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Casey E, Li Z, Liang D, Ebelt S, Levey AI, Lah JJ, Wingo TS, Hüls A. Association between Fine Particulate Matter Exposure and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease among a Cognitively Healthy Population-Based Cohort. Environ Health Perspect 2024; 132:47001. [PMID: 38567968 PMCID: PMC10989269 DOI: 10.1289/ehp13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological evidence suggests air pollution adversely affects cognition and increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but little is known about the biological effects of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 , particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μ m ) on early predictors of future disease risk. OBJECTIVES We investigated the association between 1-, 3-, and 5-y exposure to ambient and traffic-related PM 2.5 and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of AD. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using data from 1,113 cognitively healthy adults (45-75 y of age) from the Emory Healthy Brain Study in Georgia in the United States. CSF biomarker concentrations of A β 42 , tTau, and pTau, were collected at enrollment (2016-2020) and analyzed with the Roche Elecsys system. Annual ambient and traffic-related residential PM 2.5 concentrations were estimated at a 1 -km and 250 -m resolution, respectively, and computed for each participant's geocoded address, using three exposure time periods based on specimen collection date. Associations between PM 2.5 and CSF biomarker concentrations, considering continuous and dichotomous (dichotomized at clinical cutoffs) outcomes, were estimated with multiple linear/logistic regression, respectively, controlling for potential confounders (age, gender, race, ethnicity, body mass index, and neighborhood socioeconomic status). RESULTS Interquartile range (IQR; IQR = 0.845 ) increases in 1-y [β : - 0.101 ; 95% confidence interval (CI): - 0.18 , - 0.02 ] and 3-y (β : - 0.078 ; 95% CI: - 0.15 , - 0.00 ) ambient PM 2.5 exposures were negatively associated with A β 42 CSF concentrations. Associations between ambient PM 2.5 and A β 42 were similar for 5-y estimates (β : - 0.076 ; 95% CI: - 0.160 , 0.005). Dichotomized CSF variables revealed similar associations between ambient PM 2.5 and A β 42 . Associations with traffic-related PM 2.5 were similar but not significant. Associations between PM 2.5 exposures and tTau, pTau tTau / A β 42 , or pTau / A β 42 levels were mainly null. CONCLUSION In our study, consistent trends were found between 1-y PM 2.5 exposure and decreased CSF A β 42 , which suggests an accumulation of amyloid plaques in the brain and an increased risk of developing AD. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13503.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Casey
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zhenjiang Li
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Donghai Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stefanie Ebelt
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Allan I. Levey
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James J. Lah
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Thomas S. Wingo
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anke Hüls
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Shen W, Chen H, Shih C, Samet J, Tong H. Modulatory effects of dietary saturated fatty acids on platelet mitochondrial function following short-term exposure to ambient Particulate Matter (PM 2.5). J Toxicol Environ Health A 2024; 87:215-226. [PMID: 38111233 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2023.2292709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was found to produce vascular injury, possibly by activating platelets within days after exposure. The aim of this study was to investigate the modulatory effects of dietary saturated fatty acids on platelet mitochondrial respiratory parameters following short-term inhalational exposure to PM2.5. A total of 22 healthy male volunteers were recruited from the Research Triangle area of North Carolina. Platelets were isolated from fresh whole blood samples and mitochondrial respiratory parameters were measured using an extracellular flux analyzer. Intake of saturated fat was averaged from multiple 24-hr dietary recalls. Daily ambient PM2.5 concentrations were obtained from ambient air quality monitoring stations. Correlation and ANOVA were used in data analyses, along with the pick-a-point method and the Johnson-Neyman technique for probing moderation. After controlling for age and omega-3 index, the intake of dietary saturated fatty acids after reaching 9.3% or higher of the total caloric intake significantly moderated the associations between PM2.5 exposure and several platelet mitochondrial respiratory parameters. In conclusion, dietary saturated fatty acids above 9.3% of total caloric intake influenced the relationship between short-term PM2.5 exposure and platelet mitochondrial respiration. Further research is needed to understand these associations and their implications for cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Shen
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Food and Nutrition Program, Department of Public and Allied Health, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Chiahao Shih
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - James Samet
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, WA, USA
| | - Haiyan Tong
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, WA, USA
