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Hosseini E. Ubiquitous extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields induces anxiety-like behavior: mechanistic perspectives. Electromagn Biol Med 2024:1-16. [PMID: 39074042 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2024.2380305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Anxiety is an adaptive condition characterized by heightened uneasiness, which in the long term can cause complications such as reducing the quality of life and problems related to the mental and physical health. Concerns have been raised regarding the potential dangers of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) ranging from 3 to 3000 Hz, which are omnipresent in our daily lives and there have been studies about the anxiogenic effects of these fields. Studies conducted in this specific area has revealed that ELF-EMF can have an impact on various brain regions, such as the hippocampus. In conclusion, studies have shown that ELF-EMF can interfere with hippocampus-prefrontal cortex pathway, inducing anxiety behavior. Also, ELF-EMF may initiate anxiety behavior by generating oxidative stress in hypothalamus and hippocampus. Moreover, ELF-EMF may induce anxiety behavior by reducing hippocampus neuroplasticity and increasing the NMDA2A receptor expression in the hippocampus. Furthermore, supplementation with antioxidants could serve as an effective protective measure against the adverse effects of FLF-FMF in relation to anxiety behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Hosseini
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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Branigan KS, Dotta BT. Cognitive Decline: Current Intervention Strategies and Integrative Therapeutic Approaches for Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Sci 2024; 14:298. [PMID: 38671950 PMCID: PMC11048559 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14040298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents a pressing global health challenge, with an anticipated surge in diagnoses over the next two decades. This progressive neurodegenerative disorder unfolds gradually, with observable symptoms emerging after two decades of imperceptible brain changes. While traditional therapeutic approaches, such as medication and cognitive therapy, remain standard in AD management, their limitations prompt exploration into novel integrative therapeutic approaches. Recent advancements in AD research focus on entraining gamma waves through innovative methods, such as light flickering and electromagnetic fields (EMF) stimulation. Flickering light stimulation (FLS) at 40 Hz has demonstrated significant reductions in AD pathologies in both mice and humans, providing improved cognitive functioning. Additionally, recent experiments have demonstrated that APOE mutations in mouse models substantially reduce tau pathologies, with microglial modulation playing a crucial role. EMFs have also been demonstrated to modulate microglia. The exploration of EMFs as a therapeutic approach is gaining significance, as many recent studies have showcased their potential to influence microglial responses. Th article concludes by speculating on the future directions of AD research, emphasizing the importance of ongoing efforts in understanding the complexities of AD pathogenesis through a holistic approach and developing interventions that hold promise for improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Blake T. Dotta
- Behavioural Neuroscience & Biology Programs, School of Natural Science, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E2C6, Canada
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Gholami Mahmoudian Z, Ghanbari A, Rashidi I, Amiri I, Komaki A. Minocycline effects on memory and learning impairment in the beta-amyloid-induced Alzheimer's disease model in male rats using behavioral, biochemical, and histological methods. Eur J Pharmacol 2023:175784. [PMID: 37179042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), as an advanced neurodegenerative disease, is characterized by the everlasting impairment of memory, which is determined by hyperphosphorylation of intracellular Tau protein and accumulation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) in the extracellular space. Minocycline is an antioxidant with neuroprotective effects that can freely cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This study investigated the effect of minocycline on the changes in learning and memory functions, activities of blood serum antioxidant enzymes, neuronal loss, and the number of Aβ plaques after AD induced by Aβ in male rats. Healthy adult male Wistar rats (200-220g) were divided randomly into 11 groups (n = 10). The rats received minocycline (50 and 100 mg/kg/day; per os (P.O.)) before, after, and before/after AD induction for 30 days. At the end of the treatment course, behavioral performance was measured by standardized behavioral paradigms. Subsequently, brain samples and blood serum were collected for histological and biochemical analysis. The results indicated that Aβ injection impaired learning and memory performances in the Morris water maze test, reduced exploratory/locomotor activities in the open field test, and enhanced anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze. The behavioral deficits were accompanied by hippocampal oxidative stress (decreased glutathione (GSH) peroxidase enzyme activity and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the brain (hippocampus) tissue), increased number of Aβ plaques, and neuronal loss in the hippocampus evidenced by Thioflavin S and H&E staining, respectively. Minocycline improved anxiety-like behavior, recovered Aβ-induced learning and memory deficits, increased GSH and decreased MDA levels, and prevented neuronal loss and the accumulation of Aβ plaques. Our results demonstrated that minocycline has neuroprotective effects and can reduce memory dysfunction, which are due to its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Ghanbari
- Department of Anatomical Science, Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Iraj Rashidi
- Department of Anatomical Science, Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Iraj Amiri
