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Rychlik M, Starnowska-Sokol J, Mlyniec K. Chronic memantine disrupts spatial memory and up-regulates Htr1a gene expression in the hippocampus of GPR39 (zinc-sensing receptor) KO male mice. Brain Res 2023; 1821:148577. [PMID: 37716463 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
GPR39 is a receptor involved in zincergic neurotransmission, and its role in regulating psychological functions is an active area of research. The purported roles of GPR39 at the cellular level include regulation of inflammatory and oxidative stress response, and modulation of GABAergic and endocannabinoid neurotransmission. GPR39 knock-out (KO) mice exhibit episodic-like and spatial memory (ELM and SM, respectively) deficits throughout their lifetime, and are similar in that respect to senescent wild-type (WT) conspecifics. Since a role for zinc has been postulated in neurodegenerative disorders, in this study we investigated the possibility of a pharmacological rescue of both types of declarative memory with memantine - a noncompetitive NMDAR antagonist used for slowing down dementia; or, a putative GPR39 agonist - TC-G 1008. First, we tested adult WT and GPR39KO male mice under acute 5 mg/kg memantine or vehicle treatment in an object recognition task designed to simultaneously probe the "what?", "where?" and "when?" components of ELM. Next, we investigated the impact of chronic memantine or TC-G 1008 on ELM and SM (Morris water maze, MWM) in both WT and GPR39KO mice. Following chronic experiments, we assessed with qRT-PCR hippocampal gene expression of targets previously associated with GPR39. We report: no effects of acute memantine on ELM; a tendency to improve the "where?" component of ELM in both WT and GPR39 KO mice following 12 days of memantine; and, a disruption of SM in GPR39KO mice after 24 days of memantine treatment. The latter result was associated with upregulation of Htr1a hippocampal expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Rychlik
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Joanna Starnowska-Sokol
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mlyniec
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland
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Lunardi P, de Souza LW, dos Santos B, Popik B, de Oliveira Alvares L. Effect of the Endocannabinoid System in Memory Updating and Forgetting. Neuroscience 2020; 444:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Zeng J, Zhang X, Wang J, Cheng X, Zhang Y, Zhou W. Comparison of Donepezil, Memantine, Melatonin, and Liuwei Dihuang Decoction on Behavioral and Immune Endocrine Responses of Aged Senescence-Accelerated Mouse Resistant 1 Mice. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:350. [PMID: 32477103 PMCID: PMC7241684 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a natural biological process associated with cognitive decline and neuroendocrine–immune system changes; the neuroendocrine–immune system plays crucial role in brain aging and neurodegeneration, and it is essential to discern beneficial attempts to delay the aging progress based on immunological aging. In this study, we have investigated the effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)—Liuwei Dihuang decoction (LW)—and donepezil, memantine, and melatonin on cognitive decline in aging mice. The aged SAMR1 mice received oral administration of donepezil (1mg/kg), memantine (10 mg/kg), melatonin (10 mg/kg), and LW (10 g/kg) for 3 months. A shuttle box, Morris water maze, and elevated-zero maze were performed to assess cognitive function, and flowcytometry, Luminex, and radioimmunoassay were performed to measure the lymphocyte subsets, inflammatory factors, and hormones. We observed that survival days of mice was increased with melatonin and LW, the anxiety behavior was significantly improved by memantine, melatonin, and LW treatment, active avoidance responses significantly improved by LW, donepezil, and memantine, the spatial learning ability was significantly improved by donepezil, and LW and melatonin were beneficial to the spatial memory of old mice. For immune function, LW increased CD4+ and CD4+CD28+ cells and reduced TNF-α, IL-1β, and G-CSF in plasma, and it also promoted the secretion of anti-inflammatory factors IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 by regulating the active of Th2 cells in spleen. Donepezil and memantine exerted protective effects against CD4+CD28+ cell decrease caused by aging and reduced the pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, and G-CSF in plasma. Melatonin could reverse CD8+CD28+ cell imbalances and increased B cells. For endocrine factors, LW increased TSH levels in the pituitary, and melatonin increased the GH level in blood. Our findings indicated that LW improved the cognitive decline in aging mice, and this might be associated with modulation of the active T cells and HPG axis hormones as well as increasing anti-inflammatory factors. Meanwhile, donepezil and memantine have advantages in regulating adaptive immunity, melatonin has advantages in the regulation of B cells and pituitary hormones, and LW exhibits a better effect on neuroendocrine immune function compared with the others from a holistic point of view. LW might be a potential therapeutic strategy for anti-aging-related syndromes, and it can also provide a value on medication guidance about drug combinations or treatment in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Zeng
- Department of Neuroimmunopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaorui Zhang
- Department of Neuroimmunopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhui Wang
- Department of Neuroimmunopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaorui Cheng
- Department of Neuroimmunopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxiang Zhang
- Department of Neuroimmunopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxia Zhou
- Department of Neuroimmunopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