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Wang K, Lei L, Li G, Lan Y, Wang W, Zhu J, Liu Q, Ren L, Wu S. Association between Ambient Particulate Air Pollution and Soluble Biomarkers of Endothelial Function: A Meta-Analysis. Toxics 2024; 12:76. [PMID: 38251031 PMCID: PMC10819696 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The burden of cardiovascular diseases caused by ambient particulate air pollution is universal. An increasing number of studies have investigated the potential effects of exposure to particulate air pollution on endothelial function, which is one of the important mechanisms for the onset and development of cardiovascular disease. However, no previous study has conducted a summary analysis of the potential effects of particulate air pollution on endothelial function. OBJECTIVES To summarize the evidence for the potential effects of short-term exposure to ambient particulate air pollution on endothelial function based on existing studies. METHODS A systematic literature search on the relationship between ambient particulate air pollution and biomarkers of endothelial function including endothelin-1 (ET-1), E-selectin, intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Science up to 20 May 2023. Subsequently, a meta-analysis was conducted using a random effects model. RESULTS A total of 18 studies were included in this meta-analysis. A 10 μg/m3 increase in short-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 was associated with a 1.55% (95% CI: 0.89%, 2.22%) increase in ICAM-1 and a 1.97% (95% CI: 0.86%, 3.08%) increase in VCAM-1. The associations of ET-1 (0.22%, 95% CI: -4.94%, 5.65%) and E-selectin (3.21%, 95% CI: -0.90% 7.49%) with short-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 were statistically insignificant. CONCLUSION Short-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 pollution may significantly increase the levels of typical markers of endothelial function, including ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, suggesting potential endothelial dysfunction following ambient air pollution exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (K.W.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
- Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (K.W.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
- Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Ge Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (K.W.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
- Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Yang Lan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (K.W.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
- Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Wanzhou Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China;
| | - Jiaqi Zhu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (K.W.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
- Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Qisijing Liu
- Research Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;
| | - Lihua Ren
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China;
| | - Shaowei Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (K.W.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
- Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
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Kalaria RN, Akinyemi RO, Paddick SM, Ihara M. Current perspectives on prevention of vascular cognitive impairment and promotion of vascular brain health. Expert Rev Neurother 2024; 24:25-44. [PMID: 37916306 PMCID: PMC10872925 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2023.2273393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The true global burden of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is unknown. Reducing risk factors for stroke and cardiovascular disease would inevitably curtail VCI. AREAS COVERED The authors review current diagnosis, epidemiology, and risk factors for VCI. VCI increases in older age and by inheritance of known genetic traits. They emphasize modifiable risk factors identified by the 2020 Lancet Dementia Commission. The most profound risks for VCI also include lower education, cardiometabolic factors, and compromised cognitive reserve. Finally, they discuss pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. EXPERT OPINION By virtue of the high frequencies of stroke and cardiovascular disease the global prevalence of VCI is expectedly higher than prevalent neurodegenerative disorders causing dementia. Since ~ 90% of the global burden of stroke can be attributed to modifiable risk factors, a formidable opportunity arises to reduce the burden of not only stroke but VCI outcomes including progression from mild to the major in form of vascular dementia. Strict control of vascular risk factors and secondary prevention of cerebrovascular disease via pharmacological interventions will impact on burden of VCI. Non-pharmacological measures by adopting healthy diets and encouraging physical and cognitive activities and urging multidomain approaches are important for prevention of VCI and preservation of vascular brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj N Kalaria
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rufus O Akinyemi
- Neuroscience and Ageing Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Stella-Maria Paddick
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan
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Xu BL, Wang YY, Jiang LL, Liu Z, Liu DR, Zhao H, Li SL, Wang XB. Inhibitory effect of main phenolic acid components of Jacobaea cannabifolia (Less.) on inflammation caused by PM 2.5. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1096137. [PMID: 36699051 PMCID: PMC9870245 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1096137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PM2.5 is an important environmental problem threatening human health at present, which poses serious harm to human body after inhalation. J. cannabifolia is a traditional Chinese medicine which exhibits anti-inflammatory effect. This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of main phenolic acid components of J. cannabifolia on inflammation caused by PM2.5. Effect of PM2.5 on cell activity and apoptosis were determined by MTT, flow cytometry and calcein AM/PI staining. PHBA, PHPAA, and mixture of PHBA and PHPAA of different concentrations were given to RAW264.7 cells pretreated with PM2.5. The effect of drugs on cellular inflammatory factors was detected by ELISA. The expressions of TLRs related signal pathway at protein and gene levels were detected by western blot and qRT-PCR. The results showed that PM2.5 had no effect on cell activity and apoptosis within the determined concentration range. PHBA and PHPAA could markly inhibit the level of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, the expressions of TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, IRAK1, TRAF6, TAK1, IKKβ, and NF-κB induced by PM2.5 were markedly inhibited by PHBA and PHPAA at protein and gene levels. This study demonstrated that PHBA and PHPAA could attenuated inflammation caused by PM2.5 through suppressing TLRs related signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Li Xu
