microRNAs differentially expressed between LS-G6pc ^-/- and wild-type mice, LS-G6pc ^-/- mice with hepatocellular adenoma and LS-G6pc ^-/- mice without adenoma, and LS-G6pc ^-/- mice with amyloidosis and LS-G6pc ^-/- mice without amyloidosis were identified. Pathway analysis demonstrated that the target genes of the differentially expressed microRNA were significantly enriched for the insulin signaling pathway, glucose and lipid metabolism, Wnt/β-catenin, telomere maintenance and hepatocellular carcinoma, and chemokine and immune regulation signaling pathways. Although some microRNAs were common to the different pathologic conditions, others were unique to the cancerous or inflammatory status of the animals. Therefore, the altered expression of several microRNAs is correlated with various pathologic liver states and might help to distinguish them during the progression of the disease and the development of late GSD1a-associated complications.

Traditional Chinese Medicine Xiaoai Jiedu Recipe Suppresses the Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma via Regulating the microRNA-29a/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Axis

Objective

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent and lethal tumors affecting human health worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-cancer effects of Xiaoai Jiedu Recipe (XJR) on HCC development and its underlying mechanisms.

Methods

The expression of microRNA-29a (miR-29a) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in HCC tissues and cells was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The proliferation, migration, and invasion of HCC cells were measured by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide, wound-healing, and transwell assays, respectively. The regulatory relationship between miR-29a and STAT3 in HCC was predicted by TargetScan and analyzed by luciferase reporter and RNA pull-down assays. The protein expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2/9 and STAT3 was detected by Western blotting. A xenograft tumor mouse model was established, and tumor weight and volume were measured.

Results

The expression of miR-29a was significantly decreased in HCC tissues and cells compared with that in normal tissues and cells. The up-regulation of miR-29a was related with lymph node metastasis and tumor node metastasis stage. XJR treatment significantly increased the expression of miR-29a, decreased cell viability, migration, and invasion, and reduced the protein expression of MMP-2/9 in HCC cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The anti-tumor effect of XJR on HCC cells was reversed by treatment with miR-29a inhibitor. STAT3 was predicted as a target of miR-29a, and its expression was negatively regulated by miR-29a. Moreover, STAT3 knockdown suppressed the malignant behavior of HCC cells, and its anti-tumor function was reversed by treatment with miR-29a inhibitor. Furthermore, XJR treatment inhibited tumor growth in mice through elevating miR-29a expression and inhibiting STAT3 expression.

Conclusion

XJR suppressed the development of HCC via regulating miR-29a and STAT3.

The Emerging Role of MicroRNAs in NAFLD: Highlight of MicroRNA-29a in Modulating Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Beyond

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common cause of chronic liver disease and ranges from steatosis to steatohepatitis and to liver fibrosis. Lipotoxicity in hepatocytes, elevated oxidative stress and the activation of proinflammatory mediators of Kupffer cells, and fibrogenic pathways of activated hepatic stellate cells can contribute to the development of NAFLD. MicroRNAs (miRs) play a crucial role in the dysregulated metabolism and inflammatory signaling connected with NAFLD and its progression towards more severe stages. Of note, the protective effect of non-coding miR-29a on liver damage and its versatile action on epigenetic activity, mitochondrial homeostasis and immunomodulation may improve our perception of the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Herein, we review the biological functions of critical miRs in NAFLD, as well as highlight the emerging role of miR-29a in therapeutic application and the recent advances in molecular mechanisms underlying its liver protective effect.

The mechanistic, diagnostic and therapeutic novel nucleic acids for hepatocellular carcinoma emerging in past score years

Despite The Central Dogma states the destiny of gene as 'DNA makes RNA and RNA makes protein', the nucleic acids not only store and transmit genetic information but also, surprisingly, join in intracellular vital movement as a regulator of gene expression. Bioinformatics has contributed to knowledge for a series of emerging novel nucleic acids molecules. For typical cases, microRNA (miRNA), long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) and circular RNA (circRNA) exert crucial role in regulating vital biological processes, especially in malignant diseases. Due to extraordinarily heterogeneity among all malignancies, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has emerged enormous limitation in diagnosis and therapy. Mechanistic, diagnostic and therapeutic nucleic acids for HCC emerging in past score years have been systematically reviewed. Particularly, we have organized recent advances on nucleic acids of HCC into three facets: (i) summarizing diverse nucleic acids and their modification (miRNA, lncRNA, circRNA, circulating tumor DNA and DNA methylation) acting as potential biomarkers in HCC diagnosis; (ii) concluding different patterns of three key noncoding RNAs (miRNA, lncRNA and circRNA) in gene regulation and (iii) outlining the progress of these novel nucleic acids for HCC diagnosis and therapy in clinical trials, and discuss their possibility for clinical applications. All in all, this review takes a detailed look at the advances of novel nucleic acids from potential of biomarkers and elaboration of mechanism to early clinical application in past 20 years.

