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Szűcs G, Pipicz M, Szabó MR, Csont T, Török L, Csonka C. Effect of Eccentric Exercise on Metabolic Health in Diabetes and Obesity. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:91. [PMID: 37775653 PMCID: PMC10541389 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00596-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence showing the importance of physical activity against civilization-induced metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and obesity. Eccentric contraction, when skeletal muscles generate force by lengthening, is a unique type of skeletal muscle activity. Eccentric contraction may lead to better power production characteristics of the muscle because eccentric contraction requires less energy and can result in higher tension. Therefore, it is an ideal tool in the rehabilitation program of patients. However, the complex metabolic effect (i.e., fat mass reduction, increased lipid oxidation, improvement in blood lipid profile, and increased insulin sensitivity) of the eccentric contraction alone has scarcely been investigated. This paper aims to review the current literature to provide information on whether eccentric contraction can influence metabolic health and body composition in T2DM or obesity. We also discussed the potential role of myokines in mediating the effects of eccentric exercise. A better understanding of the mechanism of eccentric training and particularly their participation in the regulation of metabolic diseases may widen their possible therapeutic use and, thereby, may support the fight against the leading global risks for mortality in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergő Szűcs
- Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling (MEDICS) Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
- Centre of Excellence for Interdisciplinary Research, Development and Innovation of the University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Márton Pipicz
- Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling (MEDICS) Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
- Centre of Excellence for Interdisciplinary Research, Development and Innovation of the University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Márton Richárd Szabó
- Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling (MEDICS) Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
- Centre of Excellence for Interdisciplinary Research, Development and Innovation of the University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Csont
- Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling (MEDICS) Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
- Centre of Excellence for Interdisciplinary Research, Development and Innovation of the University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Török
- Department of Traumatology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis utca 6, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
- Department of Sports Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Tisza Lajos krt. 107, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - Csaba Csonka
- Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling (MEDICS) Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, Szeged, 6720, Hungary.
- Centre of Excellence for Interdisciplinary Research, Development and Innovation of the University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary.
- Department of Sports Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Tisza Lajos krt. 107, Szeged, 6720, Hungary.
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Alvarez C, Ciolac EG, Guimarães GV, Andrade DC, Vasquez-Muñoz M, Monsalves-Álvarez M, Delgado-Floody P, Alonso-Martínez AM, Izquierdo M. Residual Impact of Concurrent, Resistance, and High-Intensity Interval Training on Fasting Measures of Glucose Metabolism in Women With Insulin Resistance. Front Physiol 2021; 12:760206. [PMID: 34858210 PMCID: PMC8632353 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.760206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to assess the residual effects (post 72-h training cessation) on fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and fasting insulin (FI) after 12-weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), resistance training (RT), or concurrent training (CT) in women with insulin resistance (IR). We also aimed to determine the training-induced, post-training residual impact of CT. A total of adult 45 women (age 38.5±9.2years) were included in the final analysis and were assigned to a control (CG; n=13, BMI 28.3±3.6kg/m2), HIIT [n=14, BMI 28.6±3.6kg/m2, three sessions/wk., 80-100% of the maximum heart rate (HRmax)], RT [n=8, BMI 29.4±5.5kg/m2, two sessions/wk., 8-10 points of the modified Borg, corresponding to 20 to 50% range of one maximum repetition test (1RM)], or CT group (n=10, BMI 29.1±3.0kg/m2, three sessions/wk., 80-100% of HRmax, and 8-10 Borg, or 20 to 50% range of 1RM, to each HIIT and RT compounds), with the latter including both HIIT and RT regimens. Training interventions lasted 12-weeks. The main outcomes were FPG and FI measured at pre- and 24-h and 72-h post-training (FPG24h, FI24h, and FPG72h, FI72h, respectively). Secondary endpoints were body composition/anthropometry and the adiposity markers waist circumference (WC) and tricípital skinfold (TSF). The residual effects 72-h post-training [delta (∆)] were significantly poorer (all p<0.01) in the CT group (∆FPG72h+6.6mg/dl, η 2: 0.76) than in the HIIT (∆FPG72h+1.2mg/dl, η 2: 0.07) and RT (∆FPG72h+1.0mg/dl, η 2: 0.05) groups. These findings reveal that HIIT reduces FPG and RT reduces FI 24-h post-training; both exercise interventions alone have remarkably better residual effects on FPG and FI (post-72h) than CT in women with insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Alvarez
- Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Department of Health, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Emmanuel Gomes Ciolac
- Exercise and Chronic Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - David C Andrade
- Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura (FiMedAlt), Biomedical Department, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | | | - Matías Monsalves-Álvarez
- Instituto de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de O’higgins, Rancagua, Chile
- Human Performance Laboratory, Motion Health and Performance Center, Lo Barnechea, Chile
| | - Pedro Delgado-Floody
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Alicia M. Alonso-Martínez
- Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Park JS, Holloszy JO, Kim K, Koh JH. Exercise Training-Induced PPARβ Increases PGC-1α Protein Stability and Improves Insulin-Induced Glucose Uptake in Rodent Muscles. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030652. [PMID: 32121211 PMCID: PMC7146110 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the long-term effects of training intervention and resting on protein expression and stability of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α (PGC1α), glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), and mitochondrial proteins, and determine whether glucose homeostasis can be regulated through stable expression of these proteins after training. Rats swam daily for 3, 6, 9, 14, or 28 days, and then allowed to rest for 5 days post-training. Protein and mRNA levels were measured in the skeletal muscles of these rats. PPARβ was overexpressed and knocked down in myotubes in the skeletal muscle to investigate the effects of swimming training on various signaling cascades of PGC-1α transcription, insulin signaling, and glucose uptake. Exercise training (Ext) upregulated PPARβ, PGC-1α, GLUT4, and mitochondrial enzymes, including NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (NUO), cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1), citrate synthase (CS), and cytochrome c (Cyto C) in a time-dependent manner and promoted the protein stability of PPARβ, PGC-1α, GLUT4, NUO, CS, and Cyto C, such that they were significantly upregulated 5 days after training cessation. PPARβ overexpression increased the PGC-1α protein levels post-translation and improved insulin-induced signaling responsiveness and glucose uptake. The present results indicate that Ext promotes the protein stability of key mitochondria enzymes GLUT4, PGC-1α, and PPARβ even after Ext cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Sik Park
- Department of Taekwondo, College of Physical Education, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea;
| | - John O. Holloszy
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kijin Kim
- Department of Physical Education, College of Physical Education, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (J.-H.K.); Tel.: +82-53-580-5256 (K.K.); +82-53-640-6928 (J.-H.K.)
| | - Jin-Ho Koh
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (J.-H.K.); Tel.: +82-53-580-5256 (K.K.); +82-53-640-6928 (J.-H.K.)
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Reidy PT, McKenzie AI, Mahmassani Z, Morrow VR, Yonemura NM, Hopkins PN, Marcus RL, Rondina MT, Lin YK, Drummond MJ. Skeletal muscle ceramides and relationship with insulin sensitivity after 2 weeks of simulated sedentary behaviour and recovery in healthy older adults. J Physiol 2018; 596:5217-5236. [PMID: 30194727 PMCID: PMC6209761 DOI: 10.1113/jp276798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Insulin sensitivity (as determined by a hyperinsulinaemic-euglyceamic clamp) decreased 15% after reduced activity. Despite not fully returning to baseline physical activity levels, insulin sensitivity unexpectedly, rebounded above that recorded before 2 weeks of reduced physical activity by 14% after the recovery period. Changes in insulin sensitivity in response to reduced activity were primarily driven by men but, not women. There were modest changes in ceramides (nuclear/myofibrillar fraction and serum) following reduced activity and recovery but, in the absence of major changes to body composition (i.e. fat mass), ceramides were not related to changes in inactivity-induced insulin sensitivity in healthy older adults. ABSTRACT Older adults are at risk of physical inactivity as they encounter debilitating life events. It is not known how insulin sensitivity is affected by modest short-term physical inactivity and recovery in healthy older adults, nor how insulin sensitivity is related to changes in serum and muscle ceramide content. Healthy older adults (aged 64-82 years, five females, seven males) were assessed before (PRE), after 2 weeks of reduced physical activity (RA) and following 2 weeks of recovery (REC). Insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinaemic-euglyceamic clamp), lean mass, muscle function, skeletal muscle subfraction, fibre-specific, and serum ceramide content and indices of skeletal muscle inflammation were assessed. Insulin sensitivity decreased by 15 ± 6% at RA (driven by men) but rebounded above PRE by 14 ± 5% at REC. Mid-plantar flexor muscle area and leg strength decreased with RA, although only muscle size returned to baseline levels following REC. Body fat did not change and only minimal changes in muscle inflammation were noted across the intervention. Serum and intramuscular ceramides (nuclear/myofibrillar fraction) were modestly increased at RA and REC. However, ceramides were not related to changes in inactivity-induced insulin sensitivity in healthy older adults. Short-term inactivity induced insulin resistance in older adults in the absence of significant changes in body composition (i.e. fat mass) are not related to changes in ceramides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. Reidy
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic TrainingUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Alec I. McKenzie
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic TrainingUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Ziad Mahmassani
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic TrainingUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Vincent R. Morrow
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic TrainingUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Nikol M. Yonemura
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic TrainingUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Paul N. Hopkins
- Cardiovascular GeneticsDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Robin L. Marcus
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic TrainingUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Matthew T. Rondina
- Department of Internal Medicine & Molecular Medicine ProgramUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Yu Kuei Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of EndocrinologyMetabolism and DiabetesUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Micah J. Drummond
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic TrainingUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
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Exercise Promotes Healthy Aging of Skeletal Muscle. Cell Metab 2016; 23:1034-1047. [PMID: 27304505 PMCID: PMC5045036 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary aging is the progressive and inevitable process of bodily deterioration during adulthood. In skeletal muscle, primary aging causes defective mitochondrial energetics and reduced muscle mass. Secondary aging refers to additional deleterious structural and functional age-related changes caused by diseases and lifestyle factors. Secondary aging can exacerbate deficits in mitochondrial function and muscle mass, concomitant with the development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Exercise opposes deleterious effects of secondary aging by preventing the decline in mitochondrial respiration, mitigating aging-related loss of muscle mass and enhancing insulin sensitivity. This review focuses on mechanisms by which exercise promotes "healthy aging" by inducing modifications in skeletal muscle.
