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Gil-Redondo JC, Iturri J, Ortega F, Pérez-Sen R, Weber A, Miras-Portugal MT, Toca-Herrera JL, Delicado EG. Nucleotides-Induced Changes in the Mechanical Properties of Living Endothelial Cells and Astrocytes, Analyzed by Atomic Force Microscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020624. [PMID: 33435130 PMCID: PMC7827192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells and astrocytes preferentially express metabotropic P2Y nucleotide receptors, which are involved in the maintenance of vascular and neural function. Among these, P2Y1 and P2Y2 receptors appear as main actors, since their stimulation induces intracellular calcium mobilization and activates signaling cascades linked to cytoskeletal reorganization. In the present work, we have analyzed, by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) in force spectroscopy mode, the mechanical response of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and astrocytes upon 2MeSADP and UTP stimulation. This approach allows for simultaneous measurement of variations in factors such as Young’s modulus, maximum adhesion force and rupture event formation, which reflect the potential changes in both the stiffness and adhesiveness of the plasma membrane. The largest effect was observed in both endothelial cells and astrocytes after P2Y2 receptor stimulation with UTP. Such exposure to UTP doubled the Young’s modulus and reduced both the adhesion force and the number of rupture events. In astrocytes, 2MeSADP stimulation also had a remarkable effect on AFM parameters. Additional studies performed with the selective P2Y1 and P2Y13 receptor antagonists revealed that the 2MeSADP-induced mechanical changes were mediated by the P2Y13 receptor, although they were negatively modulated by P2Y1 receptor stimulation. Hence, our results demonstrate that AFM can be a very useful tool to evaluate functional native nucleotide receptors in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Gil-Redondo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSSC), Universidad Complutense Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.C.G.-R.); (R.P.-S.); (M.T.M.-P.)
- Department of Nanobiotechnology (DNBT), Institute for Biophysics, BOKU University for Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11 (Simon Zeisel Haus), A-1190 Vienna, Austria; (A.W.); (J.L.T.-H.)
| | - Jagoba Iturri
- Department of Nanobiotechnology (DNBT), Institute for Biophysics, BOKU University for Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11 (Simon Zeisel Haus), A-1190 Vienna, Austria; (A.W.); (J.L.T.-H.)
- Correspondence: (J.I.); (F.O.); (E.G.D.); Tel.: +43-1-47654-80354 (J.I.); +34-91-394-3892 (E.G.D.)
| | - Felipe Ortega
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSSC), Universidad Complutense Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.C.G.-R.); (R.P.-S.); (M.T.M.-P.)
- Correspondence: (J.I.); (F.O.); (E.G.D.); Tel.: +43-1-47654-80354 (J.I.); +34-91-394-3892 (E.G.D.)
| | - Raquel Pérez-Sen
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSSC), Universidad Complutense Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.C.G.-R.); (R.P.-S.); (M.T.M.-P.)
| | - Andreas Weber
- Department of Nanobiotechnology (DNBT), Institute for Biophysics, BOKU University for Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11 (Simon Zeisel Haus), A-1190 Vienna, Austria; (A.W.); (J.L.T.-H.)
| | - María Teresa Miras-Portugal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSSC), Universidad Complutense Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.C.G.-R.); (R.P.-S.); (M.T.M.-P.)
| | - José Luis Toca-Herrera
- Department of Nanobiotechnology (DNBT), Institute for Biophysics, BOKU University for Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11 (Simon Zeisel Haus), A-1190 Vienna, Austria; (A.W.); (J.L.T.-H.)
| | - Esmerilda G. Delicado
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSSC), Universidad Complutense Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.C.G.-R.); (R.P.-S.); (M.T.M.-P.)
- Correspondence: (J.I.); (F.O.); (E.G.D.); Tel.: +43-1-47654-80354 (J.I.); +34-91-394-3892 (E.G.D.)