- 1967th Hospital of People’s Liberation Army, Dalian, China,2Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wang
- 2Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Ling-Ling Jiang
- 2Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- 2Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Ding-Rui Liu
- 2Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - He Zhao
- 2Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Shi-Liang Li
- 2Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Wang
- 1967th Hospital of People’s Liberation Army, Dalian, China,*Correspondence: Xiao-Bo Wang,
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Feng S, Huang F, Zhang Y, Feng Y, Zhang Y, Cao Y, Wang X. The pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms of atmospheric PM 2.5 affecting cardiovascular health: A review. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2023; 249:114444. [PMID: 38321663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5, with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm) is a leading environmental risk factor for global cardiovascular health concern. OBJECTIVE To provide a roadmap for those new to this field, we reviewed the new insights into the pathophysiological and cellular/molecular mechanisms of PM2.5 responsible for cardiovascular health. MAIN FINDINGS PM2.5 is able to disrupt multiple physiological barriers integrity and translocate into the systemic circulation and get access to a range of secondary target organs. An ever-growing body of epidemiological and controlled exposure studies has evidenced a causal relationship between PM2.5 exposure and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. A variety of cellular and molecular biology mechanisms responsible for the detrimental cardiovascular outcomes attributable to PM2.5 exposure have been described, including metabolic activation, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, inflammation, dysregulation of Ca2+ signaling, disturbance of autophagy, and induction of apoptosis, by which PM2.5 exposure impacts the functions and fates of multiple target cells in cardiovascular system or related organs and further alters a series of pathophysiological processes, such as cardiac autonomic nervous system imbalance, increasing blood pressure, metabolic disorder, accelerated atherosclerosis and plaque vulnerability, platelet aggregation and thrombosis, and disruption in cardiac structure and function, ultimately leading to cardiovascular events and death. Therein, oxidative stress and inflammation were suggested to play pivotal roles in those pathophysiological processes. CONCLUSION Those biology mechanisms have deepen insights into the etiology, course, prevention and treatment of this public health concern, although the underlying mechanisms have not yet been entirely clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolong Feng
- The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China; The State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Fangfang Huang
- The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Yashi Feng
- The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Yunchang Cao
- The Department of Molecular Biology, School of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China; The State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Wang C, Qi Y, Chen Z. Explainable Gated Recurrent Unit to explore the effect of co-exposure to multiple air pollutants and meteorological conditions on mental health outcomes. Environ Int 2023; 171:107689. [PMID: 36508748 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mental health conditions have the potential to be worsened by air pollution or other climate-sensitive factors. Few studies have empirically examined those associations when we faced to co-exposures, as well as interaction effects. There would be an urgent need to use deep learning to handle complex co-exposures that might interact in multiple ways, and the model performance reinforced by SHapely Additive exPlanations (SHAP) enabled our predictions interpretable and hence actionable. Here, to evaluate the mixed effect of short-term co-exposure, we conducted a time-series analysis using approximately 1.47 million hospital outpatient visits of mental disorders (i.e., depressive disorder-DD, Schizophrenia-SP, Anxiety Disorder-AD, Bipolar Disorder-BD, Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder-ADHD, Autism Spectrum Disorder-ASD), with matched meteorological observations from 2015 through 2019 in Nanjing, China. The global insights of gated recurrent unit model revealed that most of input features with similar effect size caused the illness risk of SP and ASD increase, and most markedly, 73% of relative humidity, 44.6 µg/m3 of NO2, and 14.1 µg/m3 of SO2 at 5-year average level associated with 2.27, 1.14, and 1.29 visits increase for DD, SP, and AD, respectively. Both synergic and antagonistic effect among informative paired-features were distinguished from local feature dependence. Interestingly, variation tendencies of excessive visits of bipolar disorder when atmospheric pressure, PM2.5, and O3 interacted with one another were inconsistent. Our results provided added qualitative and quantitative support for the conclusion that short-term co-exposure to ambient air pollutants and meteorological conditions posed threats to human mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China.
