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Zhu X, Wang J, Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Yan L, Xue Y, Chen Y, Robertson ID, Guo A, Aleri J. Prevalence, distribution, and risk factors of bovine tuberculosis in dairy cattle in central China. Prev Vet Med 2023; 213:105887. [PMID: 36893605 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is one of the priority epidemic diseases in dairy cattle in China. Continuous surveillance and evaluation of the control programs will help on improving the efficiency of bTB control policy. We designed this study to investigate both animal and herd level prevalence of bTB, as well as to determine the associated factors in dairy farms in Henan and Hubei provinces. A cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2019 to September 2020 in central China (Henan and Hubei provinces). We sampled 40 herds in Henan and six herds in Hubei via stratified systematic sampling and administrated a questionnaire consisting of 35 factors. A total of 4900 whole blood samples were collected from 46 farms, including 545 calves < six months old and 4355 cows ≥ six months old. This study demonstrated a high animal-(18.65%, 95% CI: 17.6-19.8) and herd-level (93.48%, 95%CI: 82.1-98.6) prevalence of bTB in dairy farms in central China. The Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) and negative binomial regression models showed that herd positivity was associated with the practice of introducing new animals (RR = 1.7, 95%CI: 1.0-3.0, p = 0.042), and changing the disinfectant water in the wheel bath at the farm entrance every three days or less (RR = 0.4, 95%CI: 0.2-0.8, p = 0.005) which reduced the odds of herd positivity. In addition, the result illustrated that testing cows with a higher age group (≥ 60 months old) (OR=1.57, 95%CI: 1.14-2.17, p = 0.006) and within the early stage of lactation (DIM=60-120 days, OR=1.85, 95%CI: 1.19-2.88, p = 0.006) and the later stage of lactation (DIM≥301 days, OR=2.14, 95%CI: 1.30-3.52, p = 0.003) could maximize the odds of detecting seropositive animals. Our results have plenty of benefit to improve bTB surveillance strategies in China and elsewhere in the world. The LASSO and the negative binomial regression models were recommended when dealing with high herd-level prevalence and high dimensional data in questionnaire-based risk studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Yuxi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Henan Dairy Herd Improvement Center, Zhengzhou, Henan 450045, China
| | - Lei Yan
- Henan Dairy Herd Improvement Center, Zhengzhou, Henan 450045, China
| | - Yongkang Xue
- Henan Dairy Herd Improvement Center, Zhengzhou, Henan 450045, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; National Professional Laboratory For Animal Tuberculosis (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Ian D Robertson
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; National Professional Laboratory For Animal Tuberculosis (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Joshua Aleri
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Centre for Animal Production and Health, Future Foods Institute, Murdoch University, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
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Rasmussen P, Shaw APM, Muñoz V, Bruce M, Torgerson PR. Estimating the burden of multiple endemic diseases and health conditions using Bayes’ Theorem: A conditional probability model applied to UK dairy cattle. Prev Vet Med 2022; 203:105617. [PMID: 35358837 PMCID: PMC9127345 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Global Burden of Animal Diseases (GBADs) is an international collaboration aiming, in part, to measure and improve societal outcomes from livestock. One GBADs objective is to estimate the economic impact of endemic diseases in livestock. However, if individual disease impact estimates are linearly aggregated without consideration for associations among diseases, there is the potential to double count impacts, overestimating the total burden. Accordingly, the authors propose a method to adjust an array of individual disease impact estimates so that they may be aggregated without overlap. Using Bayes’ Theorem, conditional probabilities were derived from inter-disease odds ratios in the literature. These conditional probabilities were used to calculate the excess probability of disease among animals with associated conditions, or the probability of disease overlap given the odds of coinfection, which were then used to adjust disease impact estimates so that they may be aggregated. The aggregate impacts, or the yield, fertility, and mortality gaps due to disease, were then attributed and valued, generating disease-specific losses. The approach was illustrated using an example dairy cattle system with input values and supporting parameters from the UK, with 13 diseases and health conditions endemic to UK dairy cattle: cystic ovary, disease caused by gastrointestinal nematodes, displaced abomasum, dystocia, fasciolosis, lameness, mastitis, metritis, milk fever, neosporosis, paratuberculosis, retained placenta, and subclinical ketosis. The diseases and conditions modelled resulted in total adjusted losses of £ 404/cow/year, equivalent to herd-level losses of £ 60,000/year. Unadjusted aggregation methods suggested losses 14–61% greater. Although lameness was identified as the costliest condition (28% of total losses), variations in the prevalence of fasciolosis, neosporosis, and paratuberculosis (only a combined 22% of total losses) were nearly as impactful individually as variations in the prevalence of lameness. The results suggest that from a disease control policy perspective, the costliness of a disease may not always be the best indicator of the investment its control warrants; the costliness rankings varied across approaches and total losses were found to be surprisingly sensitive to variations in the prevalence of relatively uncostly diseases. This approach allows for disease impact estimates to be aggregated without double counting. It can be applied to any livestock system in any region with any set of endemic diseases, and can be updated as new prevalence, impact, and disease association data become available. This approach also provides researchers and policymakers an alternative tool to rank prevention priorities. Three approaches to impact aggregation for multiple endemic diseases explored. Flexible method proposed to avoid double counting impacts within a livestock system. Illustrated using 13 endemic diseases and health conditions in UK dairy cattle. Provides an alternative perspective on ranking disease prevention priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra P M Shaw