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A therapeutic dose of memantine improves the performance of rats in an active place avoidance task under the continuous dissociation of distal room and proximal arena cues. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 162:59-66. [PMID: 31085330 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Memory is related to the function of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Depending on the dose, NMDA receptor antagonists (such as memantine or MK-801) can impair memory and/or cognitive as well as procedural functions, while they also can prevent the long-term toxic effects of over-excitation of these receptors in pathophysiological processes. There is an unresolved question of whether memantine at low doses could exert an acute pro-cognitive activity. A therapeutic dose of memantine was found to improve short-term spatial memory tested in the alternation version of active place avoidance in a Carousel Maze, whereas no data are available on long-term memory in various versions of place avoidance. In an effort to reconcile this issue, rats were administered memantine (5 mg/kg) 30 min before a training session and trained in two different versions of place avoidance. A control group received saline injections. In an active place avoidance task (hereby referred to as Room+Arena-), this place was fixed to distal room cues, whereas cues from the arena were misleading. Performance thus demanded the on-going segregation of information that engages cognitive coordination. Following the Room+Arena- training, rats were trained in another place avoidance task (hereby referred to as Arena+), which requires focusing on substratal and idiothetic cues from the arena. In this version, a to-be-avoided sector rotated along with the arena in darkness that hid the extramaze cues. The rats given memantine avoided better than the control rats in the Room+Arena- task. In the Arena+ task, both groups had problems with acquiring the task. Subsequently, memantine was withdrawn and both groups relearned Room+Arena- avoidance with a new sector position. In this task, no effect of groups was seen. In conclusion, memantine at a therapeutic dose improved performance in a task that required the segregation of spatial stimuli into coherent subsets.
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Wang X, Yu H, You J, Wang C, Feng C, Liu Z, Li Y, Wei R, Xu S, Zhao R, Wu X, Zhang G. Memantine can improve chronic ethanol exposure-induced spatial memory impairment in male C57BL/6 mice by reducing hippocampal apoptosis. Toxicology 2018; 406-407:21-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Parihar VK, Maroso M, Syage A, Allen BD, Angulo MC, Soltesz I, Limoli CL. Persistent nature of alterations in cognition and neuronal circuit excitability after exposure to simulated cosmic radiation in mice. Exp Neurol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Steenbergen PJ. Response of zebrafish larvae to mild electrical stimuli: A 96-well setup for behavioural screening. J Neurosci Methods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Memantine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, improves working memory deficits in DGKβ knockout mice. Neurosci Lett 2016; 630:228-232. [PMID: 27495014 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) β is a type 1 isozyme of the DGK family. We previously reported that DGKβ was deeply involved in neurite spine formation, and DGKβ knockout (KO) mice exhibited behavioral abnormalities concerning spine formation, such as cognitive, emotional, and attentional impairment. Moreover, some of these abnormalities were ameliorated by the administration of a mood stabilizer. However, there is no data about how memory-improving drugs used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease affect DGKβ KO mice. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of an anti-Alzheimer's drug, memantine on the working memory deficit observed in DGKβ KO mice. In the Y-maze test, the administration of memantine significantly improved working memory of DGKβ KO mice. We also found that the expression levels of the NR2A and NR2B N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits were increased in the prefrontal cortex, but decreased in the hippocampus of DGKβ KO mice. These altered expression levels of NR2 subunits might be related to the effect of an NMDA receptor antagonist, memantine. Taken together, these findings may support the hypothesis that DGKβ has a pivotal role in cognitive function.
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Chang YH, Chen SL, Lee SY, Chen PS, Wang TY, Lee IH, Chen KC, Yang YK, Hong JS, Lu RB. Low-dose add-on memantine treatment may improve cognitive performance and self-reported health conditions in opioid-dependent patients undergoing methadone-maintenance-therapy. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9708. [PMID: 25989606 PMCID: PMC4437025 DOI: 10.1038/srep09708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
An important interaction between opioid and dopamine systems has been indicated, and using opioids may negatively affect cognitive functioning. Memantine, a medication for Alzheimer's disease, increasingly is being used for several disorders and maybe important for cognitive improvement. Opioid-dependent patients undergoing methadone-maintenance-therapy (MMT) and healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. Patients randomly assigned to the experimental (5 mg/day memantine (MMT+M) or placebo (MMT+P) group: 57 in MMT+M, 77 in MMT+P. Those completed the cognitive tasks at the baseline and after the 12-week treatment were analyzed. Thirty-seven age- and gender-matched HCs, and 42 MMT+P and 39 MMT+M patients were compared. The dropout rates were 49.4% in the MMT+P and 26.3% in the MMT+M. Both patient groups' cognitive performances were significantly worse than that of the HCs. After the treatment, both patient groups showed improved cognitive performance. We also found an interaction between the patient groups and time which indicated that the MMT+M group's post-treatment improvement was better than that of the MMT+P group. Memantine, previously reported as neuroprotective may attenuate chronic opioid-dependence-induced cognitive decline. Using such low dose of memantine as adjuvant treatment for improving cognitive performance in opioid dependents; the dose of memantine might be a worthy topic in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Psychology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Clinical Psychology, Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Lan Chen
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yu Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veteran's General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po See Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Addiction Research Center, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yun Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - I. Hui Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Dou-Liou Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Kao Chin Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yen Kuang Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Addiction Research Center, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Ru-Band Lu
