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Arıkan MK, İlhan R, Orhan Ö, Esmeray MT, Turan Ş, Gica Ş, Bakay H, Pogarell O, Tarhan KN, Metin B. P300 parameters in major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Biol Psychiatry 2024; 25:255-266. [PMID: 38493361 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2024.2321554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Event-related potential measures have been extensively studied in mental disorders. Among them, P300 amplitude and latency reflect impaired cognitive abilities in major depressive disorder (MDD). The present systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to investigate whether patients with MDD differ from healthy controls (HCs) with respect to P300 amplitude and latency. METHODS PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched from inception to 15 January 2023 for case-control studies comparing P300 amplitude and latency in patients with MDD and HCs. The primary outcome was the standard mean difference. A total of 13 articles on P300 amplitude and latency were included in the meta-analysis. RESULTS Random effect models indicated that MDD patients had decreased P300 amplitude, but similar latency compared to healthy controls. According to regression analysis, the effect size increased with the severity of depression and decreased with the proportion of women in the MDD samples. Funnel plot asymmetry was not significant for publication bias. CONCLUSIONS Decreased P300 amplitude may be a candidate diagnostic biomarker for MDD. However, prospective studies testing P300 amplitude as a monitoring biomarker for MDD are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reyhan İlhan
- Prof. Dr. Mehmet Kemal Arıkan Psychiatry Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özden Orhan
- Prof. Dr. Mehmet Kemal Arıkan Psychiatry Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Şenol Turan
- Department of Psychiatry, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Şakir Gica
- Department of Mental Health and Disease, MERAM School of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hasan Bakay
- Department of Mental Health and Disease, MERAM School of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Oliver Pogarell
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kâşif Nevzat Tarhan
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Barış Metin
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Che J, Cheng N, Jiang B, Liu Y, Liu H, Li Y, Liu H. Executive function measures of participants with mild cognitive impairment: Systematic review and meta-analysis of event-related potential studies. Int J Psychophysiol 2024; 197:112295. [PMID: 38266685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.112295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Objective measurements of executive functions using event-related potential (ERP) may be used as markers for differentiating healthy controls (HC) from patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). ERP is non-invasive, cost-effective, and affordable. Older adults with MCI demonstrate deteriorated executive function, serving as a potentially valid neurophysiological marker for identifying MCI. We aimed to review published ERP studies on executive function in older adults with MCI and summarize the performance differences by component between healthy older adults and older adults with MCI. METHODS Eight electronic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, American Psychological Association PsycNet, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Embase, and Ovid) were searched for the study. Articles published from January 1 to December 31, 2022, were considered for this review. A random-effects meta-analysis and between-study heterogeneity analysis were conducted using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis V3.0 software. RESULTS We identified 7829 articles of which 28 met the full inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review and analyses. Our pooled analysis suggested that participants with MCI can be differentiated from HC by significant P200, P300, and N200 latencies. The P100 and P300 amplitudes were significantly smaller in participants with MCI when compared with those in the HCs, and the patients with MCI showed increased N200 amplitudes. Our findings provide new insights into potential electrophysiological biomarkers for diagnosing MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Che
- Department of Psychology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China
| | - Nan Cheng
- Department of Psychology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China
| | - Bicong Jiang
- Department of Psychology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China
| | - Yanli Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China
| | - Haihong Liu
- Department of Psychology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China; Natural University of Malaysia, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Centre for Psychology and Human Welfare, Bangui, Malaysia
| | - Yutong Li
- Department of Psychology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China
| | - Haining Liu
- Department of Psychology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Nerve Injury and Repair, Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China.