| | - Yi Qi
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University, No. 22 Hankoulu Road, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Zhenhua Chen
- Department of Information, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 264 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, RP China.
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Cheng S, Jin Y, Dou Y, Zhao Y, Duan Y, Pei H, Lyu P. Long-term particulate matter 2.5 exposure and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health 2022; 212:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zhang J, Chen R, Zhang G, Wang Y, Peng J, Hu R, Li R, Gu W, Zhang L, Sun Q, Liu C. PM 2.5 increases mouse blood pressure by activating toll-like receptor 3. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2022; 234:113368. [PMID: 35247710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plenty of literature has documented that fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure is related to blood pressure (BP) elevation. Vascular dysfunction is the initiation of cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension. This thesis set out to assess the role of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) in the increase in BP induced by PM2.5. METHODS C57BL/6 and TLR3 deficient (TLR3-/-) male mice were randomly allocated to filtered air chamber or real-world inhaled concentrated PM2.5 chamber. BP was evaluated using non-invasive BP recordings. After euthanasia, the aortas and small mesenteric arteries (SMAs) were isolated, and vascular tone was measured using a wire myograph. Leucocytes were detached to assess myeloid-derived suppressor cells using flow cytometry. siRNA transfection was performed to silence TLR3 expression in the human vascular endothelial cells incubated with PM2.5. The gene expression levels of inflammation, adhesion molecules, and oxidative stress in the aortas were assessed by quantitative PCR. RESULTS Exposure to PM2.5 increased mouse BP, and TLR3 deficiency protected against PM2.5 exposure-induced BP increase. Additionally, the injury of vascular function in the aortas and SMAs was inhibited in TLR3-/- mice. The intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) was attenuated in TLR3-/- mice, accompanied by the inhibition of inflammatory and oxidized genes of the aortas, such as F4/80, interleukin-6, interleukin-1 beta, and NADPH oxidase 4. In vitro, the enhanced mRNA expression of genes encoding inflammation, oxidative stress, and ICAM-1 by PM2.5 was inhibited by TLR3 silence as well. CONCLUSIONS PM2.5 exposure increased BP via TLR3 activation and impaired vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinna Zhang
- School of Public Health, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rucheng Chen
- School of Public Health, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- School of Public Health, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- School of Public Health, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Peng
- School of Public Health, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Renjie Hu
- School of Public Health, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ran Li
- School of Public Health, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weijia Gu
- School of Public Health, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Public Health, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Sun
- School of Public Health, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cuiqing Liu
- School of Public Health, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
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Abstract
The increasing amount of particulate matter (PM) in the ambient air is a pressing public health issue globally. Epidemiological studies involving data from millions of patients or volunteers have associated PM with increased risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease in the elderly and cognitive dysfunction and neurodegenerative pathology across all age groups, suggesting that PM may be a risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases affect an increasing population in this aging society, putting a heavy burden on economics and family. Therefore, understanding the mechanism by which PM contributes to neurodegeneration is essential to develop effective interventions. Evidence in human and animal studies suggested that PM induced neurodenegerative-like pathology including neurotoxicity, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and damage in blood–brain barrier and neurovascular units, which may contribute to the increased risk of neurodegeneration. Interestingly, antagonizing oxidative stress alleviated the neurotoxicity of PM, which may underlie the essential role of oxidative stress in PM’s potential effect in neurodegeneration. This review summarized up-to-date epidemiological and experimental studies on the pathogenic role of PM in neurodegenerative diseases and discussed the possible underlying mechanisms.