- Department of Livestock and One Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Violeta Muñoz
- Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mieghan Bruce
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Centre for Biosecurity and One and Health, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
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Hailu FA, Dejene H, Akalu TY, Alemu YF. Knowledge and Practice for Prevention of Bovine Tuberculosis and Its Derivers Among HIV Positive People in Bahir Dar City Public Hospitals, Ethiopia. HIV AIDS (Auckl) 2021; 13:1025-1034. [PMID: 34934364 PMCID: PMC8684602 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s343243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bovine tuberculosis is an important zoonotic disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis, known to exist in all parts of the world especially in un-hygienic environments. It has a public health impact and humans acquire the infection from infected animals through consumption of raw or unpasteurized milk and dairy products. Methods An Institutional-based quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted from February to April 2020 to assess the knowledge and practice level along with their derivatives of bovine tuberculosis among adult HIV-positive people in Bahir Dar city public hospitals. The data were collected using structured interviewer questionnaire and systematic random sampling was employed to select study subjects. Thus, a total of 435 people living with HIV were considered for this study. Results Out of the total 435 participants 51.5% were male and the mean age was 37.6 years. The overall level of good knowledge and practice of HIV-positive persons for bovine TB were 46.2% and 41.1%, respectively. Moreover, education status, religion, cattle holding, and environmental hygiene were statistically significant associations (p < 0.05) with knowledge level. Likewise, education status, age, and marital status were statistically significant associations with the practice level for bovine TB. Education was a key determinant factor affecting both knowledge and practice. Conclusion In conclusion, the present study showed that the level of good knowledge and practice of the participant for bovine TB was low. Hence, tailor-made training by medical and veterinary professionals on the identified risk factors is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haileyesus Dejene
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Haileyesus Dejene Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box: 196, Gondar, Ethiopia Email
| | - Temesgen Yihunie Akalu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yeshwas Ferede Alemu
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, School of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Tschopp R, Conlan AJK, Gemechu G, Almaw G, Hattendorf J, Zinsstag J, Wood JLN. Effect of Bovine Tuberculosis on Selected Productivity Parameters and Trading in Dairy Cattle Kept Under Intensive Husbandry in Central Ethiopia. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:698768. [PMID: 34368283 PMCID: PMC8334357 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.698768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) has substantial impact on fertility, milk, and meat productivity in cattle. However, these assumptions are based on outdated data. Recent global studies on the impact of BTB on cattle productivity are scarce and show sometimes inconclusive and/or contradicting results. This pilot study is the first longitudinal study performed in urban upgraded dairy cattle in Ethiopia that are kept under intensive husbandry. We assessed whether BTB has an impact on various animal productivity parameters and animal movement. Animals (N = 890) included in the study were tested for BTB at least once using the comparative intradermal tuberculin test (CIDT). Fertility, mortality, and offtake were assessed in 21 dairy farms where herd follow-ups over 3 years were performed. In addition, an independent abattoir survey was conducted to assess carcass weight and visible TB-like lesions upon meat inspection. Animal movements (purchasing and offtakes) were documented for each farm. The impact of BTB status on the intervals been birth, service, and calving times and the intercalving intervals was analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards model. The hazard ratio associated with BTB-positive animals was smaller than 1 for all fertility parameters, suggesting that BTB status increases the time between events; however, the effect was small and only statistically significant (95% level) for the time between calving and service. Offtakes included a higher percentage of reactor animals (58%) as compared with non-reactor animals (42%) (p = 0.0001). Overall, reactors were eliminated from the farms within 238.6 days after receiving test results, which was 54.9 days faster than for negative animals. The majority of owners purchased animals within their town or its surrounding. Nearly a quarter of reactors were sold directly to other farms. Animals were also sold further away, including other regions, raising the question of disease spread and the need for an animal tracing mechanism. In the abattoir survey, a total of 349 carcasses were weighed, of which 8% showed visible TB-like lesions and 53.6% had fasciolosis. Negative adult bull carcasses were 7.5 kg heavier than reactor bulls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rea Tschopp