- Division of Clinical Psychology, Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institute, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
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Fajnerová I, Rodriguez M, Levčík D, Konrádová L, Mikoláš P, Brom C, Stuchlík A, Vlček K, Horáček J. A virtual reality task based on animal research - spatial learning and memory in patients after the first episode of schizophrenia. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:157. [PMID: 24904329 PMCID: PMC4034703 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Cognitive deficit is considered to be a characteristic feature of schizophrenia disorder. A similar cognitive dysfunction was demonstrated in animal models of schizophrenia. However, the poor comparability of methods used to assess cognition in animals and humans could be responsible for low predictive validity of current animal models. In order to assess spatial abilities in schizophrenia and compare our results with the data obtained in animal models, we designed a virtual analog of the Morris water maze (MWM), the virtual Four Goals Navigation (vFGN) task. Methods: Twenty-nine patients after the first psychotic episode with schizophrenia symptoms and a matched group of healthy volunteers performed the vFGN task. They were required to find and remember four hidden goal positions in an enclosed virtual arena. The task consisted of two parts. The Reference memory (RM) session with a stable goal position was designed to test spatial learning. The Delayed-matching-to-place (DMP) session presented a modified working memory protocol designed to test the ability to remember a sequence of three hidden goal positions. Results: Data obtained in the RM session show impaired spatial learning in schizophrenia patients compared to the healthy controls in pointing and navigation accuracy. The DMP session showed impaired spatial memory in schizophrenia during the recall of spatial sequence and a similar deficit in spatial bias in the probe trials. The pointing accuracy and the quadrant preference showed higher sensitivity toward the cognitive deficit than the navigation accuracy. Direct navigation to the goal was affected by sex and age of the tested subjects. The age affected spatial performance only in healthy controls. Conclusions: Despite some limitations of the study, our results correspond well with the previous studies in animal models of schizophrenia and support the decline of spatial cognition in schizophrenia, indicating the usefulness of the vFGN task in comparative research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Fajnerová
- Prague Psychiatric Center Prague, Czech Republic ; Department of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. Prague, Czech Republic ; Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - David Levčík
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Pavol Mikoláš
- Prague Psychiatric Center Prague, Czech Republic ; Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Cyril Brom
- Department of Software and Computer Science Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Stuchlík
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Vlček
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Horáček
- Prague Psychiatric Center Prague, Czech Republic ; Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague Prague, Czech Republic
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Vignisse J, Steinbusch HWM, Grigoriev V, Bolkunov A, Proshin A, Bettendorff L, Bachurin S, Strekalova T. Concomitant manipulation of murine NMDA- and AMPA-receptors to produce pro-cognitive drug effects in mice. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:309-20. [PMID: 23993168 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bifunctional drug therapy targeting distinct receptor signalling systems can generate increased efficacy at lower concentrations compared to monofunctional therapy. Non-competitive blockade of the NMDA receptors or the potentiation of AMPA receptors is well documented to result in memory enhancement. Here, we compared the efficacy of the low-affinity NMDA receptor blocker memantine or the positive modulator of AMPA receptor QXX (in C57BL/6J at 1 or 5mg/kg, ip) with new derivatives of isothiourea (0.5-1 mg/kg, ip) that have bifunctional efficacy. Low-affinity NMDA blockade by these derivatives was achieved by introducing greater flexibility into the molecule, and AMPA receptor stimulation was produced by a sulfamide-containing derivative of isothiourea. Contextual learning was examined in a step-down avoidance task and extinction of contextual memory was studied in a fear-conditioning paradigm. Memantine enhanced contextual learning while QXX facilitated memory extinction; both drugs were effective at 5 mg/kg. The new derivative IPAC-5 elevated memory scores in both tasks at the dose 0.5 mg/kg and exhibited the lowest IC₅₀ values of NMDA receptor blockade and highest potency of AMPA receptor stimulation. Thus, among the new drugs tested, IPAC-5 replicated the properties of memantine and QXX in one administration with increased potency. Our data suggest that a concomitant manipulation of NMDA- and AMPA-receptors results in pro-cognitive effects and supports the concept bifunctional drug therapy as a promising strategy to replace monofunctional therapies with greater efficacy and improved compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Vignisse
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, NL 6229ER Maastricht, Netherlands; GIGA Neuroscience, University of Liege, Avenu de l'Hopital 1, B36 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Harry W M Steinbusch
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, NL 6229ER Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Vladimir Grigoriev
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Severnii proesd 1, 142432 Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Alexei Bolkunov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Severnii proesd 1, 142432 Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Alexey Proshin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Severnii proesd 1, 142432 Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Lucien Bettendorff
- GIGA Neuroscience, University of Liege, Avenu de l'Hopital 1, B36 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Sergey Bachurin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Severnii proesd 1, 142432 Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Tatyana Strekalova
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, NL 6229ER Maastricht, Netherlands
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