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Wei G, Tian X, Yang H, Luo Y, Liu G, Sun S, Wang X, Wen H. Adjunct Methods for Alzheimer's Disease Detection: A Review of Auditory Evoked Potentials. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:1503-1517. [PMID: 38277292 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The auditory afferent pathway as a clinical marker of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has sparked interest in investigating the relationship between age-related hearing loss (ARHL) and AD. Given the earlier onset of ARHL compared to cognitive impairment caused by AD, there is a growing emphasis on early diagnosis and intervention to postpone or prevent the progression from ARHL to AD. In this context, auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) have emerged as a widely used objective auditory electrophysiological technique for both the clinical diagnosis and animal experimentation in ARHL due to their non-invasive and repeatable nature. This review focuses on the application of AEPs in AD detection and the auditory nerve system corresponding to different latencies of AEPs. Our objective was to establish AEPs as a systematic and non-invasive adjunct method for enhancing the diagnostic accuracy of AD. The success of AEPs in the early detection and prediction of AD in research settings underscores the need for further clinical application and study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuelong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yinpei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guisong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuqing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huizhong Wen
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Ferguson MA, Nakano K, Jayakody DMP. Clinical Assessment Tools for the Detection of Cognitive Impairment and Hearing Loss in the Ageing Population: A Scoping Review. Clin Interv Aging 2023; 18:2041-2051. [PMID: 38088948 PMCID: PMC10713803 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s409114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective There is a strong association between cognitive impairment and hearing loss, both highly prevalent in the ageing population. Early detection of both hearing loss and cognitive impairment is essential in the management of these conditions to ensure effective and informed decisions on healthcare. The main objective was to identify existing and emerging cognitive and auditory assessment tools used in clinical settings (eg, memory clinics, audiology clinics), which manage the ageing population. Methods A scoping review of peer-reviewed publications and results were reported according to the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Results A total of 289 articles were selected for data extraction. The majority of studies (76.1%) were conducted in 2017 or later. Tests of global cognitive function (ie, Mini-Mental State Exam, Montreal Cognitive Assessment) were the most commonly used method to detect cognitive impairment in hearing healthcare settings. Behavioral hearing testing (ie, pure-tone audiometry) was the most commonly used method to detect hearing loss in cognitive healthcare settings. Objective, physiological measures were seldom used across disciplines. Conclusion Preferences among clinicians for short, accessible tests likely explain the use of tests of global cognitive function and behavioral hearing tests. Rapidly evolving literature has identified inherent limitations of administering global cognitive function tests and pure-tone testing in an ageing population. Using electrophysiological measures as an adjunct to standard methods of assessment may provide more reliable information for clinical recommendations in those with cognitive and hearing impairment, and subsequently achieve better healthcare outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Ferguson
- School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Curtin enAble Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Centre for Ear Sciences, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Kento Nakano
- Ear Science Institute Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Dona M P Jayakody
- School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Centre for Ear Sciences, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Ear Science Institute Australia, Perth, Australia
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Jeżowska-Jurczyk K, Jurczyk P, Budrewicz S, Pokryszko-Dragan A. Evaluation of Event-Related Potentials in Assessing Cognitive Functions of Adult Patients with Epilepsy of Unknown Etiology. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12072500. [PMID: 37048584 PMCID: PMC10094758 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12072500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cognitive impairment (CI) is an important consequence of epilepsy. The aim of the study was to assess cognitive performance in patients with epilepsy, using neuropsychological tests (NT) and event-related potentials (ERPs), with regard to demographic and clinical data. Methods: The study comprised 50 patients with epilepsy of unknown etiology and 46 healthy controls. Based on the NT results, the patients were divided into subgroups with/without CI. Parameters of P300 potential were compared between the patients and controls. P300 parameters and NT results were referred to demographics and clinical characteristics of epilepsy. Results: Based on the NT, 66% of patients were assigned as cognitively impaired. Median P300 latency was significantly (p < 0.0002) prolonged in the study group. Subgroups of patients with and without CI significantly (p < 0.034) differed in education level and vocational activity, duration of epilepsy, age at its onset and frequency of polytherapy. P300 parameters showed significant (p < 0.03) relationships with duration of epilepsy, type and frequency of seizures and polytherapy. Conclusions: Cognitive impairment and ERPs abnormalities occur in a majority of patients with epilepsy of unknown etiology. Characteristics of epilepsy and socioeconomic status are related to cognitive performance. ERPs may complement neuropsychological methods in the assessment of cognition in patients with epilepsy.