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- One-Health Unit, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Andrew J. K. Conlan
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gizachew Gemechu
- One-Health Unit, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gizat Almaw
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Jan Hattendorf
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Zinsstag
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - James L. N. Wood
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Chowdhury S, Aleem MA, Khan MSI, Hossain ME, Ghosh S, Rahman MZ. Major zoonotic diseases of public health importance in Bangladesh. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1199-1210. [PMID: 33650812 PMCID: PMC8013274 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic diseases cause repeated outbreaks in humans globally. The majority of emerging infections in humans are zoonotic. COVID‐19 is an ideal example of a recently identified emerging zoonotic disease, causing a global pandemic. Anthropogenic factors such as modernisation of agriculture and livestock farming, wildlife hunting, the destruction of wild animal habitats, mixing wild and domestic animals, wildlife trading, changing food habits and urbanisation could drive the emergence of zoonotic diseases in humans. Since 2001, Bangladesh has been reporting many emerging zoonotic disease outbreaks such as nipah, highly pathogenic avian influenza, pandemic H1N1, and COVID‐19. There are many other potential zoonotic pathogens such as Ebola, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Kyasanur forest disease virus and Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever that may emerge in the future. However, we have a limited understanding of zoonotic diseases’ overall risk in humans and associated factors that drive the emergence of zoonotic pathogens. This narrative review summarised the major emerging, re‐emerging, neglected and other potential zoonotic diseases in Bangladesh and their associated risk factors. Nipah virus and Bacillus anthracis caused repeated outbreaks in humans. More than 300 human cases with Nipah virus infection were reported since the first outbreak in 2001. The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) caused more than 550 outbreaks in poultry, and eight human cases were reported so far since 2007. People of Bangladesh are frequently exposed to zoonotic pathogens due to close interaction with domestic and peri‐domestic animals. The rapidly changing intensified animal–human–ecosystem interfaces and risky practices increase the risk of zoonotic disease transmission. The narrative review's findings are useful to draw attention to the risk and emergence of zoonotic diseases to public health policymakers in Bangladesh and the application of one‐health approach to address this public health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanta Chowdhury
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad A Aleem
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.,University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Md Shafiqul I Khan
- Department of Food Microbiology, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Enayet Hossain
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sumon Ghosh
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Z Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Islam MN, Khan MK, Khan MFR, Kostoulas P, Rahman AKMA, Alam MM. Risk factors and true prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in Bangladesh. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247838. [PMID: 33635911 PMCID: PMC7909650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTb) is endemic in Bangladesh but the true prevalence has not yet been reported. Our objectives for this study were to determine the true prevalence and identify risk factors for bTb at the animal- and herd-level in Bangladesh. A total of 510 cows were randomly selected during January 2018 to December 2018. Caudal fold (CFT) and comparative cervical tuberculin tests (CCT) were serially interpreted. Animal- and herd-level risk factor data were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire. The hierarchical true prevalence of bTb was estimated within a Bayesian framework. The herd- and animal-level risk factors were identified using mixed effects logistic regression. The apparent prevalence of bTb was 20.6% [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 17.3; 24.3] based on CFT. The animal-level true prevalence of bTb was 21.9 (13.0; 32.4). The herd-level true prevalence in different regions varied from 41.9% to 88.8%. The region-level true prevalence was 49.9 (13.8; 91.2). There is a 100% certainty that herds from Bhaluka and Mymensingh Sadar upazilas are not free from bTb. The odds of bTb were 3.9 times (1.2; 12.6) higher in herds having more than four cows than those with ≤ 4 cows. On the other hand, the risk of bTb was 3.3 times higher (1.0; 10.5) in non-grazing cows than grazing cows. Crossbred cows were 2.9 times (1.5; 5.9) more likely to be infected with bTb than indigenous cows. The risk of bTb in animals with cough was 2.3 times (1.2; 4.3) higher than those without cough. Crossbred, non-grazing cows with cough should be targeted for bTb surveillance. Herds of the Mymensingh, Sadar and Bhaluka regions should be emphasized for bTb control programs. Estimation of Bayesian hierarchical true prevalence facilitates identification of areas with higher prevalence and can be used to indicate regions that where true prevalence exceeds a pre-specified critical threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Nazimul Islam