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Clouston SAP, Hall CB, Kritikos M, Bennett DA, DeKosky S, Edwards J, Finch C, Kreisl WC, Mielke M, Peskind ER, Raskind M, Richards M, Sloan RP, Spiro A, Vasdev N, Brackbill R, Farfel M, Horton M, Lowe S, Lucchini RG, Prezant D, Reibman J, Rosen R, Seil K, Zeig-Owens R, Deri Y, Diminich ED, Fausto BA, Gandy S, Sano M, Bromet EJ, Luft BJ. Cognitive impairment and World Trade Centre-related exposures. Nat Rev Neurol 2022; 18:103-116. [PMID: 34795448 PMCID: PMC8938977 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-021-00576-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
On 11 September 2001 the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York was attacked by terrorists, causing the collapse of multiple buildings including the iconic 110-story 'Twin Towers'. Thousands of people died that day from the collapse of the buildings, fires, falling from the buildings, falling debris, or other related accidents. Survivors of the attacks, those who worked in search and rescue during and after the buildings collapsed, and those working in recovery and clean-up operations were exposed to severe psychological stressors. Concurrently, these 'WTC-affected' individuals breathed and ingested a mixture of organic and particulate neurotoxins and pro-inflammogens generated as a result of the attack and building collapse. Twenty years later, researchers have documented neurocognitive and motor dysfunctions that resemble the typical features of neurodegenerative disease in some WTC responders at midlife. Cortical atrophy, which usually manifests later in life, has also been observed in this population. Evidence indicates that neurocognitive symptoms and corresponding brain atrophy are associated with both physical exposures at the WTC and chronic post-traumatic stress disorder, including regularly re-experiencing traumatic memories of the events while awake or during sleep. Despite these findings, little is understood about the long-term effects of these physical and mental exposures on the brain health of WTC-affected individuals, and the potential for neurocognitive disorders. Here, we review the existing evidence concerning neurological outcomes in WTC-affected individuals, with the aim of contextualizing this research for policymakers, researchers and clinicians and educating WTC-affected individuals and their friends and families. We conclude by providing a rationale and recommendations for monitoring the neurological health of WTC-affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A P Clouston
- Program in Public Health, Department of Family, Population, and Preventive Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - Charles B Hall
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Minos Kritikos
- Program in Public Health, Department of Family, Population, and Preventive Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush Medical College, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Steven DeKosky
- Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute and Florida Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jerri Edwards
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Caleb Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William C Kreisl
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Mielke
- Specialized Center of Research Excellence on Sex Differences, Department of Neurology, Department of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Elaine R Peskind
- Veteran's Association VISN 20 Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veteran's Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Murray Raskind
- Veteran's Association VISN 20 Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veteran's Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marcus Richards
- Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Richard P Sloan
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Avron Spiro
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), Department of Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Center, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Brackbill
- World Trade Center Health Registry, New York Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark Farfel
- World Trade Center Health Registry, New York Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, USA
| | - Megan Horton
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sandra Lowe
- The World Trade Center Mental Health Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roberto G Lucchini
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - David Prezant
- World Trade Center Health Program, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Joan Reibman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca Rosen
- World Trade Center Environmental Health Center, Department of Psychiatry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kacie Seil
- World Trade Center Health Registry, New York Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Zeig-Owens
- World Trade Center Health Program, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yael Deri
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Erica D Diminich
- Program in Public Health, Department of Family, Population, and Preventive Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Bernadette A Fausto
- Center for Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Sam Gandy
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Mount Sinai Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary Sano
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Mount Sinai Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Evelyn J Bromet
- Department of Psychiatry, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin J Luft
