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Ferrer-Acosta Y, Gonzalez-Vega MN, Rivera-Aponte DE, Martinez-Jimenez SM, Martins AH. Monitoring Astrocyte Reactivity and Proliferation in Vitro Under Ischemic-Like Conditions. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29155711 DOI: 10.3791/55108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a complex brain injury caused by a thrombus or embolus obstructing blood flow to parts of the brain. This leads to deprivation of oxygen and glucose, which causes energy failure and neuronal death. After an ischemic stroke insult, astrocytes become reactive and proliferate around the injury site as it develops. Under this scenario, it is difficult to study the specific contribution of astrocytes to the brain region exposed to ischemia. Therefore, this article introduces a methodology to study primary astrocyte reactivity and proliferation under an in vitro model of an ischemia-like environment, called oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD). Astrocytes were isolated from 1-4 day-old neonatal rats and the number of non-specific astrocytic cells was assessed using astrocyte selective marker Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) and nuclear staining. The period in which astrocytes are subjected to the OGD condition can be customized, as well as the percentage of oxygen they are exposed to. This flexibility allows scientists to characterize the duration of the ischemic-like condition in different groups of cells in vitro. This article discusses the timeframes of OGD that induce astrocyte reactivity, hypertrophic morphology, and proliferation as measured by immunofluorescence using Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA). Besides proliferation, astrocytes undergo energy and oxidative stress, and respond to OGD by releasing soluble factors into the cell medium. This medium can be collected and used to analyze the effects of molecules released by astrocytes in primary neuronal cultures without cell-to-cell interaction. In summary, this primary cell culture model can be efficiently used to understand the role of isolated astrocytes upon injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancy Ferrer-Acosta
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe
| | | | | | | | - Antonio H Martins
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Sciences, Campus, University of Puerto Rico;
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Zhang J, Liang H, Zhu L, Gan W, Tang C, Li J, Xu R. Expression and Distribution of Arylsulfatase B are Closely Associated with Neuron Death in SOD1 G93A Transgenic Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1323-1337. [PMID: 28124772 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0406-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The known proteins only explained the partial pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Therefore, this study aimed to search the novel proteins possibly involved in ALS. In this study, we analyzed the expression and distribution of the candidate protein arylsulfatase B (ARSB) in the different segments, anatomic regions, and neural cells of spinal cord at the different stages of the wild-type and [Cu/Zn] superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) G93A transgenic mice using the fluorescent immunohistochemistry and the western blot. The results revealed that the ARSB was extensively expressed and distributed in the entire spinal cord; the expression and distribution of ARSB was significantly different in the different regions of spinal cord, the anterior horn of gray matter (AHGM) was significantly more than that in the posterior horn of gray matter (PHGM) and significantly more than that in the central canal, and ARSB was mainly distributed in the microglia and neuron cells in the wild-type mice. The expression of ARSB significantly increased in other anatomic regions besides the thoracic PHGM, significantly decreased at the progression stage, occurred in the redistribution from the AHGM and the PHGM to the central canal at the onset and progression stages, and no any alteration of ARSB expression and distribution occurred between the different neural cells in the SOD1 G93A mice compared with the wild-type mice. The increase of ARSB expression and distribution followed with the increased of neuron death. Our data suggested that the abnormal expression and distribution of ARSB were closely associated with the neuron death in the SOD1 G93A transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Huiting Liang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Weiming Gan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Chunyan Tang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Renshi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China.