Circular RNA expression profiling identifies specific circular RNAs in tongue squamous cell carcinoma

Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is the most frequent type of oral cancer associated with high malignancy. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a form of non-coding RNA with stable and conserved expression in mammalian cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate circRNAs expression profiles in TSCC, and examine the roles and potential mechanisms of circRNA-081069 (circ_081069). A high-throughput circRNA microarray analysis of tumor samples and adjacent normal tissues from four patients with TSCC was performed. Bioinformatic analysis was conducted to screen the differentially expressed circRNAs. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR was performed to confirm the microarray results. A migration assay and proliferation assay were performed to detect the migratory and proliferative ability of TSCC cells. A luciferase assay was conducted to investigate the interaction between circ_081069 and microRNA (miRNA/miR)-665. In total, 335 circRNAs were found to be differentially expressed in tumor tissues. Among them, 59 were upregulated and 276 were downregulated (P<0.05; fold change ≥2 or ≤0.5). A total of seven circRNAs, including two upregulated and five downregulated circRNAs, were further confirmed using quantitative PCR analysis in the ten paired TSCC tissues and adjacent normal tissues. The present study showed that circRNA_081069 promoted the migratory and proliferative ability of TSCC cells in vitro. Furthermore, the potential circRNA-miRNA interactions were predicted, and the present results identified miR-665 as a miRNA target of circ_081069. The present results suggested that circRNAs may be involved in TSCC development, and understanding the interaction between circ_081069 and miR-665 may facilitate the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets for TSCC.

MiR-29a regulates the proliferation, aromatase expression, and estradiol biosynthesis of human granulosa cells in polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of anovulatory infertility in reproductive-aged women; however, its etiology remains poorly understood. This study aimed to reveal the role of miR-29a in PCOS. MiR-29a levels were measured in the granulosa cells (GCs) of forty-seven PCOS patients and forty-seven controls. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to evaluate the diagnostic value of miR-29a in non-hyperandrogenism PCOS. MiR-29a was overexpressed in KGN and COV434 cells to examine its roles in proliferation, cell-cycle progression, and steroidogenesis. MiR-29a was significantly down-regulated in PCOS patients, and associated with an increased antral follicle count. The ROC curve showed a major separation between PCOS patients and controls. MiR-29a overexpression in KGN and COV434 cells inhibited cell proliferation, arrested cell-cycle progression, and decreased aromatase expression and estradiol production. These findings suggest that miR-29a is involved in GC proliferation and steroidogenesis, providing insights into PCOS pathogenesis.

miR-1285-3p is a potential prognostic marker in human osteosarcoma and functions as a tumor suppressor by targeting YAP1

BACKGROUND

Despite the major advances in the treatment, the overall survival of osteosarcoma remains poor. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in tumorigenesis and progression though modulating their target genes. In the present study, the roles of miR-1285-3p in osteosarcoma was investigated.

METHODS

Microarray profiling was applied to distinguish the up and down regulated microRNAs in osteosarcoma. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay was performed to detect the expression of miR-1285-3p and YAP1 expression. MTT and transwell assays were carried out to determine the cells proliferation and invasion respectively. Moreover, dual luciferase reporter assay was performed to evaluate the binding efficiency between miR-1285-3p and the 3'UTR of YAP1.

RESULTS

MiR-1285-3p was down regulated in osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines and the reduction of miR-1285-3p expression predicted a poor overall survival of osteosarcoma patients. Ectopic expression of miR-1285-3p inhibited osteosarcoma cell proliferation, colony formation and invasion. In addition, YAP1 was further demonstrated as a direct target of miR-1285-3p. Moreover, overexpression of YAP1 reversed the inhibitory effects of miR-1285-3p on osteosarcoma cells proliferation and invasion.

CONCLUSIONS

MiR-1285-3p which was low expressed in osteosarcoma inhibited the proliferation and invasion of osteosarcoma cells via direct targeting YAP1. These results suggested that miR-1285-3p might be a potential therapeutic targets and biomarker in osteosarcoma.

A Novel Saliva-Based miRNA Signature for Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis

Salivary microRNAs (miRNAs) are of high interest as diagnostic biomarkers for non-oral cancer. However, little is known about their value for colorectal cancer (CRC) detection. Our study aims to characterize salivary miRNAs in order to identify non-invasive markers for CRC diagnosis. The screening of 754 miRNAs was performed in saliva samples from 14 CRC and 10 healthy controls. The differential expressed miRNAs were validated by RT-qPCR in 51 CRC, 19 adenomas and 37 healthy controls. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and logistic regression models were performed to analyze the clinical value of these miRNAs. Twenty-two salivary miRNAs were significantly deregulated in CRC patients vs. healthy individuals (p < 0.05) in the discovery phase. From those, five upregulated miRNAs (miR-186-5p, miR-29a-3p, miR-29c-3p, miR-766-3p, and miR-491-5p) were confirmed to be significantly higher in the CRC vs. healthy group (p < 0.05). This five-miRNA signature showed diagnostic value (72% sensitivity, 66.67% specificity, AUC = 0.754) to detect CRC, which was even higher in combination with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels. Overall, after the first global characterization of salivary miRNAs in CRC, a five-miRNA panel was identified as a promising tool to diagnose this malignancy, representing a novel approach to detect cancer-associated epigenetic alterations using a non-invasive strategy.