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Choi J, Ku B, Doan DNT, Park J, Cha W, Kim JU, Lee KH. Prefrontal EEG slowing, synchronization, and ERP peak latency in association with predementia stages of Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1131857. [PMID: 37032818 PMCID: PMC10076640 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1131857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Early screening of elderly individuals who are at risk of dementia allows timely medical interventions to prevent disease progression. The portable and low-cost electroencephalography (EEG) technique has the potential to serve it. Objective We examined prefrontal EEG and event-related potential (ERP) variables in association with the predementia stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods One hundred elderly individuals were recruited from the GARD cohort. The participants were classified into four groups according to their amyloid beta deposition (A+ or A-) and neurodegeneration status (N+ or N-): cognitively normal (CN; A-N-, n = 27), asymptomatic AD (aAD; A + N-, n = 15), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) with AD pathology (pAD; A+N+, n = 16), and MCI with non-AD pathology (MCI(-); A-N+, n = 42). Prefrontal resting-state eyes-closed EEG measurements were recorded for five minutes and auditory ERP measurements were recorded for 8 min. Three variables of median frequency (MDF), spectrum triangular index (STI), and positive-peak latency (PPL) were employed to reflect EEG slowing, temporal synchrony, and ERP latency, respectively. Results Decreasing prefrontal MDF and increasing PPL were observed in the MCI with AD pathology. Interestingly, after controlling for age, sex, and education, we found a significant negative association between MDF and the aAD and pAD stages with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.58. Similarly, PPL exhibited a significant positive association with these AD stages with an OR of 2.36. Additionally, compared with the MCI(-) group, significant negative associations were demonstrated by the aAD group with STI and those in the pAD group with MDF with ORs of 0.30 and 0.42, respectively. Conclusion Slow intrinsic EEG oscillation is associated with MCI due to AD, and a delayed ERP peak latency is likely associated with general cognitive impairment. MCI individuals without AD pathology exhibited better cortical temporal synchronization and faster EEG oscillations than those with aAD or pAD. Significance The EEG/ERP variables obtained from prefrontal EEG techniques are associated with early cognitive impairment due to AD and non-AD pathology. This result suggests that prefrontal EEG/ERP metrics may serve as useful indicators to screen elderly individuals' early stages on the AD continuum as well as overall cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmi Choi
- Human Anti-Aging Standards Research Institute, Uiryeong-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Boncho Ku
- Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dieu Ni Thi Doan
- Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- School of Korean Convergence Medical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Junwoo Park
- Gwangju Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias Cohort Research Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonseok Cha
- Human Anti-Aging Standards Research Institute, Uiryeong-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeuk U. Kim
- Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- School of Korean Convergence Medical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Jaeuk U. Kim,
| | - Kun Ho Lee
- Gwangju Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias Cohort Research Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Kun Ho Lee,
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Baklushev ME, Nazarova MA, Novikov PA, Nikulin VV. [Methods for assessing aberrant and adaptive salience]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2023; 123:30-35. [PMID: 37655407 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202312308130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The term «salience» is most often used to describe «aberrant salience», which means assigning false significance to insignificant facts and details, that is inherent to patients with schizophrenia. Most often it is used in combination with «aberrant salience», which is understood as the assignment of false significance to insignificant facts and details. The term «adaptive salience» is less commonly used and means the «correct» assignment of the significance to important biological information. It is believed that in schizophrenia there is a decrease of adaptive salience in combination with an increase of aberrant salience. The concepts of aberrant and adaptive salience are a kind of link between the dopamine imbalance underlying the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and the diverse clinic of the disease. This article provides a review of the literature on methods for assessing, including quantitatively assessment, salience in schizophrenia. The comparison of these methods and their possible clinical and scientific application are provided.
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Predictive Power of Cognitive Biomarkers in Neurodegenerative Disease Drug Development: Utility of the P300 Event-Related Potential. Neural Plast 2022; 2022:2104880. [PMID: 36398135 PMCID: PMC9666049 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2104880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), and their associated deterioration of cognitive function are common causes of disability. The slowly developing pathology of neurodegenerative diseases necessitates early diagnosis and monitored long-term treatment. Lack of effective therapies coupled with an improved rate of early diagnosis in our aging population have created an urgent need for the development of novel drugs, as well as the need for reliable biomarkers for treatment response. These issues are especially relevant for AD, in which the rate of clinical trial drug failures has been very high. Frequently used biomarker evaluation procedures, such as positron emission tomography or cerebrospinal fluid measurements of phospho-tau and amyloid beta, are invasive and costly, and not universally available or accessible. This review considers the functionality of the event-related potential (ERP) P300 methodology as a surrogate biomarker for predicting the procognitive potential of drugs in clinical development for neurocognitive disorders. Through the application of standardized electroencephalography (EEG) described here, ERP P300 can be reliably measured. The P300 waveform objectively measures large-scale neuronal network functioning and working memory processes. Increased ERP P300 latency has been reported throughout the literature in disorders of cognition, supporting the potential utility of ERP P300 as a biomarker in many neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, including AD. Specifically, evidence presented here supports ERP P300 latency as a quantitative, unbiased measure for detecting changes in cognition in patients with AD dementia through the progression from mild to moderate cognitive impairment and after drug treatment.