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Liu Z, Li Y, Cui Y, Roberts C, Lu M, Wilhelmsson U, Pekny M, Chopp M. Beneficial effects of gfap/vimentin reactive astrocytes for axonal remodeling and motor behavioral recovery in mice after stroke. Glia 2014; 62:2022-33. [PMID: 25043249 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The functional role of reactive astrocytes after stroke is controversial. To elucidate whether reactive astrocytes contribute to neurological recovery, we compared behavioral outcome, axonal remodeling of the corticospinal tract (CST), and the spatio-temporal change of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) expression between wild-type (WT) and glial fibrillary acidic protein/vimentin double knockout (GFAP(-/-) Vim(-/-) ) mice subjected to Rose Bengal induced cerebral cortical photothrombotic stroke in the right forelimb motor area. A foot-fault test and a single pellet reaching test were performed prior to and on day 3 after stroke, and weekly thereafter to monitor functional deficit and recovery. Biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into the left motor cortex to anterogradely label the CST axons. Compared with WT mice, the motor functional recovery and BDA-positive CST axonal length in the denervated side of the cervical gray matter were significantly reduced in GFAP(-/-) Vim(-/-) mice (n = 10/group, P < 0.01). Immunohistological data showed that in GFAP(-/-) Vim(-/-) mice, in which astrocytic reactivity is attenuated, CSPG expression was significantly increased in the lesion remote areas in both hemispheres, but decreased in the ischemic lesion boundary zone, compared with WT mice (n = 12/group, P < 0.001). Our data suggest that attenuated astrocytic reactivity impairs or delays neurological recovery by reducing CST axonal remodeling in the denervated spinal cord. Thus, manipulation of astrocytic reactivity post stroke may represent a therapeutic target for neurorestorative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
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Yoo M, Khaled M, Gibbs KM, Kim J, Kowalewski B, Dierks T, Schachner M. Arylsulfatase B improves locomotor function after mouse spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57415. [PMID: 23520469 PMCID: PMC3592852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial chondroitinase ABC (ChaseABC) has been used to remove the inhibitory chondroitin sulfate chains from chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans to improve regeneration after rodent spinal cord injury. We hypothesized that the mammalian enzyme arylsulfatase B (ARSB) would also enhance recovery after mouse spinal cord injury. Application of the mammalian enzyme would be an attractive alternative to ChaseABC because of its more robust chemical stability and reduced immunogenicity. A one-time injection of human ARSB into injured mouse spinal cord eliminated immunoreactivity for chondroitin sulfates within five days, and up to 9 weeks after injury. After a moderate spinal cord injury, we observed improvements of locomotor recovery assessed by the Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) in ARSB treated mice, compared to the buffer-treated control group, at 6 weeks after injection. After a severe spinal cord injury, mice injected with equivalent units of ARSB or ChaseABC improved similarly and both groups achieved significantly more locomotor recovery than the buffer-treated control mice. Serotonin and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive axons were more extensively present in mouse spinal cords treated with ARSB and ChaseABC, and the immunoreactive axons penetrated further beyond the injury site in ARSB or ChaseABC treated mice than in control mice. These results indicate that mammalian ARSB improves functional recovery after CNS injury. The structural/molecular mechanisms underlying the observed functional improvement remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungsik Yoo
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Muntasir Khaled
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Kurt M. Gibbs
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jonghun Kim
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Björn Kowalewski
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Dierks
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guandong Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Nieto-Sampedro M. Central nervous system lesions that can and those that cannot be repaired with the help of olfactory bulb ensheathing cell transplants. Neurochem Res 2004; 28:1659-76. [PMID: 14584820 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026056921037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Growth-promoting macroglia (aldynoglia) with growth properties and immunological markers similar to Schwann cells, are found in loci of the mammalian CNS where axon regeneration occurs throughout life, like the olfactory sytem, hypothalamus-hypophysis and the pineal gland. Contrary to Schwann cells, aldynoglia mingle freely with astrocytes and can migrate in brain and spinal cord. Transplantation of cultured and immunopurified olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) in the spinal cord after multiple central rhizotomy, promoted sensory and central axon growth and partial functional restoration, judging by anatomical, electrophysiological and behavioural criteria. OEC transplants suppressed astrocyte reactivity, thus generally favouring axon growth after a lesion. However, the functional repair promoted by OEC transplants was partial in the best cases, depending on lesion type and location. Cyst formation after photochemical cord lesion was partially prevented but neither the corticospinal tract, interrupted by a mild contusion, nor the sectioned medial longitudinal fascicle, did regrow after OEC transplantation in the injured area.
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Dusart I, Morel MP, Wehrl� R, Sotelo C. Late axonal sprouting of injured Purkinje cells and its temporal correlation with permissive changes in the glial scar. J Comp Neurol 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990607)408:3<399::aid-cne7>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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