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Medicine, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
- Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Kamruzzaman Khan
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Medicine, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
- Department of Community Medicine, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Ferdousur Rahman Khan
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Polychronis Kostoulas
- Faculty of Public Health and One Health, Laboratory of Epidemiology & Artificial Intelligence, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - A. K. M. Anisur Rahman
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Medicine, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Mahbub Alam
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Medicine, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
- * E-mail:
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Risk factors associated with testing positive for tuberculosis in high-yielding Holstein cows. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:149. [PMID: 33532976 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02599-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a significant infectious disease of farm animals and humans worldwide. The objective of this study was to assess various risk factors associated with testing positive for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in high-yielding Holstein cows in an intensive dry-lot dairy operation. In a retrospective observational study, 9312 records from Holstein cows from a large dairy herd in northern Mexico were used. The incidence rate of lactating cows reactor to bTB was 7.3 cases/100 cow years (95% CI = 6.7-7.9%). Multiple logistic regression models indicated that cows with total milk yield during the first lactation >10,200 kg were 1.3 times (95% confidence intervals (CI) for odds ratio (OR) = 1.2-1.6) more likely to be detected as bTB reactors than cows with total milk yield <10,200 kg (8.2 vs. 6.4%; P < 0.01). The risk of being reactor to bTB increased with x̅ total milk yield/lactation >11,500 kg (OR=2.7, 95% CI = 2.3-3.3; 10.4 vs. 4.2%) compared with cows with x̅ total milk yield/lactation <11,500 kg. Cows with >10,200 kg 305-day milk yield in the last lactation was associated (P < 0.01) with 1.3 times higher odds (95% CI for OR = 1.1-1.5) of being classed as reactors than cows with <10,200 kg. Cows with peak milk yield >48 kg were 1.9 times (95% CI for OR = 1.6-2.2) more likely to be reactor to bTB than cows with peak milk yield <48 kg (9.2 vs. 5.1%; P < 0.01). Cows with either puerperal metritis (OR = 0.07, 95% CI = 0.5-0.9) or carrying twins (OR = 0.05, 95% CI = 0.01-0.19) had a protective role for being reactor to bTB. This study showed that increased milk production was associated with a higher risk of becoming positive to tuberculin skin test in high-yielding Holstein cows.
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More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Beltrán-Beck B, Kohnle L, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): bovine tuberculosis. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04959. [PMID: 32625624 PMCID: PMC7009898 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of bovine tuberculosis to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of bovine tuberculosis according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to bovine tuberculosis. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, bovine tuberculosis can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL. The disease would comply with the criteria as in Sections 2, 3, 4 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (b), (c), (d) and (e) of Article 9(1). The main animal species to be listed for bovine tuberculosis according to Article 8(3) criteria are several mammal species, as indicated in the present opinion.
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A review of risk factors for bovine tuberculosis infection in cattle in the UK and Ireland. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144:2899-2926. [DOI: 10.1017/s095026881600131x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYBovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an important disease of cattle caused by infection withMycobacterium bovis, a pathogen that may be extremely difficult to eradicate in the presence of a true wildlife reservoir. Our objective was to identify and review relevant literature and provide a succinct summary of current knowledge of risk factors for transmission of infection of cattle. Search strings were developed to identify publications from electronic databases to February 2015. Abstracts of 4255 papers identified were reviewed by three reviewers to determine whether the entire article was likely to contain relevant information. Risk factors could be broadly grouped as follows: animal (including nutrition and genetics), herd (including bTB and testing history), environment, wildlife and social factors. Many risk factors are inter-related and study designs often do not enable differentiation between cause and consequence of infection. Despite differences in study design and location, some risk factors are consistently identified, e.g. herd size, bTB history, presence of infected wildlife, whereas the evidence for others is less consistent and coherent, e.g. nutrition, local cattle movements. We have identified knowledge gaps where further research may result in an improved understanding of bTB transmission dynamics. The application of targeted, multifactorial disease control regimens that address a range of risk factors simultaneously is likely to be a key to effective, evidence-informed control strategies.