Roles of Thyroid Hormone-Associated microRNAs Affecting Oxidative Stress in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Oxidative stress occurs as a result of imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant genes in cells, causing damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA. Accumulating damage of cellular components can trigger various diseases, including metabolic syndrome and cancer. Over the past few years, the physiological significance of microRNAs (miRNA) in cancer has been a focus of comprehensive research. In view of the extensive level of miRNA interference in biological processes, the roles of miRNAs in oxidative stress and their relevance in physiological processes have recently become a subject of interest. In-depth research is underway to specifically address the direct or indirect relationships of oxidative stress-induced miRNAs in liver cancer and the potential involvement of the thyroid hormone in these processes. While studies on thyroid hormone in liver cancer are abundantly documented, no conclusive information on the potential relationships among thyroid hormone, specific miRNAs, and oxidative stress in liver cancer is available. In this review, we discuss the effects of thyroid hormone on oxidative stress-related miRNAs that potentially have a positive or negative impact on liver cancer. Additionally, supporting evidence from clinical and animal experiments is provided.

SIRT1 in the Development and Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Current treatment options for inoperable HCCs have decreased therapeutic efficacy and are associated with systemic toxicity and chemoresistance. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide–dependent enzyme that is frequently overexpressed in HCC, where it promotes tumorigenicity, metastasis, and chemoresistance. SIRT1 also maintains the tumorigenic and self-renewal proprieties of liver cancer stem cells. Multiple tumor-suppressive microRNAs (miRNAs) are downregulated in HCC and, as a consequence, permit SIRT1-induced tumorigenicity. However, either directly targeting SIRT1, combining conventional chemotherapy with SIRT1 inhibitors, or upregulating tumor-suppressive miRNAs may improve therapeutic efficacy and patient outcomes. Here, we present the interaction between SIRT1, miRNAs, and liver cancer stem cells and discuss the consequences of their interplay for the development and treatment of HCC.

MiR-29a function as tumor suppressor in cervical cancer by targeting SIRT1 and predict patient prognosis

INTRODUCTION

Cervical cancer is the second most frequently malignant tumors in females and metastasis is a challenge of the treatment of cervical cancer. MiR-29a is usually low expressed in several tumors and its functions in cervical cancer remain unclear.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was employed to assess the expression of miR-29a and the Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1). Cell metastatic ability was assessed using Transwell and Western blot assays. The dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to verify that miR-29a targeted to the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of SIRT1 mRNA.

RESULTS

MiR-29a was low expressed in cervical cancer and downregulation of miR-29a was associated with poor outcome. MiR-29a regulated the expression of SIRT1 by targeting to its 3'-UTR of mRNA in HeLa cells. SIRT1 was upregulated in cervical cancer tissues and cells in comparison with the non-tumor tissues and normal cells. Upregulation of SIRT1 predicted worse outcome of cervical cancer patients. MiR-29a was participated in the migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cervical cancer through directly targeting to the 3'-UTR of SIRT1 mRNA. SIRT1 reversed partial roles of miR-29a on metastasis in cervical cancer.

CONCLUSION

miR-29a suppressed migration, invasion and EMT by directly targeting to SIRT1 in cervical cancer. The newly identified miR-29a/SIRT1 axis provides novel insight into the pathogenesis of cervical cancer.

MicroRNA‑663b targets GAB2 to restrict cell proliferation and invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma

Previous studies have demonstrated that numerous tumor‑specific microRNAs (miRNAs) are upregulated or downregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and that their dysregulation is implicated in HCC occurrence and development. Therefore, investigation of crucial miRNAs involved in HCC oncogenesis and progression may provide novel insights into the therapy of patients with this malignant tumor. In the present study, reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) assays were performed to detect tissue and cellular expression levels of miRNA‑663b (miR‑663b) in HCC. The effects of miR‑663b overexpression on the proliferation and invasion of HCC cells were examined using Cell Counting Kit‑8 and Transwell invasion assays, respectively. The direct target of miR‑663b in HCC cells was determined by bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter assay, RT‑qPCR and western blot analysis. It was observed that miR‑663b was expressed at low levels in HCC tissues and cell lines. miR‑663b upregulation suppressed the proliferative and invasive abilities of HCC cells. Additionally, Grb2‑associated binding 2 (GAB2) was regarded as a direct target gene of miR‑663b in HCC cells. Furthermore, GAB2 was overexpressed in HCC tissues, and overexpression of GAB2 was inversely correlated with levels of miR‑663b. GAB2 overexpression was able to rescue the suppressive effects of miR‑663b on HCC cells. These results demonstrated that this newly‑identified miR‑663b/GAB2 axis may be implicated in HCC occurrence and development.