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Eskandari F, Shafieian M, Aghdam MM, Laksari K. Tension Strain-Softening and Compression Strain-Stiffening Behavior of Brain White Matter. Ann Biomed Eng 2020; 49:276-286. [PMID: 32494967 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02541-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Brain, the most important component of the central nervous system (CNS), is a soft tissue with a complex structure. Understanding the role of brain tissue microstructure in mechanical properties is essential to have a more profound knowledge of how brain development, disease, and injury occur. While many studies have investigated the mechanical behavior of brain tissue under various loading conditions, there has not been a clear explanation for variation reported for material properties of brain tissue. The current study compares the ex-vivo mechanical properties of brain tissue under two loading modes, namely compression and tension, and aims to explain the differences observed by closely examining the microstructure under loading. We tested bovine brain samples under uniaxial tension and compression loading conditions, and fitted hyperelastic material parameters. At 20% strain, we observed that the shear modulus of brain tissue in compression is about 6 times higher than in tension. In addition, we observed that brain tissue exhibited strain-stiffening in compression and strain-softening in tension. In order to investigate the effect of loading modes on the tissue microstructure, we fixed the samples using a novel method that enabled keeping the samples at the loaded stage during the fixation process. Based on the results of histology, we hypothesize that during compressive loading, the strain-stiffening behavior of the tissue could be attributed to glial cell bodies being pushed against surroundings, contacting each other and resisting compression, while during tension, cell connections are detached and the tissue displays softening behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Eskandari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shafieian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad M Aghdam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Kaveh Laksari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Antonovaite N, van Wageningen TA, Paardekam EJ, van Dam AM, Iannuzzi D. Dynamic indentation reveals differential viscoelastic properties of white matter versus gray matter-derived astrocytes upon treatment with lipopolysaccharide. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 109:103783. [PMID: 32543389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes in white matter (WM) and gray matter (GM) brain regions have been reported to have different morphology and function. Previous single cell biomechanical studies have not differentiated between WM- and GM-derived samples. In this study, we explored the local viscoelastic properties of isolated astrocytes and show that astrocytes from rat brain WM-enriched areas are ~1.8 times softer than astrocytes from GM-enriched areas. Upon treatment with pro-inflammatory lipopolysaccharide, GM-derived astrocytes become significantly softer in the nuclear and the cytoplasmic regions, where the F-actin network appears rearranged, whereas WM-derived astrocytes preserve their initial mechanical features and show no alteration in the F-actin cytoskeletal network. We hypothesize that the flexibility in biomechanical properties of GM-derived astrocytes may contribute to promote regeneration of the brain under neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelda Antonovaite
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, VU Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Thecla A van Wageningen
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erik J Paardekam
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, VU Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie van Dam
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Davide Iannuzzi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, VU Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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MacManus DB, Pierrat B, Murphy JG, Gilchrist MD. Mechanical characterization of the P56 mouse brain under large-deformation dynamic indentation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21569. [PMID: 26898475 PMCID: PMC4761928 DOI: 10.1038/srep21569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is a complex organ made up of many different functional and structural regions consisting of different types of cells such as neurons and glia, as well as complex anatomical geometries. It is hypothesized that the different regions of the brain exhibit significantly different mechanical properties, which may be attributed to the diversity of cells and anisotropy of neuronal fibers within individual brain regions. The regional dynamic mechanical properties of P56 mouse brain tissue in vitro and in situ at velocities of 0.71-4.28 mm/s, up to a deformation of 70 μm are presented and discussed in the context of traumatic brain injury. The experimental data obtained from micro-indentation measurements were fit to three hyperelastic material models using the inverse Finite Element method. The cerebral cortex elicited a stiffer response than the cerebellum, thalamus, and medulla oblongata regions for all velocities. The thalamus was found to be the least sensitive to changes in velocity, and the medulla oblongata was most compliant. The results show that different regions of the mouse brain possess significantly different mechanical properties, and a significant difference also exists between the in vitro and in situ brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. MacManus
- School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Baptiste Pierrat
- School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jeremiah G. Murphy
- Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael D. Gilchrist
- School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Glaubitz M, Medvedev N, Pussak D, Hartmann L, Schmidt S, Helm CA, Delcea M. A novel contact model for AFM indentation experiments on soft spherical cell-like particles. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:6732-6741. [PMID: 25068646 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm00788c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of the simple Hertz model for the analysis of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) force-distance curves measured on soft spherical cell-like particles leads to significant underestimations of the objects Young's modulus E. To correct this error, a mixed double contact model (based on the simple Hertz model and the Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) model) was derived. The model considers two independent particle deformation sites: (i) the upper part of the particle is deformed by the AFM indenter, (ii) the bottom part is deformed by the substrate, which is usually unnoticed. It becomes apparent that for soft particles even small forces between substrate and particle can influence the resulting force-distance curves. For instance we show, that a gravity-induced compression on the particle bottom side can have significant influence on the measurements. To highlight these observations, the deviation of the particle Young's modulus E between the simple Hertz model and our model is calculated. This error strongly depends on the ratio of the three involved radii: (i) the radius of the AFM indenter, (ii) the radius of the particle and (iii) the radius of the substrate as well as on the acting gravity force. Overall, the analysis suggests that for nanoscopic indenters the deviation is negligible, whereas the use of microscopic indenters results in significant errors that can be corrected via the presented model. This is important especially for very soft particles, since larger indenters can achieve higher signal to noise ratios. Furthermore, the applicability of the model was confirmed by indentation experiments on hydrogel microbeads. The mixed double contact model is applicable to a large range of indenter geometries and can be adapted for other contact models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Glaubitz
- ZIK-HIKE - Zentrum für Innovationskompetenz "Humorale Immunreaktionen bei Kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen", Fleischmannstr. 42 - 44, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany.
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Mansfield JH, Holland ND. Amphioxus tails: source and fate of larval fin rays and the metamorphic transition from an ectodermal to a predominantly mesodermal tail. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H. Mansfield
- Department of Biology; Barnard College; Columbia University; 3009 Broadway New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Nicholas D. Holland
- Marine Biology Research Division; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of California at San Diego; La Jolla CA 92093 USA
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