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Dejene SW, Heitkönig IMA, Prins HHT, Lemma FA, Mekonnen DA, Alemu ZE, Kelkay TZ, de Boer WF. Risk Factors for Bovine Tuberculosis (bTB) in Cattle in Ethiopia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159083. [PMID: 27404387 PMCID: PMC4942063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) infection is generally correlated with individual cattle's age, sex, body condition, and with husbandry practices such as herd composition, cattle movement, herd size, production system and proximity to wildlife-including bTB maintenance hosts. We tested the correlation between those factors and the prevalence of bTB, which is endemic in Ethiopia's highland cattle, in the Afar Region and Awash National Park between November 2013 and April 2015. A total of 2550 cattle from 102 herds were tested for bTB presence using the comparative intradermal tuberculin test (CITT). Data on herd structure, herd movement, management and production system, livestock transfer, and contact with wildlife were collected using semi-structured interviews with cattle herders and herd owners. The individual overall prevalence of cattle bTB was 5.5%, with a herd prevalence of 46%. Generalized Linear Mixed Models with a random herd-effect were used to analyse risk factors of cattle reactors within each herd. The older the age of the cattle and the lower the body condition the higher the chance of a positive bTB test result, but sex, lactation status and reproductive status were not correlated with bTB status. At herd level, General Linear Models showed that pastoral production systems with transhumant herds had a higher bTB prevalence than sedentary herds. A model averaging analysis identified herd size, contact with wildlife, and the interaction of herd size and contact with wildlife as significant risk factors for bTB prevalence in cattle. A subsequent Structural Equation Model showed that the probability of contact with wildlife was influenced by herd size, through herd movement. Larger herds moved more and grazed in larger areas, hence the probability of grazing in an area with wildlife and contact with either infected cattle or infected wildlife hosts increased, enhancing the chances for bTB infection. Therefore, future bTB control strategies in cattle in pastoral areas should consider herd size and movement as important risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sintayehu W. Dejene
- Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Fitsum A. Lemma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel A. Mekonnen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Zelalem E. Alemu
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Tessema Z. Kelkay
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Willem F. de Boer
- Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Javed MT, Irfan M, Ali I, Farooqi FA, Wasiq M, Cagiola M. Risk factors identified associated with tuberculosis in cattle at 11 livestock experiment stations of Punjab Pakistan. Acta Trop 2011; 117:109-13. [PMID: 21078279 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The study was carried out in cattle kept at 11 livestock experiment stations of Punjab by using single comparative cervical intradermal tuberculin (SCCIT) test. Sahiwal was the main breed kept at these farms. Sixty three percent of animals were between four and 10 years of age. Seventy-six percent of animals weighed between 300 and 400 kg and 66% produced 5-10l of milk/day. Animals other than cattle were present at about 64% of these farms. The positive SCCIT test was recorded in 7.6% of animals at the 11 farms. However, the prevalence of tuberculosis varied from 2.0% to 19.3% at these farms. Bivariate frequency analysis showed that the chances of a positive SCCIT test were higher in older animals, in cattle with higher number of calving and those produced up to 1800l of milk. However, the chances of positive SCCIT test decreases with further increase in milk production. Results of bivariate and/or multivariate logistic regression analysis after controlling for the farm showed a significant association of age of cattle, numbers of calving, total milk produced, per day milk, lactation length, presence of sheep at the farm and total numbers of animals at the farm with a positive SCCIT test. It can be concluded from the study that herd prevalence of tuberculosis was 100%, while animal prevalence was about 8% at these farms. The stronger risk factors identified by logistic analysis were the age of cattle, numbers of calving, total milk produced and lactation length, while the presence of sheep at the farm has protective effect.
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