- Endometrium and Endometriosis Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Ma L, Tian S, Zhang HL, Wang JY, Wang JW, Yan HL, Hu XG, Shao Q, Guo JM. Transcriptomic and metabolomic studies on the protective effect of molecular hydrogen against nuclear electromagnetic pulse-induced brain damage. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1103022. [PMID: 36817910 PMCID: PMC9929151 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1103022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Excessive doses of electromagnetic radiation pose a negative impact on the central nervous system and lead to mental disorders. Molecular hydrogen can scavenge intracellular hydroxyl radicals, acting as an antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory agent. We seek to assess the capability of molecular hydrogen to ameliorate brain damage induced by electromagnetic radiation. Methods NEMP (nuclear electromagnetic pulse), a subset of electromagnetic pulse with high voltage value that could cause severe brain injury, was applied to this study. Male wild-type rats were divided into four groups: the control group, the H2 (Molecular hydrogen) group, the NEMP group and the NEMP+H2 group. Rats in the H2 group and the NEMP+H2 group were fed with saturated hydrogen-rich water from 3 days before NEMP exposure (electromagnetic field intensity 400 kV/m, rising edge 20 ns and pulse width 200 ns) to the day of sacrifice. One day after exposure, animal behavior experiments were performed, and samples for transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis were collected. Seven days after exposure, histopathological experiments were conducted. Results The data from the elevated plus maze and the open field test showed that NEMP exposure elicited anxiety-like behavior in rats, which could be alleviated by H2 treatment. Histopathological results manifested that NEMP exposure-induced injuries of the neurons in the hippocampus and amygdala could be attenuated by H2 treatment. Transcriptomic results revealed that NEMP exposure had a profound effect on microtubule structure in the brain. And the combined analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics showed that H2 has a significant impact on the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, synaptic vesicle cycle and synapse etc. Moreover, it was indicated that the glutathione metabolic pathway played a vital role in the NEMP exposure-induced damage and the protective activity of H2. Conclusions H2 is identified as a potent agent against NEMP exposure-induced brain damage and has the potential to be a promising electromagnetic radiation protectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Ma
- Department of Radiation Medicine, College of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beidaihe Rehabilitation and Recuperation Center of PLA, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Shuo Tian
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Ling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Yi Wang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, College of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China,School of Basic Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China,Incubation Base for Undergraduates' Innovation Practice, Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Wen Wang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, College of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China,School of Basic Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China,Incubation Base for Undergraduates' Innovation Practice, Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Li Yan
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu-Guang Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China,Xu-Guang Hu ✉
| | - Qi Shao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China,Qi Shao ✉
| | - Jia-Ming Guo
- Department of Radiation Medicine, College of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China,Incubation Base for Undergraduates' Innovation Practice, Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Jia-Ming Guo ✉
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Maternal stress induced anxiety-like behavior exacerbated by electromagnetic fields radiation in female rats offspring. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273206. [PMID: 35998127 PMCID: PMC9397925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a disagreement on whether extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) have a beneficial or harmful effect on anxiety-like behavior. Prenatal stress induces frequent disturbances in offspring physiology such as anxiety-like behavior extending to adulthood. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of prenatal stress and ELF-EMF exposure before and during pregnancy on anxiety-like behavior and some anxiety-related pathways in the hippocampus of female rat offspring. A total of 24 female rats 40 days of age were distributed into four groups of 6 rats each: control, Stress (rats whose mothers underwent chronic stress), EMF (rats whose mothers were exposed to electromagnetic fields) and EMF/S (rats whose mothers were simultaneously exposed to chronic stress and ELF-EMF). The rats were given elevated plus-maze and open field tests and then their brains were dissected and their hippocampus were subjected to analysis. ELISA was used to measure 24(S)-hydroxy cholesterol, corticosterone, and serotonin levels. Cryptochrome2, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, 3B-Hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2(NMDAr2) and phosphorylated N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2(PNMDAr2) were assayed by immunoblotting. Anxiety-like behavior increased in all treatment groups at the same time EMF increased anxiety induced by maternal stress in the EMF/S group. The stress group showed decreased serotonin and increased corticosterone levels. ELF-EMF elevated the PNMDAr2/NMDAr2 ratio and 24(S)-hydroxy cholesterol compared to the control group but did not change corticosterone. EMF did not restore changes induced by stress in behavioral and molecular tests. The results of the current study, clarified that ELF-EMF can induce anxiety-like behavior which may be attributed to an increase in the PNMDAr2/NMDAr2 ratio and 24(S)-OHC in the hippocampus, and prenatal stress may contribute to anxiety via a decrease in serotonin and an increase in corticosterone in the hippocampus. We also found that anxiety-like behavior induced by maternal stress exposure, is exacerbated by electromagnetic fields radiation.
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Lai H. Neurological effects of static and extremely-low frequency electromagnetic fields. Electromagn Biol Med 2022; 41:201-221. [DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2022.2064489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Lai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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