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Tarawneh HY, Jayakody DM, Sohrabi HR, Martins RN, Mulders WH. Understanding the Relationship Between Age-Related Hearing Loss and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Narrative Review. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2022; 6:539-556. [PMID: 36275417 PMCID: PMC9535607 DOI: 10.3233/adr-220035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that hearing loss (HL), even at mild levels, increases the long-term risk of cognitive decline and incident dementia. Hearing loss is one of the modifiable risk factors for dementia, with approximately 4 million of the 50 million cases of dementia worldwide possibly attributed to untreated HL. This paper describes four possible mechanisms that have been suggested for the relationship between age-related hearing loss (ARHL) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is the most common form of dementia. The first mechanism suggests mitochondrial dysfunction and altered signal pathways due to aging as a possible link between ARHL and AD. The second mechanism proposes that sensory degradation in hearing impaired people could explain the relationship between ARHL and AD. The occupation of cognitive resource (third) mechanism indicates that the association between ARHL and AD is a result of increased cognitive processing that is required to compensate for the degraded sensory input. The fourth mechanism is an expansion of the third mechanism, i.e., the function and structure interaction involves both cognitive resource occupation (neural activity) and AD pathology as the link between ARHL and AD. Exploring the specific mechanisms that provide the link between ARHL and AD has the potential to lead to innovative ideas for the diagnosis, prevention, and/or treatment of AD. This paper also provides insight into the current evidence for the use of hearing treatments as a possible treatment/prevention for AD, and if auditory assessments could provide an avenue for early detection of cognitive impairment associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeel Y. Tarawneh
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Ear Science Institute Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - Dona M.P. Jayakody
- Ear Science Institute Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia
- Centre of Ear Science, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Hamid R. Sohrabi
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, WA, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | - Ralph N. Martins
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
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Kwok SS, Nguyen XMT, Wu DD, Mudar RA, Llano DA. Pure Tone Audiometry and Hearing Loss in Alzheimer's Disease: A Meta-Analysis. Front Psychol 2022; 12:788045. [PMID: 35153910 PMCID: PMC8833234 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.788045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An association between age-related hearing loss (ARHL) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) has been widely reported. However, the nature of this relationship remains poorly understood. Quantification of hearing loss as it relates to AD is imperative for the creation of reliable, hearing-related biomarkers for earlier diagnosis and development of ARHL treatments that may slow the progression of AD. Previous studies that have measured the association between peripheral hearing function and AD have yielded mixed results. Most of these studies have been small and underpowered to reveal an association. Therefore, in the current report, we sought to estimate the degree to which AD patients have impaired hearing by performing a meta-analysis to increase statistical power. We reviewed 248 published studies that quantified peripheral hearing function using pure-tone audiometry for subjects with AD. Six studies, with a combined total of 171 subjects with AD compared to 222 age-matched controls, met inclusion criteria. We found a statistically significant increase in hearing threshold as measured by pure tone audiometry for subjects with AD compared to controls. For a three-frequency pure tone average calculated for air conduction thresholds at 500-1,000-2,000 Hz (0.5-2 kHz PTA), an increase of 2.3 decibel hearing level (dB HL) was found in subjects with AD compared to controls (p = 0.001). Likewise, for a four-frequency pure tone average calculated at 500-1,000-2,000-4,000 (0.5-4 kHz PTA), an increase of 4.5 dB HL was measured (p = 0.002), and this increase was significantly greater than that seen for 0.5-2 kHz PTA. There was no difference in the average age of the control and AD subjects. These data confirm the presence of poorer hearing ability in AD subjects, provided a quantitative estimate of the magnitude of hearing loss, and suggest that the magnitude of the effect is greater at higher sound frequencies. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier: CRD42021288280.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna S. Kwok
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Xuan-Mai T. Nguyen
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Diana D. Wu
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Raksha A. Mudar
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Daniel A. Llano
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Carle Neuroscience Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, United States
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