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Addison O, Drummond MJ, LaStayo PC, Dibble LE, Wende AR, McClain DA, Marcus RL. Intramuscular fat and inflammation differ in older adults: the impact of frailty and inactivity. J Nutr Health Aging 2014; 18:532-8. [PMID: 24886741 PMCID: PMC6639009 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-014-0019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intramuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) is recognized as a negative predictor of both muscle and mobility function in older adults, however the mechanism by which IMAT may negatively influence muscle and mobility function is currently unknown. The release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from IMAT provides a potential reason for these negative associations. To explore this hypothesis we compared IMAT and muscular inflammation in age-and BMI-matched older non-obese frail and non-frail adults. We also sought to examine the relationship between IMAT and inflammation, and muscle and mobility function in this group of older adults. DESIGN A case-control sampling was used for this study. Age-and BMI-matched non-obese frail and non-frail individuals (<65 years) were recruited. MEASUREMENTS MRI was used to quantify thigh IMAT and lean tissue. Unilateral muscle biopsies were used to quantify muscular inflammation as represented by interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor-necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Muscle and mobility function was also measured using a maximal voluntary isometric contraction, six-minute walk, and self-selected gait speed. PARTICIPANTS 26 older (80.7 +/- 5.4 years) individuals (8 frail and 18 non-frail) were enrolled. RESULTS The frail-group had increased IMAT (p<0.01) and decreased lean tissue (p<0.01), and elevated IL-6 muscle mRNA (p=0.02) and IL-6 protein content (p=0.02) compared to the non-frail group. IMAT was significantly associated with IL-6 mRNA (r=0.43, p=.04) and protein expression within the muscle (r=0.41, p= 0.045). IL-6 mRNA was significantly associated with six-minute walk (r=-0.63, p<0.01), and gait speed (r=-0.60, p <0.01) and IL-6 protein was significantly associated with muscle force (r=-0.54, p=0.01), six-minute walk (r=-0.66, p<0.01), and gait speed (r=-0.76, p<0.01). No significant relationships were found for any variables with TNF-a. CONCLUSION Non-obese, older, frail individuals have increased IMAT and muscular inflammation when compared to their non-frail, age- and BMI-matched peers. A significant relationship exists between IMAT and muscle IL-6 expression as well as between IL-6 and muscle and mobility function of these older adults. This IMAT-inflammatory pathway provides a potential link between IMATs and decreased muscle and mobility function.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Addison
- Odessa Addison, DPT, PhD, 10 North Green Street, BT/18/GRECC, Baltimore, MD 21201, , Phone: (410)605-7000 ext 5393, Fax: (410)-605-7185
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Addison O, Marcus RL, LaStayo PC, Ryan AS. Intermuscular fat: a review of the consequences and causes. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:309570. [PMID: 24527032 PMCID: PMC3910392 DOI: 10.1155/2014/309570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle's structural composition is an important factor underlying muscle strength and physical function in older adults. There is an increasing amount of research to support the clear disassociation between the loss of muscle lean tissue mass and strength with aging. This disassociation implies that factors in addition to lean muscle mass are responsible for the decreases in strength and function seen with aging. Intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) is a significant predictor of both muscle function and mobility function in older adults and across a wide variety of comorbid conditions such as stroke, spinal cord injury, diabetes, and COPD. IMAT is also implicated in metabolic dysfunction such as insulin resistance. The purpose of this narrative review is to provide a review of the implications of increased IMAT levels in metabolic, muscle, and mobility function. Potential treatment options to mitigate increasing levels of IMAT will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odessa Addison
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 North Green Street, BT/18/GRECC, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- *Odessa Addison:
| | - Robin L. Marcus
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Paul C. LaStayo
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Alice S. Ryan
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 North Green Street, BT/18/GRECC, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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