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Thiankhaw K, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. PM2.5 exposure in association with AD-related neuropathology and cognitive outcomes. Environ Pollut 2022; 292:118320. [PMID: 34634399 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 μm or PM2.5 is recognized worldwide as a cause of public health problems, mainly associated with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. There is accumulating evidence to show that exposure to PM2.5 has a crucial causative role in various neurological disorders, the main ones being dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). PM2.5 can activate glial and microglial activity, resulting in neuroinflammation, increased intracellular ROS production, and ultimately neuronal apoptosis. PM2.5 also causes the alteration of neuronal morphology and synaptic changes and increases AD biomarkers, including amyloid-beta and hyperphosphorylated-tau, as well as raising the levels of enzymes involved in the amyloidogenic pathway. Clinical trials have highlighted the correlation between exposure to PM2.5, dementia, and AD diagnosis. This correlation is also displayed by concordant evidence from animal models, as indicated by increased AD biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid and markers of vascular injury. Blood-brain barrier disruption is another aggravated phenomenon demonstrated in people at risk who are exposed to PM2.5. This review summarizes and discusses studies from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies on causative relationships of PM2.5 exposure to AD-related neuropathology. Conflicting data are also examined in order to determine the actual association between ambient air pollution and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitti Thiankhaw
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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Chang SH, Merzkani M, Murad H, Wang M, Bowe B, Lentine KL, Al-Aly Z, Alhamad T. Association of Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Air Pollution With Kidney Transplant Outcomes. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2128190. [PMID: 34618038 PMCID: PMC8498852 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.28190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Increased levels of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution are associated with increased risks for detrimental health outcomes, but risks for patients with kidney transplants (KTs) remain unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of PM2.5 exposure with KT outcomes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This retrospective cohort study was conducted using data on patients who received KTs from 2004 to 2016 who were identified in the national US transplant registry and followed up through March 2021. Multiple databases were linked to obtain data on PM2.5 concentration, KT outcomes, and patient clinical, transplant, and contextual factors. Data were analyzed from April 2020 through July 2021. EXPOSURES Exposures included post-KT time-dependent annual mean PM2.5 level (in 10 μg/m3) and mean PM2.5 level in the year before KT (ie, baseline levels) in quartiles, as well as baseline annual mean PM2.5 level (in 10 μg/m3). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Acute kidney rejection (ie, rejection within 1 year after KT), time to death-censored graft failure, and time to all-cause death. Multivariable logistic regression for kidney rejection and Cox analyses with nonlinear assessment of exposure-response for death-censored graft failure and all-cause death were performed. The national burden of graft failure associated with PM2.5 levels greater than the Environmental Protection Agency recommended level of 12 μg/m3 was estimated. RESULTS Among 112 098 patients with KTs, 70 522 individuals (62.9%) were older than age 50 years at the time of KT, 68 117 (60.8%) were men, and the median (IQR) follow-up was 6.0 (3.9-8.9) years. There were 37 265 Black patients (33.2%), 17 047 Hispanic patients (15.2%), 48 581 White patients [43.3%]), and 9205 patients (8.2%) of other race or ethnicity. The median (IQR) baseline PM2.5 level was 9.8 (8.3-11.9) μg/m3. Increased baseline PM2.5 level, compared with quartile 1 baseline PM2.5 level, was not associated with higher odds of acute kidney rejection for quartile 2 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.99; 95% CI, 0.92-1.06) but was associated with increased odds for quartile 3 (aOR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.04-1.20) and quartile 4 (aOR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.05-1.23). Nonlinear assessment of exposure-response for graft failure and death showed no evidence for nonlinearity. Increased PM2.5 levels were associated with increased risk of death-censored graft failure (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] per 10 μg/m3 increase, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.09-1.25) and all-cause death (aHR per 10 μg/m3 increase, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.14-1.28). The national burden of death-censored graft failure associated with PM2.5 above 12 μg/m3 was 57 failures (95% uncertainty interval, 48-67 failures) per year among patients with KTs. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This cohort study found that PM2.5 level was an independent risk factor associated with acute rejection, graft failure, and death among patients with KTs. These findings suggest that efforts toward decreasing levels of PM2.5 concentration may be associated with improved outcomes after KT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hsin Chang
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri
- Institute for Public Health, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Massini Merzkani
- Institute for Public Health, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri
- Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Haris Murad
- Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri
- Transplant Epidemiology Research Collaboration (TERC), Institute for Public Health, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Mei Wang
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Benjamin Bowe
- Clinical Epidemiology Center, Research and Education Service, VA St. Louis Health Care System, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Krista L. Lentine
- Center for Abdominal Transplantation, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ziyad Al-Aly
- Institute for Public Health, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri
- Clinical Epidemiology Center, Research and Education Service, VA St. Louis Health Care System, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Tarek Alhamad
- Institute for Public Health, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri
- Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri
- Transplant Epidemiology Research Collaboration (TERC), Institute for Public Health, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri
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14
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Delgado-Saborit JM, Guercio V, Gowers AM, Shaddick G, Fox NC, Love S. A critical review of the epidemiological evidence of effects of air pollution on dementia, cognitive function and cognitive decline in adult population. Sci Total Environ 2021; 757:143734. [PMID: 33340865 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Dementia is arguably the most pressing public health challenge of our age. Since dementia does not have a cure, identifying risk factors that can be controlled has become paramount to reduce the personal, societal and economic burden of dementia. The relationship between exposure to air pollution and effects on cognitive function, cognitive decline and dementia has stimulated increasing scientific interest in the past few years. This review of the literature critically examines the available epidemiological evidence of associations between exposure to ambient air pollutants, cognitive performance, acceleration of cognitive decline, risk of developing dementia, neuroimaging and neurological biomarker studies, following Bradford Hill guidelines for causality. The evidence reviewed has been consistent in reporting associations between chronic exposure to air pollution and reduced global cognition, as well as impairment in specific cognitive domains including visuo-spatial abilities. Cognitive decline and dementia incidence have also been consistently associated with exposure to air pollution. The neuro-imaging studies reviewed report associations between exposure to air pollution and white matter volume reduction. Other reported effects include reduction in gray matter, larger ventricular volume, and smaller corpus callosum. Findings relating to ischemic (white matter hyperintensities/silent cerebral infarcts) and hemorrhagic (cerebral microbleeds) markers of cerebral small vessel disease have been heterogeneous, as have observations on hippocampal volume and air pollution. The few studies available on neuro-inflammation tend to report associations with exposure to air pollution. Several effect modifiers have been suggested in the literature, but more replication studies are required. Traditional confounding factors have been controlled or adjusted for in most of the reviewed studies. Additional confounding factors have also been considered, but the inclusion of these has varied among the different studies. Despite all the efforts to adjust for confounding factors, residual confounding cannot be completely ruled out, especially since the factors affecting cognition and dementia are not yet fully understood. The available evidence meets many of the Bradford Hill guidelines for causality. The reported associations between a range of air pollutants and effects on cognitive function in older people, including the acceleration of cognitive decline and the induction of dementia, are likely to be causal in nature. However, the diversity of study designs, air pollutants and endpoints examined precludes the attribution of these adverse effects to a single class of pollutant and makes meta-analysis inappropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana Maria Delgado-Saborit
- Universitat Jaume I, Perinatal Epidemiology, Environmental Health and Clinical Research, School of Medicine, Castellon, Spain; Environmental Research Group, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK; ISGlobal Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Valentina Guercio
- Air Quality and Public Health Group, Environmental Hazards and Emergencies Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Didcot, UK
| | - Alison M Gowers
- Air Quality and Public Health Group, Environmental Hazards and Emergencies Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Didcot, UK
| | | | - Nick C Fox
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Seth Love
- Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol, School of Medicine, Level 2 Learning and Research, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
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Heldt NA, Reichenbach N, McGary HM, Persidsky Y. Effects of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems and Cigarettes on Systemic Circulation and Blood-Brain Barrier: Implications for Cognitive Decline. Am J Pathol 2020; 191:243-255. [PMID: 33285126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (often known as e-cigarettes) are a novel tobacco product with growing popularity, particularly among younger demographics. The implications for public health are twofold, as these products may represent a novel source of tobacco-associated disease but may also provide a harm reduction strategy for current tobacco users. There is increasing recognition that e-cigarettes impact vascular function across multiple organ systems. Herein, we provide a comparison of evidence regarding the role of e-cigarettes versus combustible tobacco in vascular disease and implications for blood-brain barrier dysfunction and cognitive decline. Multiple non-nicotinic components of tobacco smoke have been identified in e-cigarette aerosol, and their involvement in vascular disease is discussed. In addition, nicotine and nicotinic signaling may modulate peripheral immune and endothelial cell populations in a highly context-dependent manner. Direct preclinical evidence for electronic nicotine delivery system-associated neurovascular impairment is provided, and a model is proposed in which non-nicotinic elements exert a proinflammatory effect that is functionally antagonized by the presence of nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Heldt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Nancy Reichenbach
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hannah M McGary
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yuri Persidsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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